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B: Four-celled proembryo

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166

cb ca m

l m ci

l' m

ca m

ci m

Figure 68: A. sessilis ‘Red’. Two, three and four-celled proembryos.

A: Two-celled proembryo.

B: Four-celled proembryo. Remnants of degenerated synergid persist (indicated by arrow).

C: Three-celled proembryo.

C1: Prominent cell ca. C2:

Cell cb divides before ca giving rise to cells ci and m. Remnants of degenerated synergids persist (indicated by arrow).

k m

A B

C1

C2 ca

m

m ci

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170

Figure 69: A. sessilis ‘Red’. Linear, quadrant and octant proembryos.

A: Seven-celled linear proembryo.

B: Quadrant proembryo with accumulation of endosperm nuclei around it.

C and D: Octant proembryo.

n'

l' l m

d f

h m

k m

p o m m

l l' m

l' m l'

m l

l

d

d d

f

f f

h m

h m

h m k

m

k m

k m n'

n'

A B

C D

167

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170 d

su f m

su m

A B

C D

E

Figure 70: A. sessilis ‘Red’. Octant proembryo and globular embryo.

A: Octant proembryo with dermatogen initiated (indicated by arrows).

B: Young globular embryo with multiseriate suspensor.

C: The lens-shaped hypophysis cells are detached from the upper cell of the suspensor (indicated by arrows).

D: Late globular embryo. Dermatogen is formed.

E: Late globular embryo. The suspensor is uniseriate except at the basal end where it is multiseriate (indicated by arrow).

142:

168

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171

Figure 71: A. sessilis ‘Red’.

Late globular and hearth- shaped embryo, mature embryo.

A: Late globular embryo with cotyledon initiated.

B: Heart-shaped embryo.

B1: Cotyledons growing.

B2: Procambial cells in the hypocotyl of the embryo axis (indicated by circle).

C: The mature embryo is dicotyledonous, curved and annular.

A B1

B2 co

ep

C co

p

sa

169

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172

Figure 72: A. sessilis ‘Green’. Two, three and four-celled proembryos.

A: Two-celled proembryo.

B: Three-celled proembryo. Cell cb divides before ca.

C: Four-celled proembryo. Remnants of synergids persist.

ca m cb m fe

ca m

m

ci

m ci

l' m l

sy

A B

C

170

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174 l

l' m d f h km m n'

l l' d m

f h k

o p

l

l' m d m h k m m

f m

n'

l l' m

d m

f m h m

k m o m p m

A B

C D

Figure 73: A. sessilis ‘Green’. Linear, quadrant and octant proembryos.

A: Seven-celled linear proembryo.

B: Eight-celled linear proembryo.

C: Vertical division in l and l’ results in a quadrant.

D: The quadrant continues to divide vertically or obliquely and gives rise to an octant.

171

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175 d

m d

m su

m

su m

A1 A2

Figure 74: A. sessilis ‘Green’. Octant and globular embryos.

A1 & A2: Octant proembryo with dermatogen initiated (indicated by arrows).

B & C: Late globular embryo. Dermatogen has been differentiated (indicated by arrow).

B C

172

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176

Figure 75: A. sessilis ‘Green’.

Torpedo and mature embryo.

A: Torpedo-shaped embryo with distinct procambial cells.

B: The mature embryo is dicotyledonous, curved and annular.

A

B

173

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177

A B1

fe m d

m

ci m f

l m

d m l' m

su

co p

D su

C B2

Figure 76: A. paronychioides. Embryo development.

A: Five-celled linear proembryo.

B1: Young globular embryo with dermatogen initiated (indicated by arrows).

B2: Elongated nucellar cells with dense cytoplasm and nucleus (indicated by circle).

C: Heart-shaped embryo with cotyledon initiated (indicated by arrows).

D: The mature embryo is dicotyledonous, curved and annular.

174

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168

A B

C

D

Figure 77: A. paronychioides.

Abnormal embryo development.

A: Young globular embryo.

B: Remnant synergids persist.

C: Laterally situated antipodals degenerating.

D: Conspicuous primary endosperm nucleus situated below globular embryo.

Figure 77: A. paronychioides.

Abnormal embryo development.

A: Young globular embryo.

B: Remnant synergids persist.

C:Laterally situated antipodals degenerating.

D: Conspicuous primary endosperm nucleus situated below globular embryo.

175

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176 p

co

sa

Figure 78: A. ficoidea.

Mature embryo.

A: The mature embryo is dicotyledonous, curved and annular.

8B: Root apical meristem (indicated by circle) and procambial cells (indicated by arrow).

C: Procambial cells growing in the cotyledons (indicated by arrows).

A

B

C

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177

A B1

B1 Figure 79: A. brasiliana. Nucellar embryo initial cells.

A & B: Nucellar embryo initial cells with dense cytoplasm and conspicuous nuclei (indicated by arrows).

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178

A1 A2

B1 B2

B3 B4

Figure 80: A. brasiliana. Degenerating egg apparatus, nucellar embryo initial cells and nuclear endosperm.

A1: Degenerating synergids.

A2: Nucellar embryo initial cells (indicated by arrow).

B1 & B2: Degenerating synergids.

B3: Degenerating egg cell.

B4: Free endosperm nucleus (indicated by arrows).

sy

sy sy

eg

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179

A1 A2

B1 B2

B3 fe

fe fe

ne

Figure 81: A. brasiliana. Zygote and proembryo.

A1 & A2: Nucellar embryo growing into the embryo sac (indicated by arrows).

B1−B3: Two zygotes and a two- celled proembryo growing into the embryo sac (indicated by arrow).

micropylar region

Chalazal region

Chalazal region

zy

zy

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180 Figure 82: A. brasiliana. Globular and torpedo embryos.

A1: Globular embryos without suspensor and located further away from the micropyle.

A2: Globular embryo without histogenic differentiation.

B: Two globular embryos in a single embryo sac.

C1 & C2: Torpedo embryo without suspensor and located further away from the micropyle.

A1 A2

B

C2 C1

co

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181 A

b

co m

em 1 em 2

Figure 83: A. brasiliana. Mature embryo.

A: Two embryos in a seed.

B: The smaller embryo.

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