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Ethics for a Green Economy

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Ethics for a Green Economy

Abdul Hadi Harman Shah,

LESTARI, UKM

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Outline

• Introduction

• Motivations and Justifications for a Green Economy

• Obstacles

• Considerations in a Green Economy

• A possible path towards a green economy

• Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

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Distance between self and environmental ethics (what more sustainability and green economy)

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WE FOCUS TOO MUCH ON THESE

AND TOO LITTLE ON THESE

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questioning mainstream economics

“A macro - economy predicated on continual expansion of debt-driven materialistic

consumption is unsustainable ecologically, problematic socially and unstable

economically”

UK Sustainability Commission

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Myths of Neoclassical Economics

1. A theory of production can ignore physical and environmental realities

a. The economy can be described independently of its biophysical matrix

b. Economic production can be described without reference to physical work

2. A theory of consumption can ignore actual human behaviour a. Homo Economicus is a scientific model that does a good job

of predicting human behaviour

b. Consumption of market goods can be equated with well- being and money is a universal substitute for anything.

Gowdy, Hall, Klitgaard and Krall, 2010

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MOTIVATIONS AND JUSTIFICATIONS

FOR A GREEN ECONOMY

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• What are the motivations to act morally?

Should they count?

• Motivations for acting morally include gaining benefits as well as a sense of duty. But are

motivations also justifications?

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J.S. Mill, on Environmental Governance

(writing in Principles of Political Economy, 1948/1871, p.797)

"It may be imagined, perhaps, that the law has only to declare and protect the right of every one to what he has himself produced, or acquired by the voluntary consent, fairly obtained, of those who produced it. But is there nothing recognized as property except what has been produced?

Is there not the earth itself, its forests and waters, and all other natural riches,above and below the surface? These are the inheritance of the human race, and there must be

regulations for the common enjoyment of it. What rights, and under what conditions, a person shall be allowed to

exercise over any portion of this common inheritance cannot be left undecided.

No function of government is less optional than the

regulation of these things, or more completely involved in the idea of civilized society."

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The key task for socio-economic research in integrated (& participatory) environmental resources management is not the modelling of socio-ecol-economic systems, it is the

MOBILISATION of HUMAN AGENCY in

relation to sustainability’s challenges and purposes

O Connors 2010

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Ethical underpinnings

• Utilitarian - benefits, a consequentialist

approach towards an ethical green economy

• A deontological or duty based view of an ethical green economy

• Religion?

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Beginning probing questions

• What is the Environment ?

• What are species?

• What is economics?

Ethics

• Ecosystem - right (good)

• Representing- habitat - wrong(bad)

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Questions

• Even with the majority agreeing, is it ethical?

• Do traditional cultures have an environmental ethics ‘an ethic’ vs ‘ethics’ (philosophy)

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What amounts to an ethics?

• Anthropocentric ethics

• Non-anthropocentric ethics

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Ideas structuring ethics

holism- circle, sphere, cycling continuity in the

dependence vs linearity, goal-distributions, hierarchy- dualism

respect to all living and living systems

Earth as gigantic living being (GAIA) hypothesis

Reciprocity between human and non-human

Only for thinking people?

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ideas…

Restricting reciprocity

sacredness of all nature

present in everything

West seeing it as anthromorphing nature

respect for altered status of consciousness

European- hedonistic/apologetic

respect for women’s political judgement

conservation practices

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An Ethic…

1. Doesn’t reduces to self-interest(egoism)

Calvin Mann: acting out of fear, fear is self interest (heaven and hell)

- Ethics- requires sacrifice? Willingness to limit goals out of respect for something that is independent to its usefulness to yourself.

Ethics vs Habit

2. Hart, ‘internal aspect’- even when not doing it- can still criticise

people who have an ethic often behave inconsistently. Can expect behavioral inconsistency

internal critics

Character traits- ethics, ethnics, ethos, habits moral-mores- social norms

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Ethics as a branch of philosophy

• 1) an ethics: a set of norms, ideas, values, practices, actually held by some groups of agents

• 2. systematic reflection upon the ideals that define

1) ethics as sense and the particular judgement which even ethics (sense #1) give rise to.

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Anthropocentric ethics

• Two kinds of anthropocentrism

Psychological anthropocentrism

Ethical anthropocentrism

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Two major schools of environmental ethics

• Utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham – maximizing utility Cost-benefit analysis

• Kantian – Deontological Ethics

Do as duty requires regardless of consequences

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II. Can there be a non-

Anthropocentric ethics for a green economy?

- Is ethics inconsistent with self interest?

1) evaluates human conduct not only (even not primarily) on its impacts on the human beings

- what makes a being morally considerable

2) evaluates conducts of ethical agents not only (or primely) on its impacts or significance for human beings.

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Human-Animal Interaction

• Animal rights and liberation

• Inter specific justice

• Priority principles

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Holism

Land Ethics – Aldo Leopold, The Sand County Almanac

Thinking like a mountain Biotic community – biota A-B cleavage

Silent Spring – Rachel Carson

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Wilderness: Economic Resources, Deep Ecology and Biocentric Individualism

• Radical environmentalism

• Ethics of respect for the environment

• Self realization

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Social Ecology, Biological Region, Urban Environment

Social Ecology vs Deep Ecology

Environmental racism

Garrrett Hardin, “Lifeboat Ethics”

The Carrying Capacity Equivocation

Reproductive Choices

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Biological Diversity and the Preservation of Ecosystems

The diversity of life

The value of bio diversity

Two types of preservation of policies

John Muir (Preservation) and George Perkins Marsh (Conservation)

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Options on ethical perspectives: Is there a ‘best option’ for the green economy?

Individualistic Holistic

Jeremy Bentham Immanuel Kant

Aldo Leopold Rachel Carson

Anthropocentric Simons

Baxter

Extension Singer, Regan,

VanDeVeeer

Biocentric Taylor

Deep Ecology Social Ecology

Naess Ecosophy

Session Duval

Anarchistic Bioregion Bookchin Sale

Environm ntl Justice Bullard

feminism Eco- Griffin

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OBSTACLES

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Difficulties

“With expansion of worldviews and a broader conception of knowledge, we will find little

consensus on questions, methodologies and data for determining optima.

Good policymakers will be those who can lead

enlightening conversations between scientists with different disciplinary backgrounds and between

people of different cultures and knowledges."

Richard Norgaard (1988), "Sustainable Development: A Co-evolutionary View", in Futures, 20, pp.606-620.

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“ It may seem impossible to imagine that that a technologically advanced society could

choose, in effect, to destroy itself, but that is what we are now in the process of doing”

E. Kolbert, Field Notes from a Catastrophe

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CONSIDERATIONS FOR A GREEN

ECONOMY

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• A green economy that treats the environment as biota rather than mere resources

• A green economy that is based on respect rather than competition?

• A green economy that considers and is embedded in local culture

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Re-valuing the structure of the economy

• Hierarchic vs

anarchistic structure

• Participation structure

• Bottom up approach

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Re-valuing economic resource

Environment as resource vs biota

Conservationist/preservationist

Earlier love/fear of environment

Shallow vs Deep Ecology (Naess)– which is

Sustainability?

Or is Sustainability closer to Social Ecology (Bookchin)

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Re-thinking the actualization of green economy

• Moving from technology to negotiated actions

• Moving from large structures to small structures

• Moving from ideals to incrementals

• Moving from value free economic analysis to value sensitive economic analysis

• Moving towards an ethical green economy

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A POSSIBLE PATH

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The need for new ethics and values

IPCC chair Rajendra Pachauri

“We need a new ethic by which every human being realises the importance of the

challenge and starts to take action through changes in lifestyle and attitude”

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Ethical value configurations and contradictions

• The permanence of values

• Individual vs public (common) values

• Developing common shared values

• Inter and intra generational equity

• Democratic participation

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New suite of values

Domination of nature becomes ecological sensitivity

Consumerism replaced by quality of life Individualism -> human solidarity

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• Governance

• Cultural embeddedness

• Free market/ Laissez faire

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Ethics and Values for Strong Sustainability

A very different ethical stance is needed by people committing to strong sustainability; ethics that:

• Ensure (universal) material Basic Needs of people are satisfied

• Place much greater importance on non-material sources of happiness

• Remove the perceived linkage between economic growth and success

• Affirm the deep interdependence of all people and mutual respect between all

• Value nature intrinsically through knowing that human society and its political economy is an integral and interdependent component of nature and the ecosphere of Earth. Humans have reverence for nature and consider themselves stewards of it.

John Peet Chair, Sustainable Aotearoa New Zealand, NZSSES Conference, 30 November -3 December 2010

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CONCLUSIONS

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Returning to ethics and values

Each of us, as individuals and as members of society, have our own personal values and ways of looking at the world that guide our actions and reactions. Each of us have our own thoughts about what is right and wrong, and how we should behave – and especially how others should behave.

Yet the idea of imposing our own values on others is problematic.

Why should others accept what we feel is right, and what we feel should not be. Thus we come to the need for a value system, a set of agreed upon common values that allow us to act as a group – a community or a society.

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On ethics and values

There is a need, perhaps even an essential need, to structure values, and come to an agreement as to what we share in

common. There is perhaps an even greater need to

understand values that are not ours, and to respect the many value systems in existence.

There is a need to structure values is an attempt to make them consistent, or as consistent as possible, within a

seemingly contradictory world. A structure of values might lead us to understand why there are some rights and wrongs that are universal, while others are questioned, and even

condemned.

Understanding these structures might also provide an insight on who we are, individually.

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Let’s concentrate on technology for a couple of thousand years, and then we can develop a value system

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Thank you

For thinking like a mountain

Rujukan

DOKUMEN BERKAITAN

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