View of THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNET ADDICTION AND CYBERBULLYING TOWARD PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG TEENAGERS

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International Journal of Social Science Research eISSN: 2710-6276 | Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2020

http://myjms.moe.gov.my/index.php/ijssr

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNET ADDICTION AND CYBERBULLYING TOWARD PSYCHOLOGICAL

WELL-BEING AMONG TEENAGERS

Siti Zalifah Ismail^1*and Faridah Mydin Kutty²

1 2 Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MALAYSIA

*Corresponding author: P95850@siswa.ukm.edu.my

Article Information:

Article history:

Received date : 19 June.2020 Revised date : 26 July.2020 Accepted date : 18 August 2020 Published date : 1 September 2020

To cite this document:

Ismail, S., & Mydin Kutty, F. (2020).

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNET ADDICTION AND CYBERBULLYING TOWARD PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG TEENAGERS. International Journal Of Social Science Research, 2(3), 12-24.

Abstract: The psychological well-being of adolescents is beginning to gain attention and is seen as an essential part of every individual's life. Even among elementary, middle school and Institute of Higher Education students. The study was conducted to look at the relationship between internet addiction and cyberbullying toward psychological well-being among school-aged adolescents. The methodology of this study was formulated using the Internet Addiction test, "Cyberbullying and Online Aggression Survey Instrument" and the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Questionaire. A total of 168 form four students were included in this study with 89 male and 79 female students. The collected data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS Version 23.0). Descriptive analysis and inference are also used to analyze data and derive research findings. The results of the study show that the level of internet addiction and cyberbullying among students is low. Meanwhile, the student's psychological well-being is at a poorer level. The results show that there is a significant relationship between internet addiction to adolescent psychological well-being. The findings also showed that there was no significant relationship between cyberbullying to the psychological well-being of school adolescents.

Keywords: psychological well-being, internet addiction, cyberbullying, school adolescent.

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1. Introduction

The speed of technology today has little to do with the patterns and lifestyles of the community, especially the youth. There are many facilities available on the internet. However, excessive internet use among teenagers has caused them to experience symptoms of Internet addiction.

Adolescents often suffer from stress, anxiety and depression as they become victims of cyberbullying as a result of excessive internet use. The development of this technology also exposes the negative effects of mental health and psychological well-being on the individual.

Psychological well-being is an important aspect of determining one's happiness and mental health.

The psychological well-being of adolescents today is alarming. This is evidenced by statistics from the World Health Organization of Malaysia in 2018 that 4.2 million out of 32 million Malaysians suffer from depression and mental stress. The high-risk groups are women, adolescents and adults from low-income families. The psychological well-being of adolescents is influenced by their daily activities. Many teens who are trapped in internet addiction and exposed to cyberbullying will experience emotional distress and thus affect their mental health and psychological well-being.

Internet addiction can occur when one can no longer control himself from the desire to surf the internet. At this point, surfing the internet has become a necessity and not a requirement. According to Awang Koding & Zunaidah (2018) states that internet addiction affects academic achievement among students. According to Jamiah et al. (2016) found that on average Z generation teens use social media for 11.6 hours a day and eight (8) types of social media applications are widely used namely Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, blogs, Whatsapp, WeChat, Telegram and Instagram.

According to Young (1998) states that excessive use of the internet can have a negative impact on personal, family and social life especially for students.

Statistics released by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission in 2018 indicate that 28.7 million Malaysians are internet users and out of that 63% of Malaysians use the internet 1-8 hours a day. The most commonly used social apps are Facebook which is 97.3% and 30% of users are in their 20's and 8.1% in their 20's. Figures show the internet is an important medium for finding a wide range of information and for connecting with contacts. The advent of social media has had a profound effect on human life, especially among adolescents and children.

According to Che Maznizah (2014) in the study of Wan Hassan et al. (2015), cyberbullying is one of the emerging symptoms of bullying following the advent of communication technology today.

Ayas and Deniz (2014) state that cyberbullying is a deliberate act committed on the Internet and social media. Features of cyberbullying include using obscene, threatening sentences, unauthorized posting, extortion through chat sites and posting pornographic images or personal information on the internet. According to Mustafa Tozun & Asya Banu (2017); Wan Hassan et al.

(2015) stated that individuals with negative emotional disorders are more likely to be victims of cyberbullying.

According to Hinduja and Patchin (2010), cyberbullying victims have twice the potential to commit suicide compared to individuals who have never experienced cyberbullying. Usually, cyberbullying victims are women. This is because, women spend more time on social media than men (Maya, 2016). According to Vimala (2015) women access social media more than five times

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a day compared to men. Recent studies have extensively studied psychological well-being, internet addiction and cyberbullying, but few studies have examined the relationship between internet addiction and cyberbullying on adolescent well-being. Therefore, researchers want to emphasize the factors of internet addiction and cyberbullying on psychological well-being among school- aged adolescents. Respondents of this study were from students at Jalan Reko SMK school who were exposed to psychological well-being. The school environment also plays an important role in improving the well-being of students.

2. Literature Review

Studies related to psychological well-being have been extensively conducted by researchers on civil servants, parents and senior citizens. The psychological well-being of adolescents is very important because at this stage adolescents are seeking their identity. According to Yen et al.

(2006), student psychological well-being in South Taiwan is influenced by demographic factors, family conflict and lack of family support. Meanwhile, Gomez et al. (2009) state that life events are related to an individual's mental health. According to Zaid et al. (2007) medical students in Perak, Perak suffer from high emotional distress. According to Jamiah et al. (2016) use of social media has also negatively impacted adolescents such as time wasting and neglect, leakage of important personal information and vulnerable to slander, fraud and cyberbullying.

According to Yong (2011), the internet surfing in Malaysia which causes addiction syndrome should be studied in detail in the field of pathological psychology, a study related to mental health.

The issue of internet addiction syndrome was also discussed in a study by Hasan and Shahrina (2012) who found that teenage internet use rates are increasing today. According to Mustafa (2011), the results show that students who use the internet six hours a day have psychiatric symptoms. Addiction to internet activities will have academic, social, economic, occupational, physical and psychological problems. This is supported by Normah.

Mustaffa (2013) states that adolescent’s reliance on various activities on the internet is higher than 6 hours a day. Activities used as chats to get information, entertain, share interests and express feelings. The study of Choo et al. (2011) involving various ages also found that the generation within the age group of 18-25 years, in which teens are at higher risk for Internet addiction problems, especially university and college students. This finding is supported by the study of Aziz Shah et al. (2013) also noted that the aggravation of the situation when wireless internet services are provided free of charge by many parties and is readily available. Some of the places with easy access to internet are cafes, restaurants, airports, hotels, and shopping malls (Johari & Shahrina, 2012).

According to Nahar et al. (2017), the use of uncontrolled modern technology has negatively affected physical and muscle development, interpersonal skills, and impaired academic performance. especially for students, universities and young people who have less interaction and social communication. According to Danielle et al. (2012), the most frequent cyberbullying is by using vicious words by order, uploading photos and videos as a medium of bullying in the cyber world. This statement is supported by the study of Smith et al. (2008), who state that the transmission of photos and video clips between mediums is frequently used for cyberbullying

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crime. However, what is more worrying is that cyberbullying activity can have a profound effect on victims of bullying (Patchin & Hinduja, 2012).

2.1 Problem Statement

This addiction to internet use occurs when one cannot control it from the desire to surf the internet.

In their opinion, surfing the internet has become one needs and not desires. Issues of Internet addiction and bullying through nature Cyberbullying is a new disease in society today. According to Awang Koding & Zunaidah (2018) states that internet addiction affects academic achievement in among students. According to Jamian et al. (2016), on the other hand, found that adolescents of the Z generation averaged use social media for 11.6 hours a day and eight (8) types of social media applications widely used are Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, blog, Whatsapp, WeChat, Telegram and Instagram. On the other hand, Young (1998) states that excessive internet use is possible have a negative impact on our personal, family and social life especially for our students.

The problems of internet addiction and cyberbullying lead to emotional well-being and the well- being of psychologists especially the troubled teenagers. Bullying is frequent are in a state of negative emotion such as sadness, sadness, fear and anger (Mustafa Tozun & Asia Banu Babaoglu, 2017; Wan Hasan Wan Embong et al., 2015). If victims of bullying are unable to overcome the negative emotions resulting from cyber bullying for this, they will tend to kill themselves. In a study conducted by Hinduja and Patchin (2010), found that cyberbullying victims have twice the potential is more likely to commit suicide compared to someone who has none experience of cyberbullying.

The issue of cyberbullying is hotly debated internationally this is happening in India, Brazil, the United States, Belgium, and South Africa. The term “bully cybercrime”is still a rarity among some in Malaysia. In addition, it may be because they are having a hard time understanding who and how this way of cyberbullying takes place. Symptoms of cyberbullying can have a devastating impact during cyberbullying. This condition will affect individuals in achieving well-being good psychological in his life. This cyberbullying issue should be addressed immediately to avoid excessive social problems or to threaten the well-being of the people races.

The cyber bullying means various forms of threat sent by text message, disliked images or has an element of teasing through the web for annoying and embarrassing others. This is an exciting new technology upgrade has contributed to the increasing frequency of internet use among Asians. In fact, this situation has led to the threat of cyberbullying as many internet users reveal their personal information and express their views on social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.

This situation is even more alarming when most victims of cyberbullying are children and adolescents. They are a group that has the potential to experience this cyberbullying experience Adults are good at controlling and managing stress.

The study was conducted to identify the relationship between internet and cyberbullying on psychological well-being. This study will provide that information useful in addressing cyberbullying issues and providing awareness of such issues this to the parties directly related to the teenagers to avoid the many social problems and emotional disorders that affect teenagers will be able to overcome it more effectively.

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3. Method

This research approach uses quantitative methods using the study design review. This study is in the form of a survey with using questionnaires as a technique data collection. Form research Descriptive is a research aim to explain something an ongoing or exploratory phenomenon something that has not been studied or explored (Contingent, 1994). The respondents were recruited based on simple random sampling where the respondents of the study were selected based on their characteristics specifications that researchers have set. The sample of respondents for this study was similar 127 form 4 students from two schools around Bandar Baru Bangi area.

Questionnaire was used as a research instrument for collecting data. There are four parts to be answered transparent and honest by respondent with choose an answer that almost represents themselves.

3.1 Materials

Part A is part demographics that include related questions with respondents' background, such as age, race, and place of residence. Part B for measuring addiction internet, which includes 20 items as a whole. Respondents need to indicate the rate at which they agree with the statement is provided with a choice of 4 scales Likert ranking 0 = No, scale 1 = Rarely once, scale 2 = sometimes, scale 3 = Frequently times, scale 4 = often times and scale 5 = always. For this section, internet addiction scores are measured using test tools founded by Kimberly Young (1998). This test tool has was selected because it has a score good reliability. Scores reliability measured using the test method shows a score high (r = .85). Its internal reliability also showed high scores (Cronbach alpha = .88).

Part C is the part tool for measure the experience of cyberbullying with using Cyberbullying instruments and Online Aggression Survey. This questionnaire founded by Hinduja and Patchin in 2009 and was modified in 2013 to measure stages of cyberbullying symptoms. This questionnaire contains 25 items. Items are rated with The five options of the scale of the scale are 1 = No ever, scale 2 = Rarely, scale 3 = Occasionally, scale 4 = Ever, and scale 5 = Most of the time.

Trustworthiness value highs are reported in measuring test equipment with alpha coefficients of 0.892 to 0.935 (Hinduja & Patchin, 2014). Part D is about well-being psychology by using a questionnaire adapted from the study of Rosemary et al. (2010). The questionnaire was used to measure the level psychological well-being. This questionnaire has 42 items across six dimensions.

Items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale scale 6 = Strongly agree, scale 5 = Agree, scale 4 = Strongly Agree, scale 3 = Strongly Agree, scale 2 = Disagree and scale 1 = Strongly Disagree I agree. High reliability value reported in measuring this test instrument with Alpha Cronbach's alpha = .806. All the data the results obtained will be analyzed by ranked using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0 of the data derived from the questionnaire form.

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3.1.1 Samples

The sampling method used in this study was simple random sampling. This sampling is the best sampling (Noraini, 2013). In this sampling, every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected as sample. Random sampling is easy to perform as follows. A population list is provided that is, the entire secondary school in the Bandar Baru Bangi area. There are 4 schools is listed. Each of these schools is numbered 1 to 11. Sheets the numbers 1 through 11 are cut into small pieces and each sheet contains numbers 26 sample. The paper is placed in a box. 2 schools voted for make sure the minimum sample size is 127. Once you get the name of the school, the questionnaire distributed to the teachers involved to distribute the questionnaire.

3.1.2 Site

In terms of population sampling and the sample used in this study is limited to grade 4 students at three schools around the new urban area. The location of this study was selected for the purpose of reviewing related issues internet addiction and cyber-bullying at the school. This study is limited by the number of respondents, study instruments and time rates. Research is also limited to items found in the questionnaire form. Feedback students are also limited to statements in the questionnaire. The decisions and findings of this study relied heavily on respondent’s sincerity when responding to items in the questionnaire.

3.1.3 Procedures

In the process of data collection, careful and thorough planning needs to be done for design forms of study can be filled. Survey data was collected from October 2019 onwards November 2019. The following is the procedure followed to ensure the collection process

data is working properly:

i. Ensure approval to conduct research in schools from the Ministry Education Malaysia.

ii. Obtain approval to conduct research in schools from the Department Education of the State of Selangor.

iii. Obtain permission to conduct studies of selected schools as sample of study.

iv. Distribute the questionnaire to the students involved.

v. Collect questionnaire forms that students have answered.

vi. Analyze study data 3.2 Measurement

This research approach uses quantitative methods using the study design review. The first stage of this study is to begin by reviewing previous studies on internet addiction, cyberbullying, and psychological well-being. After getting the scope for the research, the study design was selected and the questionnaire items were adapted and modified based on the objective of the study. After several samples were identified, the questionnaire was sent to the validity of the expert. The questionnaire used consisted of four sections namely demographics respondents, internet addiction, cyberbullying and psychological well-being.

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3.3 Data Analysis

All the data the results are analyzed in stages using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0 of the data obtained from the questionnaire form. Statistical inference statistics are used to test the hypotheses of the study and obtain it generalization of research findings. Two different types of inference statistics were used in this study Pearson correlation and t-test.

3.3.1 Validity and Reliability

A pilot study was conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire adapted from Rosemary et al. (2010) for psychological well-being. Besides for cyberbullying experience using questionnaire was modified by Hinduja & Patchin (2013) and for internet addiction using questionnaire founded by Kimberly Young (1998). The results of the pilot study found that the reliability of the study tool is high and can measure what should be measured. According to Cohen (1988) states that the correlation coefficient values between 0.10 and 0.29 are considered small, coefficient values the correlation between 0.30 and 0.49 is considered to be simple and the correlation coefficient between 0.50 up to 1.00 is considered high. Pilot study is a small sample of studies taken before the actual study was conducted to look at the stability of the Cronbach Alpha values obtained through pilot studies.

4. Results and Discussion

This decision is based on frequency number and percent and level divisions specific to each variable you want studied. For convenience and clarification, the data obtained will be described in table shape. Distribution of Respondents by Demographics This section discusses the results of the analysis descriptive based on frequency distribution and percentage of demographic data by gender, age, year of study and frequency Internet usage.

Table 1: Distribution of Respondents According to Gender Gender (N) Percentage(%)

Men 65 51.2 Female 62 48.8 Number 127 100

Based on Table 1 shows the results of the analysis sample of the study based on the gender studied.

The results showed 65 people male respondents or 51.2 percent and 62 female respondents with 48.8 percent.

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Copyright © 2020 ACADEMIA INDUSTRY NETWORKS. All rights reserved Table 2: Distribution of Respondents According Frequency of Internet Use Frequency Usage Internet N Percentage (%) 1-2 hours a day 9 7.1

3-4 hours a day 30 23.6 Over 5 hours 87 68.5

Based on Table 2 shows the distribution according to the frequency of internet usage. The majority of students use the internet more often from 5 hours a day to 87 people respondents with 68.5 percent. A total of 30 people respondents used internet for 3 to 4 hours a day with 23.6 percent.

Meanwhile, a total of 9 respondents used internet 1 to 2 hours a day with 7.1 percent.

Table 3: Frequency Distribution by Internet Addiction Level Score Level N %

Low 20-49 97 76.4 Medium 50-79 21 16.5 High 80-100 9 7.1 Number 127 100

Table 3 shows the percentage of addiction levels fourth-grade student internet. Majority of the respondents of the study were found to have level low internet addiction of 97 respondents with 76.4 percent. While, A total of 21 respondents had level a simple internet addiction of 16.5 percent and as many as 9 people have a level high internet addiction with 7.1 percent from a sample of 127 studies.

Table 4: Frequency Distribution by Cyberbullying Levels Score N %

Low 0-36 117 92.1 High 37-125 10 7.9 Number 127 100

Table 4 shows the percentage of cyberbullying experienced by fourth grade students. Results of the study shows that the majority of the respondents were surveyed have cyberbullying experience on the level a low of 117 people with 92.1 percent. Meanwhile, there are 10 people with 7.9 percent have experience of cyberbullying higher.

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Not prosperous 42-112 6 4.7 Less prosperous 113-182 112 88.2 Wellness 183-252 9 7.1 Number 127 100

Table 5 shows the percentage levels the psychological well-being of the student form four. The results show that the majority of the survey respondents had psychological well-being to a lesser degree prosperous at 112 people with 88.2 percent. Meanwhile, there are 6 people with 4.7 percent have psychological well-being not prosperous and as many as 9 people have a healthy level of psychological well-being with a percentage of 7.1.

4.1 Results of Inference Analysis

In this section, the researcher will use inference statistics to test research hypotheses has been built.

The hypothesis built is to see the relationship between variables does not depend on the dependent variable found in this study.

Hypothesis 1: No relationship exists between internet addiction and student psychological well-being.

Table 7: Relationships between addictions internet with psychological well-being Psychology Well-being

Internet Addiction r .224

p> .05

Based on Table 7, pearson correlation analysis used to see the relationship between variables studied. Analysis results studies show that none significant relationship between addiction internet with the well-being of student psychology Cronbach's Study Instruments Alpha Internet Addiction Test .866 Cyberbullying and Online Aggression Survey Instrument .814 Ryff Psychological WellBeing Questionaire .879 level four because of the pearson coefficient, r is .224 while the p value is .109, that is is greater than the confidence level of .05 [r (125) = .224, p> .05].

Consequently, the hypothesis built up fails rejected.

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Hypothesis 2: No relationship exists between cyber bullying and well-being student psychology.

Table 8: Relationships between cyberbullying with psychological well-being student.

Psychology Well-being

Cyberbullying r .219

p> .05

Based on Table 8, the findings of the correlation analysis indicate that there is no relationship significant among internet addicts with the well-being of student psychology four because of the pearson coefficient, r is .219 while the p value is .110, which is greater than confidence level .05 [r (125) = .219, p> .05]. By that is, the hypothetical sis built failed to be rejected.

Hypothesis 3: There is no level difference cyberbullying by student gender.

Table 9: Cyberbullying level differences according to the gender of the student.

Gender N Min SP df t P

Men's 65 1.12

.331

125 1.912 .058

Female 62 1.03

.178 p <.05

Based on Table 9, the t test is independent was conducted to identify differences cyberbullying experience based on gender. Value male student mean of (1.12) and mean value for female students (1.03). Results tests show no difference significant between the levels of cyberbullying and gender that is, t (125) = 1.912, p = .058 (p> .05). Value the probability is greater than the level confidence 0.05. This shows the hypothesis failed to reject.

Hypothesis 4: There is no level difference Internet addiction by student gender.

Table 10: Differences in addiction levels internet by student gender.

Men's 65 1.21 .413 125 1.029 .306

Female 62 1.14 .350

p <.05

Based on Table 9, the t test is independent was conducted to identify differences cyberbullying experience based on gender, outcomes the test shows that there is a difference significant mean level of cyber bullying between male and female students with a t (125) value 1.029, p = .306 (p>

.05). The mean value indicates male students (1.21) have a close mean equals female (1.14). This shows constructive hypothesis fails.

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Hypothesis 5: There is no difference psychological well-being by gender student.

Table 11: Emotional well-being differences according to the gender of the student.

Men's 65 153.06 23,941 125 .439 .661

Female 62 151.32 20,418

p> .05

Based on Table 8, the T test is independent was used to identify differences psychological well- being based on gender, outcomes the test shows no significant difference in well-being between male and female students with values t (48) = 1.145, p = .258 (p> .05). Min value shows male students (153.06) have min is almost the same as female (151.32). This shows that the hypothesis was built to fail rejected.

5. Conclusion

This research aims to provide a clear picture of the real situation of internet addiction issues and cyberbullying perpetrated by high school students. This study aims to study the relationships in between internet addiction and cyberbullying against psychological well-being of school adolescents. Insights studies show no relationship significant difference between internet addiction and cyberbullying against psychological well-being teenagers.

The findings of this study can be useful to school counselors, teachers, experts’ psychologists and researchers are coming to order can make referrals to help teens who are exposed to the internet and are bullied online. The results of this study are also possible provides information on module construction intervention and motivation programs to achieve this to help experienced teenage students emotional stress, anxiety, depression and depression wanted to commit suicide as a result of being bullied on the inside this line. The results of this study show variables of internet and cyberbullying found that the majority of respondents suffered Internet addiction and cyberbullying at that level low. Where psychological well- being are at a disadvantage. This matter needs to pay attention to giving intervention or motivation program to make it possible increase the level of psychological well-being teenagers. The results of this study found that there is no significant relationship between internet addiction and cyberbullying on psychological well-being.

Findings found that each respondent suffered the level of internet addiction and cyberbullying are different and they are not related to their psychological well-being. The results of this study in contrast to the findings by Hasan (2015), noted that increasing usage the internet affects the tendency had cyberbullying. Implications of this study suggesting that school counselors should have motivational programs and sessions counseling with students to improve student psychological well-being. Quality learning can be achieved when students be happy, safe and prosperous both physically and psychologically. It is recommended to explore cyberbullying activities and internet addiction among adolescent students in depth by using qualitative approach.

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6. Acknowledgement

I would like to express my very great appreciation to Dr. Faridah Mydin Kutty and Prof. Dr. Ruslin Amir for his valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and development of this research work. His willingness to give his time so generously has been very much appreciated. I would also like to thank all my friends and family members for supporting and encourage me in this research work.

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