5.15 MEASUREMENT FOR INTENTION TO STUDY
5.16.1 Country Image
The measures of country image are discussed in terms of ten concepts. These include economic conditions, conflict/law & order, political structure, vocational training, work culture, environment, labour, technological, people and ease of practicing religion. The measures of country image by listing of scholars, as shown in Table 5.19, are adopted and adapted for this study.
Table 5.19
Measures of Country Image
Construct Original Measure Measures used in the Study
Country Image Economic Conditions Nagashima (1970, 1977) Jaffe and Nebenzahl (1984) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009) Martin and Eroglu (1993)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Martin and Eroglu (1993) Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Technically advanced Technically advanced
Mexico is technologically very advanced Predominantly industrialized
Mexico’s economy is mostly industrial (not agricultural)
High level of industrialisation Economically developed
Country is an economically advanced country
Mexico’s economy is very modern
The country is technologically advanced
The country’s economy is mostly industrial (not agricultural)
The country’s economy is modern
309
Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Martin and Eroglu (1993)
Martin and Eroglu (1993) Pisharodi and Paramesaran (1992) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994)
Others source adapted and it has been widely accepted in prior research:
(Han & Terpstra, 1988; Haubl, 1996;
Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993; Lee &
Ganesh, 1999; Parameswaran &
Pisharodi, 1994; Wang & Lamb, 1983)
Conflict/Law & Order
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Create and develop by Researcher Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Others source adapted and it has been widely accepted in prior research:
Haubl, 1996; Jones and Ashmore, 1973;
Lee and Ganesh, 1999
Political Structure
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Highly developed economy Stable economic environment
Free market system Economically similar Economically similar
Mexico’s government is very cooperative with ours
Country actively participates in world affairs
Participates in International affairs
Mexico’s trade practices with the U.S.
are very fair
Country is friendly to the USA in world affairs
Mexico’s government /political system is very democratic
The country has a stable economic environment
The country has a free market system
The country’s government is very cooperative with ours
The country’s trade practices with the U.S. are fair
The crime rate in the country is low The country’s government respects individual rights
Corruption/bribery is not a common practice in the country
The country’s government/political system is democratic
310
Martin and Eroglu (1993)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Martin and Eroglu (1993)
Other sources adapted and have been widely accepted in prior research:
Han, 1989; Han & Terpstra, 1988; Haubl, 1996; Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993;
Parameswaran & Pisharodi, 1994; Wang
& Lamb, 1983
Vocational Training
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987) Pisharodi and Paramesaran (1992) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987)
Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994)
Other sources adapted and have been widely accepted in prior research:
Agarwal & Sikri, 1996; Han & Terpstra, 1988; Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993;
Lee & Ganesh, 1999; Parameswaran &
Pisharodi, 1994; Parameswaran &
Yaprak, 1987; Wang & Lamb, 1983
Democratic system or Dictatorial system Mexico is a very peaceful country Mexican citizens have a great deal of freedom (many rights)
Civilian government or Military government
Mexican workers are generally very admired
Mexican workers are generally very well educated
People are well educated
The people of US are well educated Well educated
Well educated Literate
Mexican workers are generally very well trained
Country emphasizes technical/vocational training
The people of US emphasize technical/vocational training
Technical education
The country is a peaceful country The country’s citizens have a great deal of freedom (many rights)
The country has a civilian government and not a military government
The country’s workers are generally well regarded/ admired
The country’s workers are generally well educated
The country’s workers are generally well trained
The people of the country emphasize technical/vocational training
311
Work Culture
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Nagashima (1970, 1977) Jaffe and Nebenzahl (1984) Bradley (2001)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Other sources adapted and have been widely accepted in prior research:
Agarwal & Sikri, 1996; Han & Terpstra, 1988; Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993;
Lee & Ganesh, 1999; Parameswaran &
Pisharodi, 1994; Parameswaran &
Yaprak, 1987; Wang & Lamb, 1983
Environment
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Labour
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)
Mexican workers are generally very hard working
People are hard working people The people of US are hardworking Hard-working
Mexican workers are generally very reliable
Reliable Reliable Reliable
Mexican workers generally pay very close attention to detail
Mexico makes an aggressive effort to protect the environment
Mexico maintains very high standards for pollution control
Mexico is very concerned about the environment
Workplace conditions in Mexico are generally very safe
Mexico is very considerate to its workers Mexican workers are generally very well
The country’s workers are generally very hard working
The country’s workers are generally reliable
The country’s workers generally pay close attention to detail
The country makes an aggressive effort to protect the environment
The country maintains high standards of pollution control
The country is concerned about the environment
The country has a good public transport system
The country has world class facilities and infrastructure
Workplace conditions in the country are generally safe
The country is considerate to its workers The country’s workers are generally well
312
Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Martin and Eroglu (1993) Create and develop by Researcher
Technological
Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Martin and Eroglu (1993) Nagashima (1970, 1977) Lee and Ganesh (1999) Jaffe and Nebenzahl (1984) Martin and Eroglu (1993)
Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Create and develop by Researcher
Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987)
Pisharodi and Paramesaran (1992) Parameswaran & Pisharodi (1994)
People
Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987)
Pisharodi and Paramesaran (1992) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987)
Pisharodi and Parameswaran (1992)
treated Welfare system
Existence of welfare system
Producer of high-quality products Production of high-quality products Excellent quality workmanship Made with meticulous workmanship High quality
High level of technological research
Level of technological research
People have high technical skills
The technical skills of US work force are high
Technical skills Technical skills
People are creative
The people of US are creative Artistic & creative
People are motivated to raise their living standards
The people of US are motivated to raise living standards
Raised standards of living Raised standards of living
People are proud to achieve high standards
The people of US are proud to achieve high standards
Achieving high standards
treated
The country’s labour laws are protective of workers
The country produces quality products
The country has a high level of technological research
The country exports are high-tech in nature
The technical skills of the country’s work force are high
The people of the country are creative
The people of the country are motivated to raise their living standards
The people of the country are proud of achieving high standards
313
Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Martin and Eroglu (1993) Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Lee and Ganesh (1999)
Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994)
Ease of Practising Religion Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Create and develop by Researcher
Achieving high standards High standard of living High standard of living People are friendly and likeable
Friendly & likable
The people of the country are friendly and likeable
The country is a moderate Islamic country
The country is a progressive and dynamic Islamic country
The country is a pragmatic Islamic country
‘Halal’ food is easily obtainable in the country
Places of worship are conveniently located and available to any religion in the country
The Islamic dress code is common in the country
Everybody is free to practice whatever beliefs they wish in the country Religious/Islamic education facilities for children are easily available in the country