THE LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD LABOUR IN IRAQ WITH FOCUS ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

(1)

The copyright © of this thesis belongs to its rightful author and/or other copyright owner. Copies can be accessed and downloaded for non-commercial or learning purposes without any charge and permission. The thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted as a whole without the permission from its rightful owner. No alteration or changes in format is allowed without permission from its rightful owner.

(2)

THE LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD LABOUR IN IRAQ WITH FOCUS ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

SALIM IBRAHIM ALI

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY UTARA MALAYSIA

2020

(3)

i

THE LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD LABOUR IN IRAQ WITH FOCUS ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

SALIM IBRAHIM ALI (902665)

A Thesis Submitted to the Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government In fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy

Universiti Utara Malaysia

(4)

(5)

(6)

ii

CERTIFICATION OF THESIS WORK

I Salim Ibrahim Ali, declare that this thesis is my own work, unless referenced otherwise, and has been submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy from the School of Law, Government and International Studies of the Universiti Utara Malaysia in 2019 and no other Academic Institution.

(7)

iii

PERMISSION TO USE

I agree that the Sultanah Bahiyah Library of Universiti Utara Malaysia makes it freely available for inspection. I further agree that copying this thesis in any manner, in whole or in parts for scholarly purposes may be granted by my supervisors or in their absence, by the Dean of Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government, College of Law, Government and International Studies. It is also understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and the Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any material from this thesis.

Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis, in whole or in part shall be addressed to:

Dean of Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government College of Law, Government, and International Studies

Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok Kedah Darul Aman

Malaysia

(8)

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praise be to Allah the Lord of the Heavens and the Earth for making this academic journey possible right from the very beginning up to the end. I wish to register my sincere appreciation to my supervisors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainal Amin Ayub and Assoc.

Prof. Dr. Harlida Abdul Wahab for their patience, understanding and encouragement throughout the PhD journey. I ask Allah (SWA) to increase your knowledge and wisdom.

I equally thank the Dean and the academic staff of the School of Law, Universiti Utara Malaysia for the inputs that they have provided directly or indirectly during this journey. May Allah reward them all abundantly. Amen.

My family deserves to be appreciated. Special mention of my late father. May Allah forgive his shortcomings. To my mother, I wish to thank her for the guidance, upbringing and the overall moral, financial and spiritual support.

﴾ا ًريِغَص يِناَيَّبَر اَمَك اَمُه ْمَحْرا ِ بَر ْلُقَو ِة َمْحَّرلا َنِم ِ لُّذلا َحاَنَج اَمُهَل ْضِفْخاَو﴿

روس ءارسلإا ة –

ةيلاا 24

I equally wish to appreciate my siblings for all their support. Thank you.

Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my wife, and my children (Maryam, Reem, Sedra, Dawod, Mustafa, and Rayhana) for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you.

(9)

v

ABSTRAK

Berjuta-juta kanak-kanak di seluruh dunia berada dalam bahaya serta ancaman penderaan, pengabaian, buruh paksa, keganasan dan eksploitasi seksual. Konflik yang berterusan di Iraq menyebabkan berjuta-juta kanak-kanak terlantar kesan daripada peperangan. Akibatnya, kanak-kanak terpaksa berdepan dengan isu seperti buruh kanak-kanak, penculikan, direkrut bagi tujuan pertempuran serta keganasan seksual.

Iraq merupakan sebuah negara yang meratifikasikan kesemua konvensyen antarabangsa yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan terhadap buruh kanak-kanak namun dilihat dari aspek perundangan, tidak banyak yang dilakukan untuk melindungi kanak- kanak dari terlibat dengan buruh kanak-kanak. Oleh itu, objektif kajian ini adalah bertujuan untuk: (1) mengkaji undang-undang yang menjamin perlindungan kanak- kanak terutamanya yang berkaitan dengan aspek buruh kanak-kanak di Iraq; (2) mengkaji konvensyen antarabangsa dalam konteks perlindungan terhadap buruh kanak-kanak di Iraq; (3) menganalisis masalah undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan terhadap buruh kanak-kanak di Iraq; dan (4) mengemukakan cadangan mengenai perlindungan terhadap buruh kanak-kanak di Iraq. Kajian ini ditakrifkan sebagai kajian penyelidikan undang-undang dengan mengamalkan kaedah doktrinal melalui pendekatan sosio-perundangan. Temubual dengan sekumpulan responden turut dijalankan. Pendekatan metodologi ini membantu kajian dalam membina penjelasan yang sistematik tentang masalah undang-undang buruh kanak-kanak di Iraq. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa pada masa kini, peruntukan undang-undang di Iraq yang melindungi hak kanak-kanak daripada buruh kanak-kanak adalah berselerak dan terdapat dalam undang-undang yang pelbagai seperti perlembagaan, undang-undang buruh, undang-undang jenayah, dan undang-undang pendidikan. Peruntukan undang- undang yang sebegini dianggap tidak mencukupi untuk melindungi anak-anak dari buruh paksa apa lagi untuk mengurangi penderitaan mereka. Walaupun Iraq mengesahkan kesemua konvensyen antarabangsa yang berkaitan, pelaksanaan undang-undangnya tidak selaras dengan piawaian antarabangsa. Melihat kepada permasalahan ini dan berdasarkan kepada konvensyen antarabangsa yang telah disahkan oleh kerajaan Iraq, kajian ini mencadangkan mekanisme perundangan yakni dengan menggubal undang-undang khusus dan komprehensif bagi tujuan memastikan hak dan perlindungan terhadap buruh kanak-kanak di Iraq. Ia juga mencadangkan untuk mengaktifkan peranan institusi bagi mengawal selia masalah buruh kanak-kanak di samping menuntut hukuman yang berat terhadap pelanggaran undang-undang.

Melalui pendekatan perundangan dengan mewujudkan undang-undang yang komprehensif dan institusi penguatkuasaan yang berkesan, perlindungan terhadap buruh kanak-kanak di Iraq dapat ditingkatkan secara positif serta dihapuskan secara beransur-ansur..

Kaka kunci: Perlindungan Kanak-kanak, Buruh Kanak-kanak, Iraq, Pencerobohan Amerika, Undang-undang Pekerja.

(10)

vi

ABSTRACT

Millions of children around the world are in danger of abuse, neglect, forced labour, violence and sexual exploitation. The ongoing conflict in Iraq has left millions of children displaced by the war. As a result, children are facing child labour, abduction, recruitment into fighting, and sexual violence. Iraq has ratified all the international conventions related to the protection against child labour, and nothing much has been done to safeguard children against child labour. Therefore, the objectives of this study are (1) to examine the laws that governing child protection particularly in relations to child labour in Iraq; (2) to study the international conventions within the context of protection against child labour in Iraq; (3) to analyse the legal problems in relations to the protection against child labour in Iraq; and (4) to propose recommendations about the protection against child labour in Iraq. This study is defined as a legal research study that adopting a doctrinal research method with a socio-legal approach.

Interviews with a group of respondents are carried out. These kinds of methodological approaches assisted the research in building a systematic explanation of the legal problems of child labour in Iraq. The study found that, at present Iraq is using a piecemeal approach when the legal provisions that safeguarding the rights of the children and protecting them from child labour are scattered and available in different legislations namely the constitution, labour law, criminal law, and education law.

These patchy provisions are believed to be insufficient to completely protect children from forced labour or even to reduce their suffering. Although Iraq has ratified all the related international conventions, its legal implementation is not consistent with international standards. Considering this situation and relying on the international conventions that were ratified by the government of Iraq, the study recommends a legal mechanism for the protection against child labour by enacting a specific and comprehensive legislation for the purpose of ensuring the rights and protection of the children of Iraq. It also recommends for activating the supervisory role of current state institutions and exacting the heavier penalties on the violators of proscriptions against child labour. Through this legal approach of having a comprehensive legislation and an effective enforcement institution, the protection against child labour in Iraq can be positively improved and gradually eliminated.

Keywords: Child Protection, Child Labour, Iraq, US Invasion, Labour Law.

(11)

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Child Violations

Table 1.2 Categories of Respondents Interviewed for the Research

(16)

xii

LIST OF STATUTES

Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969.

Iraqi Labour Law No.37 of 2015.

Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81).

Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138).

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography 2000.

Optional Protocols to the CRC on Sex Trafficking, Armed Conflict.

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action, Stockholm, 1996.

The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq, 2005.

The Declaration of 1924.

The Paris Principles, Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups, 2007.

The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1959.

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989. (CRC)

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, U.S. Department of State.

Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (182).

(17)

xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989

UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund UN United Nations

ILO International Labour Organization

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USA United States of America

NGO’s Non-Government Organizations DRC Declaration of the Rights of the Child MAC Minimum Age Convention 1973 STP Sex Trafficking Protocol

CSEC Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children OSH Occupational Safety and Health

ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Sham PMF Popular Mobilization Forces

ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant YPJ Women’s Protection Units

YBS Sinjar Resistance Units HPG People’s Defence Forces PKK Kurdistan Worker’s Party IDPs Internally displaced persons BC Before Christ

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

(18)

xiv GDP Gross Domestic Product FDI Foreign Direct Investment

ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council USD United States Dollar

UK United Kingdom

EU European Union

OPSC Odisha Public Service Commission THB Trafficking in Human Beings OCGs Organized Crime Groups ATM Automated Teller Machine WFCL Worst Forms of Child Labour

NCCI Non-governmental organizations Coordinating Committee in Iraq NCMEC National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children

CEACR Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations

(19)

xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix I Summary of The Thesis

Appendix II Interview Protocol (English Version) Appendix III Interview Protocol (Arabic Version) Appendix IV Informed Consent Form (English Version) Appendix V Informed Consent Form (Arabic Version) Appendix VI List of Elite Interviews

(20)

1

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Children represent an important role for the vital categories of the nation today and for the future. Thus, the international law has recognized child rights since 1924, following the adoption of the first International Declaration on the Rights of the Child by the League of Nations.¹ Subsequently, the human rights instruments utilized by the U.N., like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, coupled with such regional instruments as the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man advocated that human rights be devoid of violence, abuse and exploitation.² Such rights were applicable to everyone, including children, and they were further extended in other instruments like the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966. Nevertheless, the International consensus promoted the need for a new instrument that had explicit terms laying out the specific and special rights of children.

Therefore, by 1989, the General Assembly adopted the CRC, which has since become the most extensively ratified human rights treaty in the history of mankind, achieving ratification by almost every major human rights entity.³

1 Thomas Hammarberg, "The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and how to Make it Work,"

Human Rights Quarterly 12 (1990): 97.

2Beth A Simmons: Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2009), 308.

3 Louis B Sohn, "The New International Law: Protection of the Rights of Individuals Rather than States," American University Law Review 32 (1982): 24.

(21)

221

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Arnaldo, Carlos ed. Child abuse on the internet: Ending the silence. Berghahn Books, 2001.

A Gross, James ed. Workers' rights as human rights. Cornell University Press, 2003.

A Rapid Assessment of Worst Forms of Child Labour, Republic of Iraq, December 2015.

A Tilly, Louise, and Joan Wallach Scott. Women, work, and family. Psychology Press, 1987.

A Weinstein, Michael. Iraq's Election Aftermath Reveals a Failed State. New York:

Global Policy Forum, 2005 - 2017.

https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/36261.html.

(Accessed July 13, 2017).

A Yasmine Rassam. "Contemporary Forms of Slavery and the Evolution of the Prohibition of Slavery and the Slave Trade under Customary International Law." Virginia Journal of International Law 39 (1998): 303.

A/RES/55/25, United Nations General Assembly, United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime; Annex II: The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 8 January 2001.

Abrams, Jennifer S. "The Kids aren't Alright: Using a Comprehensive Anti- Trafficking Program to Combat the Restavek System in Haiti." Temp International & Comp Law Journal 24 (2010): 443-361.

Adams, Gillian. "The first children's literature? The case for Sumer." Children's literature 14, no .1 (1986): 1-30.

Adilah, Abd Razak. “Understanding Legal Research.” Integration & Dissemination 4 (2009): 19–24.

Admassie, Assefa. "Child labour and schooling in the context of a subsistence rural economy: can they be compatible?." International Journal of Educational Development 23 no. 2 (2003): 167-185.

Admassie, Assefa. "Explaining the high incidence of child labour in Sub–Saharan Africa." African development review 14.2 (2002): 251-275.

(22)

222

Al - Rubaie, Majid Zidane. "Street children in Iraq." Asharq Al- Awsat Newspaper.

Jun 6, 2011.

Alam, S. "Child Labour and Child Rights, The Financial Express, Dhaka, October 15, Editorial." (2011).

Al-Ardhi, Bassem. Judge of the Labour Court of Babel, “There is no Punitive Law against Child Labour.” the Judiciary Newspaper, Issued by the Federal Judiciary https://www.hjc.iq/view.4055/ (Accessed September 13, 2018).

Alexander, Sarah, Stan Meuwese, and Annemieke Wolthuis. "Policies and Developments Relating to the Sexual Exploitation of Children: The Legacy of the Stockholm Conference." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8, no. 4 (2000): 479-501.

Al-Obaidi, AbdulKareem. Boris Budosan, and Linda Jeffrey, "Child and adolescent mental health in Iraq: current situation and scope for promotion of child and adolescent mental health policy," Intervention 8, no.1 (2010): 41-54.

Alston, Philip. "The Best Interests Principle: Towards a Reconciliation of Culture and Human Rights." International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 8 no. 1 (1994): 1-25.

Al-Suhail, Sarah. "Child Victims of the White Slave Mafia." Al-Ahram Al Arabi (2017).

Al-Taee, Hawraa F. "Child Labour in Iraq." thesis, Arizona State University, 2011.

Andvig, Jens Christopher. "Family-controlled child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa-A survey of research." (2000): 1-68.

Anker, Richard. "The Economics of Child Labour: A Framework for Measurement."

International Labour Review 139, no. 3 (2000): 257-280.

Antler, Joyce, and Stephen Antler. "From child rescue to family protection: The evolution of the child protective movement in the United States." Children and Youth Services Review 1, no .2 (1979): 177-204.

Anwarul Yaqin. Legal Research and Writing. Malaysia: Dolphin Press Shd, 2007.

Arat, Zehra F. "Analyzing child labour as a human rights issue: Its causes, aggravating policies, and alternative proposals." Human Rights Quarterly 24, no. 1 (2002):

177-204.

Ashagrie, Kebebew. Statistics on working children and hazardous child labour in brief.

ILO, 1997.

Ashish Kumar, Singhal. and Malik, Ikramuddin. “Doctrinal and Socio-Legal Methods of Research : Merits and Demerits.” Educational Research Journal 2, no. July (2012): 252-256.

(23)

223

Awad, Zeina. "Deep inequality continues to shape the lives of children in Iraq."

UNICEF Iraq, November 19, 2018.

Aziz Abdul Hussain, Hanan. Iraqi Childhood between Reality and Aspirations. 2005.

B Sohn, Louis. "The new international law: Protection of the rights of individuals rather than states." American University Law Review. 32 (1982): 1-64.

B. Miles, Matthew. A. Michael Huberman and Jonny Saldana. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Method Sourcebook. Washington: SAGE Publication INC, 2014), 30.

Baker, J. L. "Urban poverty; a global review." Urban papers World Bank and the international bank for reconstruction and development (2008).

Baker, Sarah E. And Rosalind Edwards. “How Many Qualitative Interviews Is Enough?.” Economic and Social Research Council (2012): 1-42.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2003. Report on National Child Labour Survey 2003.

Dhaka, October.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2009. Report on Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children Pilot Survey 2008. Dhaka; August.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Report on National Child Labour Survey, 2002-2003.

Baron, Stephen W. "Street youth violence and victimization." Trauma, Violence, &

Abuse 4, no. 1 (2003): 22-44.

Basu, Kaushik, and Zafiris Tzannatos. "The Global Child Labour Problem: What do we know and what can we do?." The world bank economic review 17, no. 2 (2003): 147-173.

Basu, Kaushik. "Child labour: Cause, Consequence, and Cure, with Remarks on International Labour Standards." Journal of Economic Literature 37, no. 3 (1999): 1083-1119.

BBC. Iraq Rises Up Failed States Index. New York: Global Policy Forum, 2005 - 2017.

https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/173/30480.html (Accessed July 14, 2018).

Bekele, Assefa, and William E. Myers. First things first in child labour: Eliminating work detrimental to children. International Labour Organization, 1995.

Bellace, Janice R. "ILO Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, The." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Indus. Rel 17 (2001): 269-291.

(24)

224

Benjamin Perrin et al. The Future of Southeast Asia: Challenges of Child Sex Slavery and Trafficking in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Motorola Printers, 2001.

Bequele, Assefa. "Combating child labour: contrasting views and strategies for very poor countries." Conditions of Work Digest 10, no. 1 (1991): 5-15.

Bequele, Assefa. and Jo Boyden, eds. Combating child labour (International Labour Organization, 1988).

Berti, Benedetta. Power and Interest News Report (PINR). Addis Ababa:

ALLAFRICA. 2006, under

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Power_and_Interest_News_Report (accessed Juley 13, 2017).

Bessell, Sharon. "The politics of child labour in Indonesia: global trends and domestic policy." Pacific Affairs (1999): 353-371.

Beth A Simmons. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Bhabha, Jacqueline. "Arendt's Children: Do Today's Migrant Children have a right to have rights?." Human Rights Quarterly 31, no. 2 (2009): 410-451.

Bhat, Bilal Ahmad. "Gender, education and child labour: A sociological perspective."

Educational Research and Reviews 5, no. 6 (2010): 323-328.

Bill van Esfeld, "Iraqi Militia Recruits Children." Human Rights Watch, (2016).

Bird, Frederick. "International Trade as a Vehicle for Reducing Poverty: The Body Shop’s Community Trade Programme." International Businesses and the Challenges of Poverty in the Developing World (2004): 224-237.

Birn, Donald. The League of Nations Union, 1918–1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.

Bloor, Michael and Fiona Wood. Keywords in Qualitative Methods: A Vocabulary of Research Concepts. California: Sage, 2006.

Boivin, Isabelle, and Alberto Odero. "The Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations: Progress Achieved in National Labour Legislation." International Labour Review 145, no. 3 (2006): 207-220.

Bonner, Stanley F. "Education in Ancient Rome, Berkeley." (1977): 250-74.

Boyden, Jo, Birgitta Ling, and William Myers. What works for working children.

Rädda barnen, 1998.

Boyden, Jocelyn and Assefa Bequele. "Child Labour: Problems, Policies and Programmes." in Assefa Bequele and Jo Boyden, eds., Combating Child Labour (1988): 15-28.

(25)

225

Boyden, Jocelyn. "Childhood and the policy makers: A comparative perspective on the globalization of childhood." Constructing and reconstructing childhood:

Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood 2 (1997): 190-229.

Bray, Rachel. "Who does the housework? An examination of South African children's working roles." Social Dynamics 29, no. 2 (2003): 95-131.

Breen, Claire. "The Role of NGO’s in the Formulation of and Compliance with the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict." Human Rights Quarterly 25.2 (2003): 453- 481.

C. Bogdan, Robert and Sari. K. Bilken. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Bosten: Allyan and Bacon, 1998.

Cambridge dictionary. "Meaning of “abuse” in the English Dictionary." Cambridge dictionary, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/abuse (accessed August 29, 2017).

Chapkis, Wendy. "Trafficking, Migration, and the Law: Protecting Innocents, Punishing Immigrants." Gender & Society 17, no. 6 (2003): 923-937.

Chapman, Audrey R., and Benjamin Carbonetti. "Human rights protections for vulnerable and disadvantaged groups: The contributions of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights." Human Rights Quarterly 33, no. 3 (2011): 682-732.

Charnovitz, Steve. "The International Labour Organization in its second century." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 4 (2000): 147-184.

Cherlin, Andrew. "Changing family and household: Contemporary lessons from historical research." Annual Review of Sociology 9.1 (1983): 51-66.

Child Labour Manual: A Resource for Labour Inspectors and Officers in Pacific Island Countries, International Labour Organization, ILO Office for Pacific Island Countries, 2015, 105pp ISBN 978-92-2-129662-1 (print); 978-92-2-129663-8.

Children trafficked for exploitation in begging and criminality - New report. Council of Baltic Sea States-Child Centre-Expert Group for Cooperation on Children at Risk, 12.03.2013, 48 pages.

Chuang, Janie. "Beyond a Snapshot: Preventing Human Trafficking in The Global Economy." Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 13, no. 1 (2006): 137-163.

Chwiej, Edyta. "The relations between Latin America and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant." Anuario Latinoamericano–Ciencias Políticas y Relaciones Internacionales 3 (2016): 183-196

(26)

226

Chynoweth, Paul. "Legal research." Advanced research methods in the built environment (2008): 28-38.

CITY PROFILE OF MOSUL, IRAQ, Multi-sector assessment of a city under siege, United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Iraq (UN-Habitat) 2016.

Clapham, Andrew. Human Rights: a very Short Introduction. Oxford: University Press Oxford, 2015.

Cohen, Robin and Paul Kennedy. Global sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

Cohen‐Almagor, Raphael. "Online child sex offenders: Challenges and counter‐

measures." The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 52, no. 2 (2013): 190- 215.

Committee on the Rights of the Child Reviews 12 Countries’ Child Rights Records, 2015.

Cory, Helen. Compulsory arbitration of international disputes. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.

Country Report 2000/2001 Integrated Labour Force and Child Labour Survey.

Creighton, Breen. "Combating Child Labour: The Role of International Labour Standards." Comparative Labour Law Journal 18 (1996): 362.

Creswell, John W. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative Research. 4^th ed. Boston: Pearson, 2012.

Crosson-Tower, Cynthia. "Understanding child abuse and neglect." (2005): 180-211.

Cunningham, Hugh. "The employment and unemployment of children in England c.

1680-1851." Past & Present 126 (1990): 115-150.

Dao, HT "ILO Standards for the Protection of Children." (1989) 58 Nordic Journal of International Law 54.

Dash, Bishnu Mohan. "Factors Contributing the Incidence of Child Labour in Small Scale Commercial Establishments: A Study in Delhi." International Journal of Sustainable Development 05, no. 12, (2013): 41-58.

Davidson, Mary Gray. "The International Labour Organization's Latest Campaign to End Child Labour: Will it Succeed Where Others Have Failed." Transnat International Law. & Contemp. Probs. 11 (2001): 1-43.

Dennis, Michael J. "The ILO Convention on the worst forms of child labour." The American Journal of International Law 93, no. 4 (1999): 943-948.

(27)

227

Denscombe, Martyn. The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill International, 2010.

Desai, Philly. Methods Beyond Interviewing in Qualitative Market Research. London:

Sage, 2002.

Devereux, Stephen, and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler. "Transformative social protection."

(2004): 1-30.

Dickens, Charles. Hard times. Broadview Press, 1996.

DIRECTIVE 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011, on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA.

Doek, Jaap E. "The Protection of Children's Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Achievements and Challenges." Louis University Public Law Review 22 (2003): 235-252.

Doezema, Jo. “Loose Women or Lost Women? The Re-Emergence of the Myth of White Slavery in Contemporary Discourses of Trafficking in Women." Gender Issues 18, no. 1 (1999): 23-50.

Drake, Brett, and Shanta Pandey. "Understanding the relationship between neighborhood poverty and specific types of child maltreatment." Child abuse

& neglect 20, no .11 (1996): 1003-1018.

E Stiglitz, Joseph. Making globalization work. WW Norton & Company, 2007.

Edmonds, E. and N. Pavcnik. “Child labour in the global economy”, Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (2005): 199-220.

Edmonds, Eric V. "Does child labour decline with improving economic status?." Journal of human resources 40, no .1 (2005): 77-99.

Ekpenyong, Stephen N., and Asain E. Sibiri. "Street trading and child labour in Yenegoa." International Journal of Scientific Research in Education 4, no. 1 (2011): 36-46.

Ellenbogen, Marc. "Can the Tariff Act Combat Endemic Child Labour Abuses-The Case of Cote d'Ivoire." Texas Law Review 82 (2003): 1315-1334.

Erman, A. The Ancient Egyptians: A Sourcebook of Their Writings, trans. AM Blackman, New York, 1966.

Falicov, Celia J. "Working with transnational immigrants: Expanding meanings of family, community, and culture." Family process 46, no .2 (2007): 157-171.

(28)

228

Faris, Salah. a social and economic analyst at Baghdad University, http://www.irinnews.org/ar (Accessed September 21, 2018).

Farr, Kathryn. Sex trafficking: The global market in women and children. Worth Publishers, 2005.

Finkelhor, David. "Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse." The future of children (1994): 31-53.

Fisher, Michael. A Study of The Rise and Threat of The Islamic State of Iraq And Syria. Diss. 2016.

Flick, Uwe. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. London: Sage, 2009.

Forrest, Andrew. "Modern slavery and child labour." International Labour

Organisation, http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-

ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_574717/lang--de/index.htm#1 (Accessed March 19, 2018).

Fraser, Derek. The evolution of the British welfare state: a history of social policy since the Industrial Revolution. Springer, 1973.

Friedrich, Schumacher Ernst. Small is beautiful: A study of economics as if people mattered. Random House, 2011.

Friesendorf, Cornelius. Strategies against human trafficking: The role of the security sector. Study Group Information, 2009.

G Thomas, Carol. Paths from ancient Greece. Brill, 1988.

G. Guba, Egon. and Yavonna S. Lincoln. Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA:

Sage, 1985.

G.A. Res. 44/25, annex, 44 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, U.N. Doc. A/44/49 (1989); 28 I.L.M. 1448 (1989).

Gabel, Shirley Gatenio, and Sheila B. Kamerman. "A global review of new social risks and responses for children and their families." Asian Social Work and Policy Review 3, no. 1 (2009): 1-21.

Gallagher, Anne. "Human Rights and the New UN Protocols on Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling: A Preliminary Analysis." Human Rights Quarterly 23, no.

4 (2001): 975-1004.

Gallinetti, Jaqueline Susan. An Assessment of the Significance of the International Labour Organisation's Convention 182 in South Africa with specific reference to the Instrumental use of Children in the Commission of Offenses as a Worst Form of Child Labour. Diss. University of the Western Cape, 2007.

(29)

229

Gastal Fassa, Anaclaudia. Health benefits of eliminating child labour. Geneva:

International Labour Office, 2003.

Genicot, Garance, and Debraj Ray. "Contracts and externalities: How things fall apart." Journal of Economic Theory 131, no .1 (2006): 71-100.

Genicot, Garance. Child Bonded Labour. Technical report, Georgetown University, 2007.

Ginsburg, Kenneth R. "The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds." Pediatrics 119, no .1 (2007): 182-191.

Global child labour trends, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC).

Goldin, Claudia. "The quiet revolution that transformed women's employment, education, and family." American economic review 96, no .2 (2006): 1-21.

Goldman, Michael. Imperial nature: The World Bank and struggles for social justice in the age of globalization. Yale University Press, 2005.

Goode, Erich. and Nachman Ben-Yehuda. Moral panics: The social construction of deviance. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

Goyal, R. K. "Child Labour in India." Indian Labour Journal 28, no .2 (1987): 355- 373.

Graitcer, Philip L., and Leonard B. Lerer. "Child Labour and Health: Quantifying the Global Health Impacts of Child Labour." (1998).

Great Britain. Department for Education. Working together to safeguard children: A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. The Stationery Office, 2006.

Hajaj, Claire. Communications Officer at UNICEF’s Iraq Support Centre in Amman (ISCA). http://www.irinnews.org/ar (Accessed September 21, 2018).

Hammarberg, Thomas. "The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child-and how to Make it Work." Human Rights Quarterly 12 (1990): 97-105.

Hampton, Janie. Internally displaced people: a global survey. Routledge, 2014.

Hart, Jason, and Anna Kvittingen. "Rights without Borders? Learning from the Institutional Response to Iraqi Refugee Children in Jordan." Children's Geographies 14, no. 2 (2016): 217-231.

Hartmann, Heidi. "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex." Signs:

Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1, no .3 (1976): 137-169.

(30)

230

Haspels, Nelien, and Michele Jankanish, eds. Action against Child Labour.

International Labour Organization, 2000.

Haufler, Virginia. A public role for the private sector: Industry self-regulation in a global economy. Carnegie Endowment, 2013.

Henri-Iréné, Marrou. A History of Education in Antiquity, Trans. Lamb, G., New York:

Sheed and Ward, 1956.

Hidoussi, Asma. "Iraq: The number of Mosul displaced increased to 500 thousand people." alaan.tv, http://www.akhbaralaan.net/news/arab-world/2017/4/18 (accessed April 21, 2017).

Hindman, Hugh D. Child labour: an American history. ME Sharpe, 2002.

Hinton, Jennifer, Marcello M. Veiga, and Christian Beinhoff. "Women and artisanal mining: Gender roles and the road ahead." The socio-economic impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining in developing countries (2003): 161-203.

Horn, Pamela. Children's Work and Welfare 1780-1890 no. 25. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Hosen, Md, Mohammad Khandoker, and S. M. Islam. "Child labour and child education in Bangladesh: Issues, consequences and involvements." (2010): 1- 8.

Hossain, E., and F. Urmee. "Child Labour Unabated. The Daily Star, June 12." (2010).

Huebler, Friedrich. "Child labour and school attendance: Evidence from MICS and DHS surveys." Seminar on Child Labour, Education and Youth Employment, Understanding Children’s Work Project, Madrid (2008): 11-12.

Human Rights Watch Work on Abuses against Migrants in 2010.

Humphries, Jane. "Childhood and child labour in the British industrial revolution." The Economic History Review 66, no. 2 (2013): 395-418.

Hurst, Tamara Elizabeth. Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and the Prevention of the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: A Mixed Methods Study.

Diss. University of Georgia, 2013.

Hutchinson, Terry, and Nigel Duncan. "Defining and describing what we do: Doctrinal legal research." Deakin Law Review 17 (2012): 85-86.

Hynes, Bridget. Children of the borderlands: Young soldiers in the reproduction of warfare. University of Denver, 2008.

Ibrahim, Salim & Dr. Zuryati M Yusoff and Dr. Zainal Amin Ayub. "Legal Research of Doctrinal and Non-Doctrinal." International Journal of Trend in Research and Development 4, no. 1 (2017): 493-495.

(31)

231

ILO International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC).

ILO to consider a sweeping universal ban on worst forms of child labour Geneva, 25 May 1999.

ILO, BBS. Pilot Survey 2010: Working Children in Dry Fish Industry in Bangladesh;

2011 December.

ILO, Marking progress against child labour - Global estimates and trends 2000-2012 / International Labour Office, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) - Geneva: ILO, 2013.

ILO/IPEC (2004) Child Labour and Responses. Overview Note Nepal. Geneva:

ILO/IPEC.

ILO-IPEC, 2011. Final National Consultative Workshop on Formulation of National Plan of Action for Implementation of the National Child Labour Elimination Policy, 2010. Geneva, December 5.

Index Mundi. "Iraq Demographics Profile." January 20, 2018.

International Federation for Human Rights. Child breaking Yards. Paris; 2008.

International Labour Organisation, Training Manual to Fight Trafficking in Children for Labour, Sexual and Other Forms of Exploitation, Textbook 1, Geneva, 2009.

International Labour Organization (ILO), "What is child labour," Promoting Jobs, Protecting People, http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm (accessed July 29, 2017).

International Labour Organization Report 2004, Global Employment Trends.

International Labour Organization, (2012). Tackling child labour: From commitment to action International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) – Geneva: vol. 1.

International Labour Organization, ‘Marking progress against child labour - Global estimates and trends 2000- 2012’, (Geneva: International Labour Office, 2013).

International Research on Working Children, "The Worst Forms of Child Labour in Asia: Main Findings from Bangladesh and Nepal; 2010,"

Invernizzi, Antonella, and Brian Milne. "Are children entitled to contribute to international policy making? A critical view of children's participation in the international campaign for the elimination of child labour." The International Journal of Children's Rights 10, no. 4 (2002): 403-431.

(32)

232

Ismael, Shereen T. "The cost of war: The children of Iraq." Journal of Comparative Family Studies (2007): 337-357.

Jackson, Stevi, and Sue Scott. "Risk anxiety and the social construction of childhood."

Risk and sociocultural theory: New directions and perspectives (1999): 86- 107.

Jim Crow. “History of Child Labour.”

http://www.childlabour.net/documents/worstformsAsiaproject/WOFAS%20p resentatie%20samenvatting_2010.pdf (Accessed: 1 April 2018).

Jocelyn Penny, Small. Wax tablets of the mind: Cognitive studies of memory and literacy in classical antiquity. Routledge, 2003.

John W. Creswell, A Concise Introduction to Mixed Methods Research, 4^th ed (New York: Sage Publications, 2014).

K Wurtele, Sandy and Cindy L. Miller-Perrin. Preventing child sexual abuse: Sharing the responsibility. University of Nebraska Press, 1993.

Kadhim, Samira A. "Child labour in Iraq causes and solutions.” Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches15-14, no.30 (2007): 151-191.

Kaime, Thoko. "The Normative Framework for Children’s Rights in Refugee Situations." An Introduction to International Refugee Law (2013): 401-413.

Kaime, Thoko. The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child: A socio- legal perspective. Pretoria: Pretoria University Law, 2009.

Kamel Omran. "Implications and Risks of Child Labour." WordPress, https://ktabowl3bto.wordpress.com (accessed September 1, 2018).

Kane, June. "What the economic crisis means for child labour." Global social policy 9, no. 1 (2009): 175-196.

Kempe Ronald, Hope, Sr. "Child survival, poverty, and labour in Africa." Journal of Children and Poverty 11, no. 1 (2005): 19-42.

Kennedy, David. "The move to institutions." International Organizations. Routledge (2017): 3-150.

Khan, Rana Ejaz Ali. "Socioeconomic Aspects of Child Labour-A Case Study of Children in Auto Workshops Rana Ejaz Ali Khan." The Lahore Journal 6, no.

1 (2001): 93-109.

Khoder, Salam. "Child labour a growing problem in war-torn Iraq." Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/08/child-labour-growing-problem-war- torn-iraq-160808111630367.html (accessed October 5, 2017).

Kirby, Peter. Child labour in Britain, 1750-1870. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

(33)

233

Kleinerman, Alexandra, and Alhena Gadotti. "Two Additional Old Babylonian Sumerian Literary Letters from Nippur." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 103, no.2 (2013): 149-161.

Kolk, Ans, and Rob Van Tulder. "Child labour and multinational conduct: a comparison of international business and stakeholder codes." Journal of Business Ethics 36, no .3 (2002): 291-301.

Kolk, Ans, and Rob Van Tulder. "The effectiveness of self-regulation: Corporate codes of conduct and child labour." European Management Journal 20, no. 3 (2002): 260-271.

Kooijmans, Joost, and Hans van de Glind. "Child Slavery Today." Child Slavery Now:

A Contemporary Reader (2010): 21-41.

Kothari, Smitu. "There's Blood on Those Matchsticks: Child Labour in Sivakasi."

Economic and Political Weekly (1983): 1191-1202.

Kotschnig, Walter M. "The United Nations as an instrument of economic and social development." International Organization 22, no. 1 (1968): 16-43.

Kuroda, Kaori. "Japan-based non-governmental organizations in pursuit of human security." Japan Forum 15, no. 2 (2003): 227-250.

Kvale, Steinar. Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing.

California: Sage, 1996.

Lalor, Kevin. "Child Sexual Abuse in Tanzania and Kenya." Child Abuse & Neglect 28, no. 8 (2004): 833-844.

Lehti, Martti, and Kauko Aromaa. "Trafficking for sexual exploitation." Crime and Justice 34, no. 1 (2006): 133-227.

Lemon, Charles. "The statistics of the copper mines of Cornwall." Journal of the Statistical Society of London 1, no. 2 (1838): 65-84.

Levesque, Roger JR. "Geraldine Van Bueren, The International Law on the Rights of the Child." Fordham International Law Journal 19 (1995): 818-839.

Levison, Deborah, and Marta Murray-Close. "Challenges in determining how child work affects child health." Public Health Reports 120, no .6 (2005): 614-620.

Lewis, Bernard. Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry. Oxford University Press, USA, 1992.

Lewis, Hannah, et al. Precarious lives: Forced labour, exploitation and asylum. Policy Press, 2015.

(34)

234

Lichtheim, Miriam. "Ancient Egyptian literature: a book of readings. The old and middle kingdoms. Berkeley." (1973): 65-81.

Lipton, Michael. "Why poor people stay poor: a study of urban bias in world development." (1977): 1-451.

Lister, Ruth. Poverty, Polity Press. Cambridge, 2004.

M Clark, Reginald. Family life and school achievement: Why poor black children succeed or fail. University of Chicago Press, 2015.

Mabogunje, Akin L. "Systems approach to a theory of rural‐urban migration."

Geographical analysis 2, no .1 (1970): 1-18.

Machel, Graça. Impact of armed conflict on children. UN, 1996.

Manela, Erez. The Wilsonian moment: self-determination and the international origins of anticolonial nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Mapaure, Clever. "Child labour: A universal problem from a Namibian perspective."

(2009): 201-222.

Marfleet, Philip. "Displacement and the State–the Case of Iraq." The Migration- Displacement Nexus. Patterns, Processes, and Policies. New York, Oxford (2011): 96-118.

Marr, Phebe. The modern history of Iraq. Routledge, 2018.

Marwan, Mohammed. "Iraq Population." Mawdoo, https://mawdoo3.com (accessed September 15, 2018).

Mattar, Mohamed Y. "Unresolved Questions in the Bill of Rights of the New Iraqi Constitution: How Will the Clash between Human Rights and Islamic Law Be Reconciled in Future Legislative Enactments and Judicial Interpretations." Fordham International Law Journal 30 (2006): 126.

McLoyd, Vonnie C. "Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development." American psychologist 53, no. 2 (1998): 185.

McPherson, James M. Battle cry of freedom: The Civil War era. Oxford University Press, 2003.

Mendelievich, Elias. "Child labour." International Labour Review 118 (1979): 557.

Mendelievich, Elias. "Introductory Analysis." in Elias Mendelievich, ed., Children at Work (Geneva: ILO, 1979).

Michael, McConville, and Wing Hong Chui. Research Methods for Law. Edinburgh:

Edinburgh University Press, 2007.

(35)

235

Mishra, Lakshmidhar. "History of labour rights." Social change 42, no. 3 (2012): 335- 357.

Mitchell, Stephen. A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284-641. John Wiley &

Sons, 2014.

Moehling, Carolyn M. "State child labour laws and the decline of child labour."

Explorations in Economic History 36, no. 1 (1999): 72-106.

Morelli, Gilda, Barbara Rogoff, and Cathy Angelillo. "Cultural variation in young children's access to work or involvement in specialised child-focused activities." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no .3 (2003):

264-274.

Mosul Humanitarian Crisis Information Sheet, 9 December 2016, UNOCHA.

Moyi, Peter. "Child labour and school attendance in Kenya." Educational Research and reviews 6, no. 1 (2011): 26-35.

Murphy, Damien. "Eliminating Child Labour Through Education: The Potential for Replicating The Work Of The MV Foundation in India." Centre for Development Studies, University College Dublin (2005).

Murphy, Sean D. "International Convention to Eliminate the" Worst Forms of Child Labour"." The American Journal of International Law 93, no. 4 (1999): 896- 911.

Nag, Moni, et al. "An Anthropological Approach to the Study of the Economic Value of Children in Java and Nepal [and Comments and Reply]." Current Anthropology 19, no .2 (1978): 293-306.

Naim, Moises. Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers and Copycats are Hijacking the Global Economy. Random House, 2010.

Nanda, Ved P., and M. Cherif Bassiouni. "Slavery and Slave Trade: Steps Toward Eradication." Santa Clara Lawyer 12 (1972): 424.

Narayan, O. P. Harnessing child development: Children and the right to education.

Gyan Publishing House, 2005.

Nardinelli, Clark. “Child Labour and the Factory Acts.” Journal of Economic History 40, no. 4 (1980): 739-755.

National Media Committee for Supporting Iraq in the Netherlands, Facts and achievements under the rule of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Iraq.

NCCI Profile, https://www.ncciraq.org/en/about/about-ncci (Accessed September 15, 2018).

(36)

236

Noguchi, Yoshie. "ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour and the Convention on the Rights of the Child." The International Journal of Children's Rights 10, no. 4 (2002): 355-369.

Okpukpara, Benjamin Chiedozie, and Ngozi Odurukwe. "Incidence and determinants of child labour in Nigeria: Implications for poverty alleviation." (2006): 1-41.

Olson, Robert. Iraq: An Example of a Collapsed State. New York: Global Policy

Forum, 2005 - 2017.

https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/173/30484.html.

Omokhodion, F. O., S. I. Omokhodion, and T. O. Odusote. "Perceptions of child labour among working children in Ibadan, Nigeria." Child: care, health and development 32, no. 3 (2006): 281-286.

Ortiz, L Moreira Daniels, S Engilbertsdóttir (eds). (2012). Child Poverty and Inequality: New Perspectives. New York: UNICEF Division of Policy and Practice.

Osterman, Paul, et al. Working in America: A blueprint for the new labour market.

MIT Press, 2002.

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary “International student’s Edition,” (Oxford University Press, 8^th Edition).

Palmer, Sally E., et al. "Responding to children's disclosure of familial abuse: What survivors tell us." Child welfare 78, no. 2 (1999): 255-268.

Parvathamma, G. L. "Child Labour in India-A Conceptual and Descriptive Study." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention 4, no .1 (2015): 23-32.

Patel, Sheela. "Street children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay-How they meet their daily needs." Environment and Urbanization 2, no. 2 (1990): 9-26.

Patterson, David S. "The United States and the origins of the world court." Political Science Quarterly 91, no .2 (1976): 279-295.

Pearce, Jenny J. "Working with trafficked children and young people: Complexities in practice." British journal of social work 41, no. 8 (2011): 1424-1441.

Pedersen, Susan. "Getting out of Iraq—in 1932: The League of Nations and the road to normative statehood." The American Historical Review 115, no. 4 (2010):

975-1000.

Peters, Krijn, Paul Richards, and Koen Vlassenroot. "What Happens to Youth During and After Wars?." RAWOO Working Papers (2003): 1-55.

(37)

237

PJ Barth, Richard, Richard PK Barth, and Richard P. Barth. The child welfare challenge: Policy, practice, and research. Routledge, 2017.

Polkinghorne, Donald E. “Language and Meaning: Data Collection in Qualitative Research.” Journal of Counseling Psychology 52, no. 2 (2005): 137-145.

Pomeroy, Sarah. Goddesses, whores, wives, and slaves: Women in classical antiquity.

Schocken, 2011.

Porch, Douglas. The other gulf war: British intervention in Iraq, 1941. Joint Force Quarterly, 2004.

Postgate, J. Nichol. "Early Mesopotamia." Society and Economy at the Dawn of History 52, no. 826 (1992): 92-95.

Poulatova, Chaditsa. Children and Armed Conflict. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.

Preston, Samuel H, and Michael R. Haines. Fatal years: Child mortality in late nineteenth-century America. Princeton University Press, 2014.

Preston, Samuel H. "Children and the elderly: Divergent paths for America’s dependents." Demography 21, no. 4 (1984): 435-457.

Price, John. "The International Labour Organization." International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 21, no .1 (1945): 30-39.

Prince, J. Dyneley. "The code of Hammurabi." (1904): 601-609.

Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No.

187).

Q Patton, Michael. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Newbury Park:

SAGE Publications INC, 1990.

Qais, Ali. " Iraqi child in danger ... No law protects him." Aeen Al- Rassid for News.

http://www.ainalrased.org/2017/06 (accessed July 18, 2017).

Rahman, KM Mustafizur, Towfiqua Mahfuza Islam, and Md Ismail Tareque. "Socio- economic correlates of child labour in agricultural sector of rural Rajshahi District, Bangladesh." International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 2, no .6 (2010): 109-117.

Rao, J. Mohan. "Freedom, Equality, Property and Bentham: The Debate over Unfree Labour." The Journal of Peasant Studies 27, no. 1 (1999): 97-127.

Recommendation No. 195, 2005b. Recommendation concerning human resources development: Education, training and lifelong learning (Geneva, ILO).

(38)

238

Redman, Renee Colette. "The League of Nations and the Right to be Free from Enslavement: The first human right to be recognized as customary international law." Chi.-Kent Law Review. 70 (1994): 759-800.

Reid, Joan A. "An exploratory model of girl’s vulnerability to commercial sexual exploitation in prostitution." Child maltreatment 16, no .2 (2011): 146-157.

Reid, Joan A., and Shayne Jones. "Exploited vulnerability: Legal and psychological perspectives on child sex trafficking victims." Victims and Offenders 6, no .2 (2011): 207-231.

Relief Web, Published by NCCI Communications Team, Amman, https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/local-NGO’s-play-key-role-humanitarian- response-inside-anbar (Accessed September 11, 2018).

Report from NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq, "Local NGO’s Play Key Role in Humanitarian Response inside Anbar," https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/local- NGO’s-play-key-role-humanitarian-response-inside-anbar (Accessed September 14, 2018).

REPORT from NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq, "NCCI NGO Joint Statement Protection and Access - 30 Oct 2017," Published on 30 Oct 2017, https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/ncci-ngo-joint-statement-protection-and- access-30-oct-2017 (Accessed September 15, 2018).

REPORT from NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq, NGO Statement on Iraq ahead of the July meeting of the members of the global coalition to counter ISIL.

Report IV (2A), International Labour Conference, 87th Sess. 66-67 (1999).

Report of the Temporary Slavery Commission to the Council of the League of Nations (A.17.1924.VI.B), 1924, quoted in “The suppression of slavery”

(Memorandum submitted by the Secretary-General to the Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery), United Nations document ST/SPA/4 (1951).

Revaz, Cris R. "The optional protocols to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child on Sex Trafficking and Child Soldiers." Human Rights Brief 9, no. 1 (2001): 4-23.

Rodgers, Gerry, et al. "The International Labour Organization and the quest for social justice, 1919-2009." Book Samples (2009): 1-11.

Roosevelt, Theodore, ed. Roosevelt in the Kansas City Star: War-time Editorials. No.

2. Houghton Mifflin, 1921.

Rose, Nikolas. Identity, genealogy, history. Sage Publications, 2000.

Rosen, David M. "Child soldiers, international humanitarian law, and the globalization of childhood." American anthropologist 109, no .2 (2007): 296-306.

(39)

239

Rosenblatt, Jeremy, ed. International Conventions Affecting Children. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2000.

Rotman Zelizer, Viviana A. Pricing the priceless child: The changing social value of children. Princeton University Press, 1985.

Rowley, Jennifer. “Conducting Research Interviews,” Management Research Review 35, no. 3 (2012): 260-271.

Ruppel, Oliver C. The Protection of Children’s Rights under International Law from a Namibian Perspective. Annan, 2009.

Ryan, Michael WS. "ISIS: The Terrorist Group That Would Be a State." (2015).

Saadoun, Mostafa. "Iraqi Child Rights Act." the new World. http://al-aalem.com (accessed July 18, 2017).

Sabah Al Talqani. "child labour in Iraq between the weakness of the law and the community ignorance," Francheval, https://francheval.com/ar/ (Accessed September 13, 2018).

Sadig Al-Ali, Nadje, and Nicola Christine Pratt. What Kind of Liberation?: Women and the Occupation of Iraq. California: University of Press, 2009.

Salazar Parreñas, Rhacel. Children of global migration: Transnational families and gendered woes. Stanford University Press, 2005.

Sarhan, Afif. "Iraqi Babies for Sale: People Trafficking Crisis Grows as Gangs Exploit Poor Families and Corrupt System." The Guardian Newspaper, (2009).

Scarpa, Silvia. "Child trafficking: International Instruments to Protect the Most Vulnerable Victims." Family Court Review 44, no. 3 (2006): 429-447.

Schafft, Kai A. "Poverty, residential mobility, and student transiency within a rural New York school district." Rural Sociology 71, no. 2 (2006): 212-231.

Schultze, Ulrike and Michel Avital. “Designing Interviews to Generate Rich Data for Information Systems Research.” Information and Organization 21, (2011): 1- 16.

Scoville, James G. "Segmentation in the market for child labour: The economics of child labour revisited." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 61, no .3 (2002): 713-723.

SECURITY COUNCIL, 7428TH MEETING (AM). Fight against Sexual Violence in Conflict Reaches ‘New Juncture’, Security Council Told. New York: News &

Media Resources, 2015. https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sc11862.doc.htm.

(40)

240

Seidman, Irving. Interviewing as a Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. 3^rd ed. New York: Teachers College Printers, 2006.

Sen, Sankar. "Trafficking in Women and Children." Journal of National Human Rights Commission 13 (2014): 51 - 74.

Serwadda-Luwaga, James. Child labour and scholastic retardation: a thematic analysis of the 1999 Survey of Activities of Young People in South Africa. Diss.

University of Pretoria, 2005.

Sharma, Nandita. "Travel Agency: A Critique of Anti-Trafficking Campaigns."

Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees 21, no. 3 (2003):251-271.

Shaw, Martin. The new Western way of war: Risk-transfer war and its crisis in Iraq.

Polity, 2005.

Siddiq, Hussein. "The Social Role of Counseling in Reducing the Phenomenon of Child Labour." Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Arts and Humanities Series 39, no. 1 (2017): 9-22.

Skelton, Tracey. "Children, Young People, UNICEF and Participation." Children's Geographies 5, no. 1-2 (2007): 165-181.

Skocpol, Theda. "Targeting within Universalism: Politically Viable Policies to Combat Poverty in the United States." The Urban Underclass 411 (1991): 437- 59.

Sobuh, Amira. "Child Labour and Unemployment, Causes and Results." Alukah, https://www.alukah.net/social/0/53876/ (accessed September 11, 2018).

Spencer, Petra. "Social justice, globalisation and sex trafficking." (2014): 1-77.

St Lawrence, C. E. "Child Protection & Safeguarding Policy." (2017): 1-39.

Standing, Guy. "Globalization, labour flexibility and insecurity: the era of market regulation." European Journal of Industrial Relations 3, no. 1 (1997): 7-37.

Stansfield, Gareth. Iraq: People, history, politics. John Wiley & Sons. 2016.

Stoynova, Nadya, et al. "Transnational Crime and the Developing World." Global Financial Integrity (2017).

Street, Amy E., Dawne Vogt, and Lissa Dutra. "A new generation of women veterans:

Stressors faced by women deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan." Clinical psychology review 29, no. 8 (2009): 685-694.

Svensson, Naomi L. "Extraterritorial Accountability: An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Child Sex Tourism Laws." Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 28 (2006): 641-665.

(41)

241

T Potts, Daniel. Mesopotamian civilization: the material foundations. A&C Black, 1997.

Tan, Joe. "Sexual violence against children on the battlefield as a crime of using child soldiers: Square pegs in round holes and missed opportunities in Lubanga." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 15 (2012): 117-151.

Tauson, Michaelle. "Child Labour in Latin America: Poverty as Cause and Effect." Human Rights & Human Welfare (2009): 31-43.

Terms of reference of the Committee of Experts, Minutes of the 103rd Session of the Governing Body (1947).

The Attorney Abdul Khalek Al-Atabi. "There is no Punitive Law against Child Labour." the Judiciary Newspaper, Issued by the Federal Judiciary https://www.hjc.iq/view.4055/ (Accessed September 13, 2018).

The Child Protection Section. "Child Protection." Programme Division UNICEF

INFORMATION Sheet,

https://www.unicef.org/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf (accessed July 22, 2017).

The Daily Star, 2011. "No to domestic help under-12." February 16, http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/newsdetails.php?nid=174411

(Accessed: 27 March 2018).

The International Labour Organization, Child Labour and Forced Labour Report.

The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Office of the Child Welfare, Report for

"The reality of child protection in Iraq", www.molsa.gov.iq/upload/upfile/ar/516.doc (Accessed September 12, 2018).

The Recommendation No. 190 of Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182).

The report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict of 5 June 2015 (A/69/926-S/2015/409).

The Sex Trafficking Protocol comprises a preamble and 17 articles. G.A. Res.

A/RES/54/263 of 25 May 2000. It entered into force on January 18, 2002.

The U.N. Declaration of the Rights of the Child comprises a Preamble and ten principles. G.A. Res. 1386 (XIV), 14 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 19, U.N.

Doc. A/4354.

The United Nations - Iraq (UN Iraq), http://www.uniraq.org/index.php?lang=en (Accessed September 22, 2018).

THE LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD LABOUR IN IRAQ WITH FOCUS ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

THE LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD LABOUR IN IRAQ WITH FOCUS ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

THE LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD LABOUR IN IRAQ WITH FOCUS ON THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

CERTIFICATION OF THESIS WORK

PERMISSION TO USE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF STATUTES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF APPENDICES

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY