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5.15 MEASUREMENT FOR INTENTION TO STUDY

5.16.1 Country Image

The measures of country image are discussed in terms of ten concepts. These include economic conditions, conflict/law & order, political structure, vocational training, work culture, environment, labour, technological, people and ease of practicing religion. The measures of country image by listing of scholars, as shown in Table 5.19, are adopted and adapted for this study.

Table 5.19

Measures of Country Image

Construct Original Measure Measures used in the Study

Country Image Economic Conditions Nagashima (1970, 1977) Jaffe and Nebenzahl (1984) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009) Martin and Eroglu (1993)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Martin and Eroglu (1993) Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Technically advanced Technically advanced

Mexico is technologically very advanced Predominantly industrialized

Mexico’s economy is mostly industrial (not agricultural)

High level of industrialisation Economically developed

Country is an economically advanced country

Mexico’s economy is very modern

The country is technologically advanced

The country’s economy is mostly industrial (not agricultural)

The country’s economy is modern

309

Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Martin and Eroglu (1993)

Martin and Eroglu (1993) Pisharodi and Paramesaran (1992) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994)

Others source adapted and it has been widely accepted in prior research:

(Han & Terpstra, 1988; Haubl, 1996;

Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993; Lee &

Ganesh, 1999; Parameswaran &

Pisharodi, 1994; Wang & Lamb, 1983)

Conflict/Law & Order

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Create and develop by Researcher Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Others source adapted and it has been widely accepted in prior research:

Haubl, 1996; Jones and Ashmore, 1973;

Lee and Ganesh, 1999

Political Structure

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Highly developed economy Stable economic environment

Free market system Economically similar Economically similar

Mexico’s government is very cooperative with ours

Country actively participates in world affairs

Participates in International affairs

Mexico’s trade practices with the U.S.

are very fair

Country is friendly to the USA in world affairs

Mexico’s government /political system is very democratic

The country has a stable economic environment

The country has a free market system

The country’s government is very cooperative with ours

The country’s trade practices with the U.S. are fair

The crime rate in the country is low The country’s government respects individual rights

Corruption/bribery is not a common practice in the country

The country’s government/political system is democratic

310

Martin and Eroglu (1993)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Martin and Eroglu (1993)

Other sources adapted and have been widely accepted in prior research:

Han, 1989; Han & Terpstra, 1988; Haubl, 1996; Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993;

Parameswaran & Pisharodi, 1994; Wang

& Lamb, 1983

Vocational Training

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987) Pisharodi and Paramesaran (1992) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987)

Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994)

Other sources adapted and have been widely accepted in prior research:

Agarwal & Sikri, 1996; Han & Terpstra, 1988; Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993;

Lee & Ganesh, 1999; Parameswaran &

Pisharodi, 1994; Parameswaran &

Yaprak, 1987; Wang & Lamb, 1983

Democratic system or Dictatorial system Mexico is a very peaceful country Mexican citizens have a great deal of freedom (many rights)

Civilian government or Military government

Mexican workers are generally very admired

Mexican workers are generally very well educated

People are well educated

The people of US are well educated Well educated

Well educated Literate

Mexican workers are generally very well trained

Country emphasizes technical/vocational training

The people of US emphasize technical/vocational training

Technical education

The country is a peaceful country The country’s citizens have a great deal of freedom (many rights)

The country has a civilian government and not a military government

The country’s workers are generally well regarded/ admired

The country’s workers are generally well educated

The country’s workers are generally well trained

The people of the country emphasize technical/vocational training

311

Work Culture

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Nagashima (1970, 1977) Jaffe and Nebenzahl (1984) Bradley (2001)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Other sources adapted and have been widely accepted in prior research:

Agarwal & Sikri, 1996; Han & Terpstra, 1988; Heslop & Papadopoulos, 1993;

Lee & Ganesh, 1999; Parameswaran &

Pisharodi, 1994; Parameswaran &

Yaprak, 1987; Wang & Lamb, 1983

Environment

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Labour

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009) Lala, Allred and Chakraborty (2009)

Mexican workers are generally very hard working

People are hard working people The people of US are hardworking Hard-working

Mexican workers are generally very reliable

Reliable Reliable Reliable

Mexican workers generally pay very close attention to detail

Mexico makes an aggressive effort to protect the environment

Mexico maintains very high standards for pollution control

Mexico is very concerned about the environment

Workplace conditions in Mexico are generally very safe

Mexico is very considerate to its workers Mexican workers are generally very well

The country’s workers are generally very hard working

The country’s workers are generally reliable

The country’s workers generally pay close attention to detail

The country makes an aggressive effort to protect the environment

The country maintains high standards of pollution control

The country is concerned about the environment

The country has a good public transport system

The country has world class facilities and infrastructure

Workplace conditions in the country are generally safe

The country is considerate to its workers The country’s workers are generally well

312

Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Martin and Eroglu (1993) Create and develop by Researcher

Technological

Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Martin and Eroglu (1993) Nagashima (1970, 1977) Lee and Ganesh (1999) Jaffe and Nebenzahl (1984) Martin and Eroglu (1993)

Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Create and develop by Researcher

Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987)

Pisharodi and Paramesaran (1992) Parameswaran & Pisharodi (1994)

People

Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987)

Pisharodi and Paramesaran (1992) Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987)

Pisharodi and Parameswaran (1992)

treated Welfare system

Existence of welfare system

Producer of high-quality products Production of high-quality products Excellent quality workmanship Made with meticulous workmanship High quality

High level of technological research

Level of technological research

People have high technical skills

The technical skills of US work force are high

Technical skills Technical skills

People are creative

The people of US are creative Artistic & creative

People are motivated to raise their living standards

The people of US are motivated to raise living standards

Raised standards of living Raised standards of living

People are proud to achieve high standards

The people of US are proud to achieve high standards

Achieving high standards

treated

The country’s labour laws are protective of workers

The country produces quality products

The country has a high level of technological research

The country exports are high-tech in nature

The technical skills of the country’s work force are high

The people of the country are creative

The people of the country are motivated to raise their living standards

The people of the country are proud of achieving high standards

313

Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994) Martin and Eroglu (1993) Pappu, Quester and Cooksey (2007) Lee and Ganesh (1999)

Parameswaran and Pisharodi (1994)

Ease of Practising Religion Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Create and develop by Researcher

Achieving high standards High standard of living High standard of living People are friendly and likeable

Friendly & likable

The people of the country are friendly and likeable

The country is a moderate Islamic country

The country is a progressive and dynamic Islamic country

The country is a pragmatic Islamic country

‘Halal’ food is easily obtainable in the country

Places of worship are conveniently located and available to any religion in the country

The Islamic dress code is common in the country

Everybody is free to practice whatever beliefs they wish in the country Religious/Islamic education facilities for children are easily available in the country