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THE EFFECT OF BIG FIVE PERSONALITY, SELF- EFFICACY, AND SAFETY CULTURE ON ADVERSE

DRIVING BEHAVIOUR AMONG MOTORISTS IN MALAYSIA

NUR SHAZWANI ROSLI

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

&

LOGISTICS COLLEGE OF BUSINESS

UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA

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THE EFFECT OF BIG FIVE PERSONALITY, SELF-EFFICACY AND SAFETY CULTURE ON ADVERSE DRIVING BEHAVIOUR AMONG MOTORISTS IN

MALAYSIA

BY

NUR SHAZWANI BINTI ROSLI

Thesis Submitted to

School of Technology Management and Logistics Universiti Utara Malaysia

In Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

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Kolej Perniagaan

(College o f Business) Universiti Utara Malaysia

PERAKUAN K E R J A TESlS I DlSERTASl (Certification of thesis /dissertation) Kami, yang bertandatangan, memperakukan bahawa

(We, the undersigned, cedi& that)

NUR SHAZWANI BT ROSLl

calon untukljazah DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

(candidate for the degree of)

telah mengemukakan tesis I disertasi yang bertajuk:

(has presented hisher fhesis/dissertation of the following title)

THE EFFECT OF BIG FIVE PERSONALITY, SELF-EFFICACY, AND SAFETY CULTURE ON ADVERSE DRlVlNG BEHAVIOUR AMONG MOTORISTS IN MALAYSIA

seperti yang tercatat di muka surat tajuk dan kulit tesis 1 disertasi.

(as if appears on the fitle page and front cover of the thesis / dissertation).

Bahawa tesisldisertasi tersebut boleh diterirna dari segi bentuk serta kandungan dan meliputi bidang ilmu dengan memuaskan, sebagairnana yang ditunjukkan oleh calon dalam ujian lisan yang diadakan pada:

02 Mei 2018.

(Thaf the said thesis/disserfafion is acceptable in form and content and displays a satisfactory knowledge of the field of study as demonstrated by the candidate through an oral examination held on:

Pengerusi Viva

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Che Azlan Taib Tandatangan

(Chairman for Viva) (Signature)

Pemeriksa Luar

Prof. Dr. Juhary Ali Tandatangan

(Exfernal Examiner) (Signatur4

Pemeriksa Dalam

.

'

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fadzli Shah Abd. Aziz Tandatangan

(Infernal Examiner) (Signator@

Tarikh: 02 Mei 2018 (Date)

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Nama Pelajar (Name of Student)

: NUR SHAZWANI BT ROSLl

THE EFFECT OF BIG FIVE PERSONALITY, SELF-EFFICACY, AND Tajuk Tesk 1 Disertasi : S A m Y CULTURE ON ADVERSE DRlWNG BEHAVlOUR AMONG (Title of the Thesis / Dissertation) MOTORISTS IN WLAYSM

Program Pengajii (Programme of Study)

: Doctor of Philosophy

Nama PenyeliaIPenyelia-penyelia : Dr. Suhaila binti Abdul Hanan (Name of Supe~'sor/Supe~'sors)

Nama PenyeliaIPenyelia-penyelia :

,

( Nof~upe~~or~upewisors) ~ ~ ~ , Dr. Jasrnani binti Mohd Yunus i

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PERMISSION TO USE

In presenting this thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for a PhD degree from Universiti Utara Malaysia, I agree that the University library may make it freely for inspection. I further agree that permission for the copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by my supervisors or in their absence, by the Dean of School of Technology Management and Logistics. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any material from my thesis.

Request for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this thesis, in whole or in part, should be addressed to:

Dean of School of Technology Management and Logistics Universiti Utara Malaysia

06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah Malaysia

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ABSTRACT

Adverse driving behaviour has been found to be the main contributor to most of the road traffic accidents in the country. The growing number of people killed or seriously injured on these accidents has also becoming a cause of concern for the government. Thus this study aimed to investigate the effect of the five facets of Big 5 personality, self-efficacy and safety culture on adverse driving behaviour among motorists in Malaysia. The study also aimed to determine the mediating effect of self- efficacy and moderating role of safety culture on the relationship between Big 5 personality and adverse driving behaviour. A conceptual framework underpinned by two theories; General Aggression Model (GAM) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) was developed and nine hypotheses were postulated and tested. This study applied an intercept survey method to gather data from designated R & R areas in the Klang Valley. A total of 3 1 1 usable responses were collected and these were analysed using Partial Least Sauares (PLS SEM). Several substantive findings were revealed. First.

-

four of the five dimensions of Big five personality; agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience as well as self-efficacy and safety culture were significantlyArelated to adverse driving behaviour. Only extraversion was not found to be significantly related. Second, this study revealed that self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between Big 5 personality and adverse driving behaviour, and safety culture moderated the relationship between Big 5 personality and adverse driving behaviour. These findings demonstrated that the two theories used to underpin this study were affirmed and validated. Finally, this study concluded with the discussion on the theoretical and practical implications on the findings, the study limitations and suggestions for future research.

Keywords: Big 5 personality, self-efficacy, safety culture, adverse driving behaviour, motorists.

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ABSTRAK

Gelagat pemanduan berlawanan telah dikenalpasti sebagai penyumbang utarna kepada kebanyakan kemalangan jalanraya di negara ini. Bilangan mereka yang terbunuh atau mengalami kecederaan parah akibat kemalangan-kemalangan ini telah membimbangkan kerajaan. Justeru kajian ini ingin menyelidiki kesan aspek Lima Besar Personaliti, efikasi kendiri dan budaya keselamatan ke atas gelagat pemanduan berlawanan di kalangan pemandu kereta di Malaysia. Kajian ini juga bertujuan menentukan kesan pengantaraan efikasi kendiri dan peranan penyederhana budaya keselamatan ke atas hubungan antara Lima Besar Personaliti dengan gelagat pemanduan berlawanan. Rangka kerja konsepsual yang ditunjangi oleh dua teori;

Model Agresif Umum (GAM) and Theori Kognitif Sosial (SCT) telah dibangunkan manakala sembilan hipotesis telah dibentuk dan diuji. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah tinjauan memintas untuk memungut data daripada kawasan R & R terpilih di lembah Klang. Sejumlah 311 respons telah diperolehi dan data dianalisis menggunakan Kuasa Dua Terkecil Separa (PLS SEM). Penemuan-penemuan terpenting telah diperolehi. Pertama, empat daripada lima dimensi Lima Besar Personaliti; 'agreeableness', 'conscientiousness', 'neuroticism' dan 'openness to experience' beserta efikasi kendiri dan budaya keselamatan mempunyai hubungan signifikan dengan gelagat pemanduan berlawanan. Hanya 'extraversion' didapati tidak mempunyai hubungan signifikan. Kedua kajian ini mendapati efikasi kendiri mengantara separa hubungan antara Lima Besar Personaliti dengan gelagat pemanduan berlawanan, manakala budaya keselamatan menyederhana hubungan antara lima besar personaliti dengan gelagat pemanduan berlawanan. Penemuan- penemuan ini membuktikan bahawa kedua-dua teori yang digunakan sebagai tunjang kajian telah dapat dipastikan dan disahkan. Akhir sekali kajian ini dirumuskan dengan perbincangan-perbincangan mengenai implikasi teori dan praktikal, kekangan kajian serta cadangan-cadangan kajian masa hadapan.

Kata Kunci: Lima Besar Personaliti, efikasi kendiri, budaya keselamatan, gelagat pemanduan berlawanan, pemandu-pemandu kereta.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahhirrahmanirrahim. All praises go to ALLAH the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. May peace and blessing of ALLAH be upon our Prophet MUHAMMAD (SAW) and his family and his companions.

First and foremost I would like to acknowledge my supervisors Dr. Jasmani Mohd Yunus and Dr. Suhaila Abdul Hanan who have shown great patience and understanding throughout my thesis work. Due to their support and guidance this thesis process became a wonderful journey of discovery and self-enlightenment.

My utmost gratitude to Abah and Mama for your endless support and encouragement that made the completion of this thesis work possible. To my beloved husband, Abang, thank you for your love, your invaluable encouragement, psychological support and understanding, and for always being there when I needed you most. To my lovely daughter, Afina and son, Anas, your smiles at the end of every day gave me the will to continue with my research path.

Last but not least, my gratitude goes to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia (MOHE) that this thesis would not have been made without financial support through the MyBrain (PhD) scheme.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Permission to use Abstract

Abstrak

Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background

Problem Statement Research Questions Research Objectives Scope of Study Significance of Study Definition of Terms Organization of Thesis

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction

Driving Behaviour Big Five Personality 2.31 Extraversion 2.3.2 Agreeableness 2.3.3 Conscientiousness 2.3.4 Neuroticism

2.3.5 Openness to Experience Self-Efficacy

Safety Culture

Underpinning Theories

2.6.1 General Aggression Model 2.6.2 Social Cognitive Theory

Big Five Personality and Driving Behaviour

2.7.1 Extraversion and Adverse Driving Behaviour 2.7.2 Agreeableness and Adverse Driving Behaviour 2.7.3 Conscientiousness and Adverse Driving Behaviour 2.7.4 Neuroticism and Adverse Driving Behaviour

2.7.5 Openness to Experience and Adverse Driving Behaviour Self-Efficacy and Adverse Driving Behaviour

Safety Culture and Adverse Driving Behaviour Research Framework

Chapter Summary

11

. .

iii iv v vi ix xi xii

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CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY Introduction

Research Philosophy Research Design

Population and Sampling Procedure 3.4.1 Population

3.4.2 Sampling Procedure 3.4.3 Questionnaire Design Measures and Instrumentation 3.5.1 Driving Behaviour 3.5.2 Big Five Personality 3.5.3 Self-Efficacy 3.5.4 Safety Culture Data Collection Procedure Validity and Reliability 3.7.1 Validity

3.7.2 Reliability Pre and Pilot Tests Normality Test Multicollinearity Test Analysis of Data Chapter Summary

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Introduction

Data Collection Process and Response Rates Bias in Survey Research

4.3.1 Non-Response Bias 4.3.2 Common Method Bias Data Screening

4.4.1 Treatment of Missing Data 4.4.2 Detection of Outliers

Demographic Characteristics of Respondents Descriptive Statistics of Variables

4.6.1 Driving Behaviour 4.6.2 Big Five Personality 4.6.3 Self-Efficacy 4.6.4 Safety Culture

Testing Significant Differences Testing of Normality

Testing for Multicollinearity

Assessment of PLS SEM Path Model 4.10.1 Assessment of Measurement Model 4.10.2 Assessment of Structural Model 4.10.3 Testing the Mediating Effect 4.10.4 Testing the Moderating Effect Chapter Summary

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CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Introduction

Recapitulation of Study

Characteristics of Respondents Discussion of Hypotheses

5.4.1 Direct Effect of Extraversion on Adverse Driving Behaviour

5.4.2 Direct Effect of Agreeableness on Adverse Driving Behaviour

5.4.3 Direct Effect of Conscientiousness on Adverse Driving Behaviour

5.4.4 Direct Effect of Neuroticism on Adverse Driving Behaviour

5.4.5 Direct Effect of Openness on Adverse Driving Behaviour 5.4.6 Direct Effect of Self-efficacy on Adverse Driving Behaviour

5.4.7 Direct Effect of Safety Culture on Adverse Driving Behaviour

5.4.8 Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy 5.4.9 Moderating Effect of Safety Culture Implications of Findings

5.5.1 Theoretical Implications 5.5.2 Practical Implications Limitations of Study

Suggestions for Future Research Conclusions

REFERENCES APPENDIX

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LIST OF TABLES

No. Page

Road Traffic Accidents in Malaysia

Number of Commuting Accidents Reported Definitions of Safety Culture

Models of Safety Culture Sampling Size

Driving Behaviour Measurement Scales Big 5 Personality Measurement Scales Self-Efficacy Measurement Scales Safety Culture Measurement Scales Results of the Reliability Tests

Results of Independent Samples T-Test for Non Response Bias

Results of the Common Method Variance Test Demographic Characteristics of Respondents Means of Driving Behaviour

Means of Extraversion Means of Agreeableness Means of Conscientiousness Means of Neuroticism

Means of Openness to Experience Means of Self-Efficacy

Means of Safety Culture Gender and Driving Behaviour

Age and Driving Behaviour (Violations) Age and Driving Behaviour (Errors) Age and Driving Behaviour (Lapses)

Qualification and Driving Behaviour (Violations) Qualification and Driving Behaviour (Errors) Qualification and Driving Behaviour (Lapses)

Driving Experience and Driving Behaviour (Violations)

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Driving Experience and Driving Behaviour (Errors) 158 Driving Experience and Driving Behaviour (Lapses)

Skewness and Kurtosis for Variables of Study Multicollinearity Test results

Collinearity Statistics of Variables

Measurement Results on Items Loadings, AVE and Composite Reliability

Measurement Model: Discriminant Validity (Fornell- Larcker)

Measurement Model: Discriminant Validity (Cross- Loadings)

Structural Model Direct Assessment

Effect Sizes in the Main Effect of PLS Path Model Latent Variable Coefficient

RZ

Predictive Relevance for Direct Relationship (Q2) Bootstrapping Results for Indirect Effect

Test of Significance for Mediating Effect Test of Significance for Moderating Effect Summary of Hypotheses Tested

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LIST OF FIGURES

No.

2.1 General Aggression Model

2.2 Triadic Reciprocity of Social Cognitive Theory 2.3 Research Framework of the Study

4.1 Full Measurement Model 4.2 Structural Model: Algorithm 4.3 Structural Model: Bootstrapping

Page

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AVE CMV CR DBQ DOT GAM GDP INSAG LMX MIROS NIOSH NHTSA PLS PCA R & R SCT SEM SOCSO SPSS UKM VAF VIF WHO

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Average Variance Extracted Common Method Variance Composite Reliability

Driver Behaviour Questionnaire Department of Transport

General Aggression Model Gross Domestic Product

International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group Leader-Member Exchange

Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Partial Least Squares

Principal Component Analysis Rest and Recreation

Social Cognitive Theory Structural Equation Model Social Security Organization

Statistical Package for Social Sciences Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Variance Accounted For

Variance Inflation Factor World Health Organization

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1

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Road traffic accidents have been acknowledged as a global phenomenon and the growing number of people killed and seriously injured on the roads is a major cause of concern for most authorities around the world (Rifaat, 2010). Road accident is also a serious public health problem where in the year 2015 it was an eight position as a leading cause of death globally, an increased from tenth place in 2002, and is expected to be at the seventh place by 2030 (WHO, 2017). This trend is on the rise unless effective prevention efforts and safety related initiatives are implemented to cope with an increase in the number of vehicles, changing lifestyles, and risky attitudes among the vehicle users (Parsekar, Singh, Venkatesh & Nair, 2015). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 1.25 million people are killed in road accidents each year and as many 50 million more injured around the world. WHO also projected that an estimated 1.9 million road traffic deaths will occur each year worldwide by 2020, incurring an economic cost of over US$500 billion annually (WHO, 2017).

Lives lost and injuries inflicted were not only the outcomes of road accidents but they too create economic burden to the nation due to the loss in productivity. Road traffic accidents are the leading cause of death among young people aged between 15 and 19 years (WHO,

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