ICE-GB
4.6 SPSS Analysis of the Quantitative Data
The study employs the use of SPSS analysis so as to describe the significance and insignificance of each category. Statistical analysis makes it possible to describe this. The analysis has been approached manually before the invention of the statistical software tools.
Now that the software is available, it saves time as well as eases the analytical procedures with accuracy and clarity.
This section attempts to quantitatively answer research question two (RQ2) “How do the patterns of use of the preposition of in ICE-Nig. compare to those in ICE-GB?”
105 Figure 4.3 Categories and the percentages shared across the two corpora The uneven distribution of the preposition appears to be clear across the categorization paradigm in both of the corpora with Process Relationship Category emerging as the highest in ICE-Nig. and Attributive Relationship category being the topmost in the ICE-GB. Differences have been described in respect of each category. The level of significance of the differences of the use of the preposition of in each category is stated. As in the tradition of the statistical analysis, this leads to the acceptance or rejection of the null hypotheses, the heading of each category.
p<α
p<α
p<α
p<α
p<α
106
``4.6.1 Null Hypothesis 1: There is equal proportion of frequency in Partitive Relationship Category of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.2a Descriptive statistics results for Partitive Relationship frequencies Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual ICE-Nig.
ICE-GB Total
44 56 100
126 162 288
144.0 144.0 288
-18.0 18.0
Partitive
Figure 4.4 Distributions of Partitive Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.2a and Figure 4.4 indicate, the percentage of occurrence of the proposition of is lower in ICE-Nig. (44%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (56%).
Table 4.2b Chi-square Results for Partitive Relationship
Parameters Partitive
Chi-Square 4.500a
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .034
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 144.0.
107 Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=287) = 4.50, p = .034, (Table 4.2a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the partitive relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-GB. This leads to the rejection of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is a sinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Partitive category across the two corpora as alpha is <.05
4.6.2 Null Hypothesis 2: There is equal proportion of frequency in Content Relationship Category of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.3a Descriptive Statistics Results for Content Relationship Frequencies Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 63 60 47.5 12.5
ICE-GB 37 35 47.5 -12.5
Total 100 95 95
Content
Figure 4.5 Distributions of Content Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.3a and Figure 4.5 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is higher in ICE-Nig. (63%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (37%).
108 Table 4.3b Chi-square Results for Content Relationship
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=95) = 6, p = .010 (Table 4.3a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the content relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-Nig. This leads to the rejection of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is a sinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Content category across the two corpora as alpha is <.05
4.6.3 Null Hypothesis 3: There is equal proportion of frequency in Quantitative Relationship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.4a Descriptive Statistics Results for Quantitative Relationship Frequencies Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 48 61 64.0 -3.0
ICE-GB 52 67 64.0 3.0
Total 100 128 128
Parameters Content
Chi-Square 6.579a
df 1
Asymp. Sig. .010
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 47.5.
109 Figure 4.6 Distributions of Quantitative Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig.
and ICE-GB
As Table 4.4a and Figure 4.6 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is lower in ICE-Nig. (48%) as compared with that of ICE-GB Corpus (52%).
Table 4.4b Chi-square Results for Quantitative Relationship
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=128) = .281, p = .596, (Table 4.4a) this difference was statistically insignificant. That is, the quantitative relationship category has been closely distributed across the two corpora with slightly higher number of occurences in ICE-GB. This leads to the acceptance of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is an insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Quantitative category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05
4.6.4 Null Hypothesis 4: There is equal proportion of frequency in Extent Relationship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Parameters Quantitative
Chi-Square .281a
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .596
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 64.0.
110 Table 4.5a Descriptive Statistics Results for Extent Relationship Frequencies
Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 48 57 59.0 -2.0
ICE-GB 52 61 59.0 2.0
Total 100 118 118
Figure 4.7 Distributions of Extent Relationship Frequencies across Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.5a and Figure 4.7 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is lower in ICE-Nig. (48%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (52%).
Table 4.5b Chi-square results for Extent Relationship
Parameters Extent
Chi-Square df Asymp Sig
.136a 1 .713 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 59.0.
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=118) = .136, p = .713, (Table 5a) this difference was statistically insignificant. Extent relationship category has been closely distributed across the two corpora with slightly higher number of occurences in ICE-GB. This leads to the acceptance of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is an
111 insignificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Extent category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05
4.6.5 Null Hypothesis 5: There is equal proportion of frequency in Source Relationship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.6a Descriptive Statistics Results for Source Relationship Frequencies Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 53 20 19.0 1.0
ICE-GB 47 18 19.0 -1.0
Total 100 38 38
Figure 4.8 Distribution of Source Relationship Frequency across Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.6a and Figure 4.8 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is higher in ICE-Nig. (53%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (47%).
Table 4.6b Chi-square Results for Source Relationship
Parameters Source
Chi-Square .105a
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .746
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 19.0.
112 Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=38) = 105, p = .746, (Table 4.6a) this difference was statistically insignificant. That is, the source relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-Nig. This leads to the acceptance of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is an insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Source category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05
4.6.6 Null Hypothesis 6: There is equal proportion of frequency in Attributive Relationship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.7a Descriptive Statistics Results for Attributive Relationship Frequencies Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 30 82 137.0 -55.0
ICE-GB 70 192 137.0 55.0
Total 100 274 274
Figure 4.9 Distributions of Attributive Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
113 As Table 4.7a and Figure 4.9 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is lower in ICE-Nig. (30%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (70%).
Table 4.7b Chi-Square Results for Attributive Relationship
Parameters Attributive
Chi-Square 44.161a
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 137.0.
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=274) = 44.161, p = .000, (Table 4.7a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the attributive relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-GB. This leads to the rejection of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is a sinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Attribution category as alpha is < .05
4.6.7 Null Hypothesis 7: There is equal proportion of frequency in Temporal Relationship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.8a Descriptive Statistics Results for Temporal Relationship Frequencies Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 53 19 18.0 1.0
ICE-GB 47 17 18.0 -1.0
Total 100 36 36
114 Figure 4.10 Distributions of Temporal Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.8 and Figure 4.10 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is higher in ICE-Nig. (53%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (47%).
Table 4.8b Chi-square Results for Temporal Relationship
Parameters Temporal
Chi-Square .111a
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .739
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 18.0.
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=36) = .111, p =.739, (Table 4.8a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the Temoral relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-Nig. This leads to the acceptance of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is an insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Temporal category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05.
4.6.8 Null Hypothesis 8: There is equal proportion of frequency in Cause Relationship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
115 Table 4.9a Descriptive Statistics Results for Cause Relationship Frequencies
Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 61 40 33.0 7.0
ICE-GB 39 26 33.0 -7.0
Total 100 66 66
Figure 4.11 Distributions of Cause Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.9a and Figure 4.11 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is higher in ICE-Nig. (61%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (39%).
Table 4.9b Chi-square Results for Cause Relationship
Parameters Cause
Chi-Square 2.970a
df 1
Asymp. Sig. .085
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 33.0.
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=66) = 2.970, p=.085, (Table 4.9a) this difference was statistically insignificant. That is, the cause relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-Nig. This leads to the acceptance of the nul hypothesis and it
116 proves that there is an insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Cause category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05.
4.6.9 Null Hypothesis 9: There is equal proportion of frequency in Possessive Relationship Cate-gories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.10a Descriptive Statistics Results for Possessive Relationship Frequencies Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 56 28 25.0 3.0
ICE-GB 44 22 25.0 -3.0
Total 100 50 50
Figure 4.12 Distributions of Possessive Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.10a and Figure 4.12 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the pre- position is higher in ICE-Nig. (56%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (44%).
Table 4.10b Chi-square Results for Possessive Relationship
Parameters Possessive
Chi-Square .720a
df 1
Asymp. Sig. .396
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 25.0.
117 Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=50) = .720, p =.396, (Table 4.10a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the possessive relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-Nig. This leads to the acceptance of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is an insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Possession category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05.
4.6.10 Null Hypothesis 10: There is equal proportion of frequency in Position/Location Relation -ship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.11a Descriptive Statistics Results for Position/Location Relationship Frequencies
Figure 4.13 Distributions of Position/Location Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 26 20 38.5 -18.5
ICE-GB 74 57 38.5 18.5
Total 100 77 77
118 As Table 4.11a and Figure 4.13 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is lower in ICE-Nig. (26%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (74%).
Table 4.11b Chi-square Results for Position/Location Relationship
Parameters Position/Location
Chi-Square 17.779a
df 1
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 38.5.
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=77) = 17.779, p =.000, (Table 4.11a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the Position/Location relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-GB. This leads to the rejection of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is an insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Position/Location category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05.
4.6.11 Null Hypothesis 11: There is equal proportion of frequency in Process Relationship Cate-gories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
Table 4.12a Descriptive Statistics Results for Process Relationship Frequencies Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 51 171 167.5 3.5
ICE-GB 49 164 167.5 -3.5
Total 100 335 335
119 Figure 4.14 Distributions of Process Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.12a and Figure 4.14 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is higher in ICE-Nig. (51.0%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (49.0%)
Table 4.12b Chi-square Results for Process Relationship
Parameters Process
Chi-Square .146a
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .702
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 167.5.
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=335) = .146, p =.702, (Table 4.12a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the process relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-Nig. This leads to the acceptance of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is an insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Process category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05.
4.6.12 Null Hypothesis 12: There is equal proportion of frequency in Separate-From Relationship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB.
120 Table 4.13a Descriptive Statistics Results for Separate-From Relationship Frequencies
Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 67 8 6.0 2.0
ICE-GB 33 4 6.0 -2.0
Total 100 12 12
Figure 4.15 Distributions of Separate-From Relationship Frequencies across ICE-Nig.
and ICE-GB
As Table 4.13a and Figure 4.15 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the pre-position is higher in ICE-Nig. (67%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (33%).
Table 4.13b Chi-square Results for Separate-From Relationship
Parameters Separate-From
Chi-Square 1.333a
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .248
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 6.0.
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=12) = 1.333, p =.248, (Table 4.13a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the Separate-From relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-Nig. This leads to the acceptance of the nul hypothesis
121 and it proves that there is an insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Separate-From category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05.
4.6.13 Null Hypothesis 13: There is equal proportion of frequency in Loss Relationship Categories of the preposition of across ICE-Nig. and ICE-GB
Table 4.14a Descriptive Statistics Results for Loss Relationship Frequencies Parameters Percent Observed N Expected N Residual
ICE-Nig. 19 7 18.0 -11.0
ICE-GB 81 29 18.0 11.0
Total 100 36 36
Figure 4.16 Distributions of Loss Relationship Frequencies across Nig. and ICE-GB
As Table 4.14a and Figure 4.16 indicate, the overall percentage of occurrence of the proposition is lower in ICE-Nig. (19%) as compared with that of ICE-GB (81%)
122 Table 4.14b Chi-square Results for Loss Relationship
Parameters Loss
Chi-Square 13.444a
Df 1
Asymp. Sig. .000
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5.
The minimum expected cell frequency is 18.0.
Based on the results of Goodness of fit Chi Square, X2 (1, N=36) =13 .444, p =.000, (Table 4.14a) this difference was statistically significant. That is, the Loss relationship category has been disproportionately distributed across the two corpora with a higher number of occurences in ICE-GB. This leads to the rejection of the nul hypothesis and it proves that there is a insinificant difference in the use of the preposition in the Loss category across the two corpora as alpha is >.05.