Characterization Of The Roosting Sites Of The Golden Crowned Flying Fox (Acerodon Jubaus) and Philippine Giant Fruit Bat (Pteropus Vampyrus) and Their Effects On Dipterocarp Forests

JouRxAr- oF TRoprc,{L BrcL.rcy AND CoNsERvAToN. 3: 85 - 102. 2007

Research arrticle

Characterization of the Roo6ting Sites of the Golden Crowned Flying Fox (Acerodonjubaus\

atr.d

Philippine Giant FruitBat (hercpus eanplra$) s\d' Their Eff€cts on Dipterocarp Forests

Fd$,in O. BRDGANZAT and Grec€ B.

VILLAMOXI3 IEcolDg)

_{Centrc, Subic}

Bat Metropolitan Adhofty, Olongapo Citt, Philippihes

'zWorld

Agroforestry

Centte

(ICMF)-

Philippines, Las Bafios,

Iasum, Philippines

ABSTRACT. In determining

the causos

of

moriality

in

white

lauan ⁽ shorca contofta) the bat roost area, physical observation and

^

soil physico-chemical

analysis

were

done.

Likewise, the physico-chemical analysis

rcvealed that there is no

signficad

^difference

on the soil nutrient in boih

rcostins

and non-

roosting site.

Hence,

this finding confirms

that bat droppings

may

not be the cause

of

death of the

White

lauan tre€s.

Data analysis shows that vegetation structurc

in

the bat roost area is

significantly differcnt with

that of

in

the

control

^ploas or non-roost

area.

Such

findings

were accounted

for

the

limited number

size and

maturity of plant

species found in the roost arca. On lhe other hand,

the roost

area can

bo considercd

as disturbed forest

with

the preserce of pioneer spe.ies and gap

fomed

by dead trees

which drive

the bats

to move to

the

inner part of

rhe forcst.

The tight roosting characteristic or activity

of

bats on the branches and twigs that rcsults

to

d€foliation

of tre€s is suspected

contributory facror in the mortality of

the

wlite

lauan

species as supported by its sensitive characteristics such that they become

intolerant as they

gow

to maturiay. To address the issue, recommendatlons were provided

for

the

consenation

and management

of

these endangered and tbreatened species.

INTRODUCIION

Therc

arc

morc ihan f,000

species

of

bats worldwide. They are the

ody

Ayine nammals in the

world. Many

of thenr are nearly going extinction. From 1986, only f2 sp€cies

ofbats

were list€d under

ruCN

red list but after a span of four years, 54 species $€re listed and

four of

them had become

extincl by

1992 (Ang, 1998). ln Southeast Asia" 63% of the

fiuit

bats are

tbreatened. Among

the large

ftuit

bats

endemic to this regior (genela Acercdon, Dobsonia, Pteropus), 75%

are threatened O4ildenstein, 2002). Old world

ftuit

bats, also called

flying

foxes, are members of the single f ,dn1ly P t e

n

^{p o} di dae

i\

tlrc

nz I

^{a c h i r o p t e}

run suborder. These bats are distdbuted

thmughout

fte

Old

lvorld

fiopics, flom

Africa through

Southeast

Asia and in the South

Ker words: Shotea cortotta, Acetodon jubatus,

Prloplr vdpyrur,

^endemic Pldlippirc ^bals

*. breganza-ed @yahoo.com

clffirrtrd

^or

rrc

^RoosrNG

SB

Px.ificklmds rucN €000) liEd oyer55%

and

cum nyins

rox

(Pr.rorlr rrkdr4 hrvc

disappearc{r .odpr.tely dn. to na$iv.

hundos. Bd

is one oa rhc

sorcB

or

met in

thi sd ti Thailrtrd. lhe nying loxes

(r,nrd€;r rprar) r srimed dd opdry

sold

h

rhe public

mekeb

^(Ang,

193). Or or

Pas saved fton ?n;dion bY ns loc:l

to sop rh. d*hcnon of rh.ir habird

3nd

lnlhePl'jlipphs,liwdedlg$?3spei4

of

batsor{hich:rretuiibab s;liP.rhr

or

rh.

25

r4ognizen spe.i6 of frun bds m

{uctrl.

2000). Tne Panay

nlitbd (r.,oro, ,l.!ls)

^ha:

Dd 6ei kd sinc t993 vNle

ihc

bm

brckcd

bd (D,rr,,ia.idrrarD

and

dbe

nored

bd (rr'F.dn. roro.i)

_or

N.cr.

ee now conside.ed eniicr * r csux or d$luc.ion

or

$.t h$iht $d ovd

^huntitrg

Iolosumplronby$nelcar''nabitb

Tod,nlwosp.i.solnyjJ'efdsrefomd

in

rhe

roAted nounbin of

^Subic

Bry txd Giri' Ftr B or de cibr Flyins For

^(L{.

j!d6) n

'nc

lsad win\ r wibssps ofup btwomdffs'weighing'Iomlbl.5kgmd

Eddishbo*n turcoqins

^rhe

ro€herd,neck, Ph iPFner (Fism D

FlyiisId (, wrpa,

^{is n\e}

sondlalgst

md qeishs I

kg.

I.

ba!

|

^{gorden pxr.h}

of ir

on ib foEhed

rha!

oft.d nmwr b€r*c.i

disdibution is southemr Asia (Fisure 2).

Ahhousb conser.tion rts of rh.

irs

rtlbor colden cmwned nying .d n

iiEadv lined d

end:Dsered

(Mi.Llcbra[

.r ar,

^r

994

IUCN, 2000).

Rouch.srimt ot 6eSubi.lay\

nyidg lox colony siz. in 2004

r

30,0m individuak

(SBMABdcomr

2004),

Todar tlyids roxa tu. rbiatened wnh

uEsulatd hunting rnd

contiouous

los or

n

nor drh4hdmd ii serar hal o keb

rd rssunnt.

Bah

m .6y

huntins

b€.!

in rhe

rildJoriod4Enous

and non-

iidit@dDg

Filipind, Cov.mmen! focu..s tu

^bar

indigeio$ ssup, ha

^bcen

giv.n

^{rb. dgbt}

ro

A

sbdedd.by Mld.i.lin Om2) idenril'.d

ocusdni*hqthiiiluehlinfominoi6

limir pox.bidg

by

lrhllidg &e r,Jgd ms.

rorc$&lrrddiotr e

^mcouobd

h foredfi G,

rimbdh,ftrtiic,

^{irrcg,r rogging.}

ttr.l

^wood,

6N.rionbaEjflllualprcddioD{as

Ttc dipGmca! specis in $e Philippin* is suffenig f6d dvr.xproiudon foric rifibrt (Ashloi. 1993). All ot

rhcse

sp.cies m sdd'jcbu'.Philippin*'tenmsul

subicBayFoa Resene(SBFR).

]n on. df rh. br ioo!'ng,rerN ii sBR

showed rhd rhe while huli (slo.€a

.,",r',) de

used

a moi ks dd oilen

Edwin O. BREGANZA & Grace B. VII-I .AMOR ⁸⁷

f;jgSonus vampyrus

Figure l.

Species

distrib\ttlot

of

Acerodonj

batur in the Philippines

Figure 2.

Species

distrib\iiot\

of Ptercpus

wmpyrus in Asia

33 4#vrur fr nF D,ftrrdr Foijs

now tuund

affEted ii

the area. Nor htrch

i,

kno{n

abour rhe

imPkt of b tu!

^od

re

.ffed

or

bab

on

tes

^is

nc.ded

^ro

swe

as

Laur

^s

dwidring P.Puhrion

ThclonoyingG'heobledivsof$e{udy:

Z

^To

debmiic

^rhc

cstrss ol non'riq in

whire laum res (si,ru. r,,t,,a)

at

3. To deyelop lppropridc mrn4emeDt aoldencs*oed

Fiyins Fox ^(1.

j!r,en,

Philippine

Ciad Fruit Bri (P va-Du r r,'?"rtu)

'nd ften m{ing ded.

Tbe Subic Bay

Fo6r R*de (SBFRI li.s

on

Bioseosnphic zone. sou$weneo Luoi.

ddisnoEdfolhighlewlofdivdilyhd

.nd.nism, {hich mak* it

a

pnoriry

_si@ ror

$ilblmolc.iennydaybd.ylodmd

senenlly acidic. rE bpolnphy of

rhe area

epdded

by ridgcs.

Iicftids

fmm

sa

level ML sd.

Rib ad $n

3ea

(sird.2003). Amuar

njifr]lh3,532mwilhnjiy.@inmJU.

ro

ocrob$

^(3e.4er)

(uRs.

2001).

rhe B' or

rhe

yes

dry, wirh

Jarury

^ro

Meh heirs

SBFR n

ro$

ro the Philippine Gimr Fruit Bar ,nd

$e

Gold.tr

oowned Flyiig

^Fox.

@rine

The whne lau is ooe ol $e dominanr

3peies in

dipr.carp f'Br orsubi. Bry nd

b,b GrRs,200r

^{N circd}

inrojo odAngms,

l ee?). Aside

nln srwing wel

^up

6

I heishr

rusing rtun

⁴⁵

b

60 ^m

ad

a

hnk diamder

hrbihr

ror

wildLn sp*ies (cm,pin,

1s35).

I

trcn

^{above sea}

Ievd (uRs,2001).

ror bolh

non dd faum. Fedmdo (lee8) ha

m on smpline

on

rso nudy si'*:

^{(1) rhe}

barmo"e!

^{d (2) the}

rrcroutide orrco$

st.

ro

rdc 4 $e.onftl

^(Figure

4). Tnr

TneiudymlwAdivjd.djnbeddlins'

Edwin O. BREGANZA & Grace B.

\III-AMOR

⁸⁹

nnost are'i

Legend:

- -- Trmseetlilc

o - ----^

sAl1pLLng ^pr ors

Figure

4. Sampling Plots in Bat Roost Area and

Conrol

Plots and plots were located every 100 meters along

each line. The electrical power line

from

the Navmag sentry to Upper Cubi Housing

with length of about 580 meters was used

as reference line/base line since it goes through/

traverces the bat roost area.

Each

plo.

was established

using

a compass and a meter tape. A11 dead tees located

within

the 10 meter wide

irail

path during

trail plot

est2blishment wefe recorded.

Ten plots were established in the whole

rcost area.

These sample

plols

coded as

I to

10

with

area

of

lOm

x

10m were established.

In

each sample

plot,

heights of

all

species

with 15 cm in tlunk diameter and above

were

identified. counted. and neasured. For

unid€ntified species. leaves were collected

for

later

identification. A

5m

x

5m subplot was also located at one corner

of

the 10m

x lon

plot.

In this smaller

plot.

all tree saplings 1 5 centimeter

in

diameter and

below

as

well

as

other

species

were ideniified,

counted and recorded such as mttans. bamboos and other plant species.

Furthemorc,

a

lm x lm plot

was also located

within

the 10m

x 10mplor.

Here,

all wildlings

and other smaller plants (one rneter and

b€low) within

the

plot

were likewise identified, recorded and counted.

Plots

#

8 and

#

9

in

the

roosting

area were removed dudng data amlysis since th€s€ plots

fell

outside

ofihe

roosting site. As such,

ouly

8 plots were considered in the aDalysis.

90

Cn

RAcrrRrz{roN oF rnE RoosrING SIrEs oFAcrnoDolv ruBAUs aND PruRoPUs VIMPIR'S IN THE DIPII.ROCAI? FORESTS

Six (6)

sample

plols

were made

in

the

.rea

oolside

ofthe

^roost site.

which

serves as the

control.

A

sinple

random sampling was used to allocate tbe plots in the area(No rcference).

Each

plot

was localed on the ground _{using a} compass and a meter tape. The same procedures and plot meas rement were used on this area.

Dead White lauan trees that falls within a

plot

were

counted. Soil

samples were tsken and analyzed to

find

out

if

the soil nutrieni is the one causing the death of these trees.

Soil

sampling

Soil

samples were lalren

using

a

soil

auger

boringequipnent. onekilogrameacb

of soit samples was taken at

different soil

depth as

follows:0

^{20 cm.20}

-

⁵⁰

cm,50 l0ocmand 100 below(Figure5).

For

the bat roost area,

3

sample

plots

were

taken on pre-identified

locations under (1) deceNed,

(2) dying

and

(3) healthy wlite

lauan tree. This procedure was done to

compare

if

the soil nutrient

wirhin

each tree

On the other hand. two sample plots were also taken outside of lhe roosl area. One plot _was

taten

on the lower slope

while

the other one was talcen on the upper slope of the area.

DataAnalysis

For flora

analysis, Shannon and Simpson's indices werc used

in

delermining vegetation

diversity of

the area.

To

test the hypothesis

that soil nurrient of the roosting area

is

different

to non-roosi.

tlle

t-test was used

to determine ihe difference or condiiion of vegetation

^between

lhe roosting

and non

For soil analysis. samples were brought to the Bureau

of Soils

^and tbree basic paramelers such as

soil pH, nitrogen

and phosphorou!

were analyzed. Using the same hypothesis, a

Chi

square test was used to compare the

soil

chemical content

of

the roost and non-roost

Figure 5.

Soil sampling

activity

Edwin o. BREGANZA & Gnce B.

VILL{MOR

RESI,'LIS

Vegetation

Analysis

Krp,.nE

ea*ia

roxbutghit) and White lauan

(Shorea contorta) were observed to

be present in most of the 10x10

plotin

the roosr

area. Similarly.

both species were the most frequenl and highest in densiry.

White

lauan was counled the mosl number

ofindividuals foilowedby Kupang.

However. Kupang was

the most dominant species in terms of

importance value seconded by White Lauan.

lr was observed thal Kupang could

accommodate more bats than

wl

^{te lauan.}

A

i00 cm diameter of white laxan can

accomrnodate 150 to 200 bats or more

while

the same diameter of Kupang

can accommodaie

400 to

500 depending

on its

There are ten

idenlified

lree species

in

both the 10x10 and 5x5 plots

in

the

control

^plots and

only four

species

in the lxl plot. In

91

contrast,

in

the

roosi

area. there are twelve identified species in the 10x10 plots.23

i.

thc 5x5 and

ll

in lhe

lxl

plors (Appendix

l).

The obtained increase in the number oI species

in

the roost area compared to tbe

conlrol plols

can be altributed to the gaps or openings made

by falling

branches and death

of

the

while

Lauan species

(Figure 6). It

was obseNed that most of the spccies

in

the roost area are pioneer species as a resuli of the gaps

folIcd-

The

original

roost siie

is now

dominaled

by

bamboo

particularly the Blkal (Dinochloa acutiJLora) and b\tho (Schi.ostachrum lumampao). These

species

belong to the

grass farnily

tiat

can ihrive in open and

infeaile soils.

Grass, such ^as bamboo

grow

early

in

the succession, they have a distinct competitive advantage over the later

geminating and slower growing malure phase of native species (Kooyman

&

Faught, 1996).

Bamboo invasion is one sucb blocking influence

and

is probably the number

one

ongoing

management

problem for

anyone

involved in

regeneration

of local parks or

protected areas such ^as

in

Subic Bay.

Fisure 6.

Photo showing dead White lauan trees and bats roosting on

live

trees

CH^MmhnoN

^{or rH!}

Rtusrtrc sir

orhs

species

like uoko tMeronr c,.&ial

Rdan (c,r,,icr rp.), Pal&sm (c,r,nb

nt ttta, chrj bhen! abrctu rd othet

sp{i.s d

n\e

rdi mr ffip.rod b

^rhe

,rcr Mo* ol

drese

{e

lishL cre ed 6y dead trees. Io plan.

Kormn e rrustu (lee6) cn.d 'ba',

whcn

3rp

^ix

cE&d in

rhe canopy

or rh. mrm

slplinss or rhe naruie canopy rrccx n

src*inscmopyEs e

^able

ro.iisr rondy yefs hdd rh.

shade

of

'he snopy ju

vegerdion in

rhe

mniog sie

for rhe

r0xr0 roonins or conror plor

as

sho*n or 6e .rrdur,'ed r-€$ crade r). Tfiismry bedE lwtug :E. r-ikesisq srll 6

¹⁵

mand

belov lor

the 5x5

plob dd ond gb*n! toi rh. rxr Prok ii rhe roo*in8 ar.a r.

signifi

cmdydirf@tnomlhcnon-m ea

conpN

ro non

ioon,rca

Table 2

sho{3

m.

n

bigbd $m

me

cdhl plor. Thh.m

be b.! erphined ro

the

ob$r ion d

pioEr sp{i* a(upy

_{rh? sap6}

fomed by

dead

tre{. clceoricrllyi rcos sne is r di$ft€d fo6r beus. of

rhe

pEstr

c

of Nmbelofd€ldMsopeiedjdu$edals ft.eidd@

_sh

eHst, ftm

^rh.

sdi dd

rhis

rddnioi f,vo6

lne

stu*rh

^and

suNivd or pioo.d sp{j*. oi rhr ona h d, fdrhe

drd cnopy

or

dis!!b.d foEd

such

a

rhe

conrdr

^pros,

youig fgemtur m Innod.

T,ble l. spcderibud{einMsdog

d mD

lsriq sib (aca)

. llleroo*m,ftdconrolplobdifieEdsigoiJicmdy(P<0.0s,k!)

condDlob

ft.\

^{> r5cm}

dbhooxlo plots)

re*<l5cm

dbh(5x5

prbh)

rptosqninc

^dy

difrded

(p<0.05,

!re$)

Moe

or

rh. .n.rgy conins frcn

rhe sun arc

tapFd*theuPPel.mpysndonlyaminft

onddeo*lh,

rhN

liniting tE sturhofplsh

Tnc6 oli\e sil ch.mhsl mly*

^shows

thar

no{ dI de plot

hrve rhe

sme

level

of eil dftiens (rrble 3) so

pH ror

bod

sites mnge

iron

5.2

to 6.16. this ntrge is nil

fedfid. rn

&e plsnb alrhough

suchpHleyel

i3 oo ^rhe boundaiy

ofb{ohing sidic

pha i! ddi!.ly dE 6

^emh

oer Pbr D

rollov.d

bv

nor I

wnh 0.063

lmsr

^Ir

rya

UItu or rnimL m.ordins b

Forh (1e51), rhe

$il.

^He

cir.d rh rh.E

is more

nitosen lxecoilinuoosdeposnionolbdu.neand

d.nsctu contibub aldin rh.@unultim

ofs rEe *irh r.onscqnent los of tuit

pmducrion

(Jones,

le66). tsowev4 hs

(1e66) cit.d &d

'heF

ir

no

sh*p liic ro

Trbl.l. (o{!oeflct,ftb . o''h.

Plot I

(sple bleb

on

lo*er irdpc) aot

?

(snple bken or uppd slopt)

Nsanprc

bkm

under de&d

$hite

lauan

te

:lsanple r,Ln ud{ hsllny mit huh te

*lsmple hk.n mder dyilg wit lrui r€

'r'bL {. Nitogcn

level in

dillemr

soil deprh

For L\e phorphorotrs

contnr, Plot I srhibirs

'iehigh*Dhoslhddsmbd*i'nll'?5

follo*cd

by Plor K

sirh

9.55. ALthotrgh

nor I

on rhe

ryd,g. hd

thc

high*t

P

mden|

Plor

(hslh.hilneiPd020cmsild.plh

(Tablet. mh roy

^b€ baause

enples verc

bar rco*ins on top Bd dioPpings

o nbre

^{a ro,}

in pb6o ouso to.

l-inedall inebdms kabout5ce ift rec

mosha. Mi nal lirFfall!s obs.ded

^at

lhe.mter or

the

b roon sine rhe er or lld ac .lreldy

deYoid

ol leavs.

Raut orchi squre BI (r,bre

6) shows rh

rhde

is no

sisnilic. difidtrce in

rhe sdir

Nried.dtit in

^borh

Nstire d ion

sEar nmber or bds hangiis roeethd

cao

d.pending otr

ibb@ch*. oirheorh hod,

to

500

bsh

because

or n! sid.

3nd

spftad

tuoi rish y p!.t.d tos.rher on rco$ing

tre* (Mild.ileiq 2004). Bsed dn ri.ld

aod big bran.b*

d.mased

and

f,ll.n

^on rhe

srcund oi e

Mdhrde or nuky dddr n v.iY distinct

b{ofrig sbng

in rhe

inns pd ofrhe rc.s

by rhc

lqe dm,ge

^{on rbe}

bmch$ dd

Trble s, Phdpbror

^{level m}

d'ffft r d.pln

na

5d ndjoodirs

^snes

(chi-sqnre te$)

r

.

N. sicnificdr dififfic. berwci $. mstus a,i/onhlplos(P<0l.*Fn)

mt orn\e leav* dd bmchd

^{O0 ro 15}

ch dim#) ii df ehd

orme

rcstead 30

ro

90* d,mged. Ai$oug! bds

^move

iion

oncffino

^odFr.

ln.y shy lsserd rhir

diginal @ rtr I b

2

yffi.

TneY

EtM ro

dEn

uiginalNi.g ean45 b lomo

^hs

By

thdrj& moslru @s tlr.dY luveEd ftm ln. se$ .xep. rd $me wlib r:uo h6.

^Ir

vs'l&notd rh4cdc.ndion 6l

bab

d h.rvid d hishq in th. dd ofrhe

babimr. Assuch,ptsFcsft sisnuch

Bsr ft noving ddrly sourhdh pd ot lc'vs dd b.rct* indlhendoppings lhov rhd

they

e mviDg b

^tnc

ind

Pan

ol lhs

ra, Moi.ovei tber. ,rc no tuscs or

cvidm rhd lndc 8p@ia ftned b dtn

origin,l roo ing t..r 3s ol rbe d:te of

ob$d:donfEm J trr.y2mr b Mnb

²⁰⁰³

Dldngplot.nablisbmr

^{in JdusJy 2003, 14}

dad d* vcE Fdd.d id

^tbe

'Gt :g.

concenhrion

of d.ad

M

^fu

rdr.d d rh.

romd m$ ma pdlcu]fly m Plds *

6, 5 md 7,

Tne plds hrl

^wtrhjn

rha@oh ol&.

rlmdffir?E. BepEl|rbM*oIv.

iarhd rhsn d.id t .s Because of rhis

rfibdq tncy

'bbdo. rbe te. one ir is d*rdy d.'d d.lcvoid oflav6. somft*

suiaive Hov.vd, m6t of whih hnm,

beaur.

^orrheir

snsidvech&tuisiis,

^such

rhd rh.y c blctu! wbd

young, but they

b.om inbLmt d d.y smr b nituitY (aespi4

Ie35),

va d

^lble

b @vd ttrer

SUMMARY,INDCONOIFION

Physi.o{hmicd

malyris orn\c soil

Fvakn tut d'.e

is

m sigtn.d dinercnc. m thc

soil nuEienr

6nd! ii boLhffiring ddnd.

lGtiogd.s.Tt

^{efoE, ba!}

dogpiig! nly

no, bc

tu.aN.

^{or derin}

ofrr W E ln@

ol tec ri*u. dsrysis

is

Eol:mnded ror

Bseno d@ e,lysis, Esebrion

^{in thE}

tuos

d i.3ignificddy diflcFnt virh

rhe

coibl

ploa tr m}ffit ei. lx. rifrir.d

^mber

of

smll plmb

in rh.

ndn'ffir ftaindicd*

rhd rir 3E h

5

mtuF md cloFd 6oPY b. c'Gsonzd 6

' disirJbcd loE$

^due

6

tbc

pu.m ol yous Egeo.mb rnd

8!PE

lomed by d,{d cs. opci Qac. or grp vhich

is limired io

.loE c

^opy

forc$, giva

oppotuDi9 ro .dill legddon or pioner tu . Ix. pEs.ne oldeal@8

^d

dc tomr

Fin'nn mnarity ot

ihc

wnir Ldm d ih.

bd rco$ uea

could be

arbibutd b r,bysiel

f.dordu.lotiefuImti4clwad.n$icor

icdvity of b*

^inar

Hult b ddoriarid df lIE.

AIL\ougb

$is b.lEvior orbdis n2trnl.

irbs

a

ftg,riv..frdtbrivntu hm. Belw

ot the

lmiriv. chdscnsdc

^or

wl'il. l.us

run ${ lh.y b.com inblero! 4

thoy

gDv

bnrfuil,'$issp*i6islllemon:fletd

by

rb. mo*ins etivilid of $c blt.

MAMGFI'ENIRDMMMINDAiION

be

dirtc b6.d

^on

c.tuinfacton tbd dunb.

giv.n pdm coDsidedim

in

qdtrto Abblilh

I mde varid ju$iric ioi b *hich

mtrflalion efior6

shall b€

dwded Itat n'ddglcled.dld.finitionmdput'ug

clpabirily ot

rhe

rpeies b b. cmsd.d.

l. Erichimr plmrins

^{could be}

.@d in

fts no lonser Gcupi.d

bY

6. hab,

CHAmBtutroFflERG csrBdEA.@tuus^rcPtuarus

96 y-ms ln Tm DmERtu Fodrs

smwbg, aide ftom b.ing bencticirl b r The SBMA as rhe &tho y 3hontd

r inrclsiry

^its

pore.don diviti* Knnd

e. dEtcrins,B rndldion ofsjsor€s whic ldm ,nd orhrt .id.dic 3q@ier

^otr

dified sMbgic lmdions .outd bc

a. & inr'mrddi dd ederioD c p{isn

sirricunusrrEde likelibtratioD ftrrhiscohmariderivit

cuuios could a1s b. dorc b giv. $y

REFIIINCES

2 Movddorbarmlonylrcnod.place tus,tA.oeetls,,i4ilEoz'ro&,sav',s

!,r.,/0..Unpublishedrepd'

imr pd

^{of lhe}

f@s

is

nd ! !rcblem Mickr.bu.sh,

s.P.,

A.M. Hu6on, & p,a"

Rt&!. Oet2). ou w,ldI1rit baB: aa

sbifd4orMhr@id*eiredEdr,rh dionrlanlartheirwvMiaLrvcN

of

sneM. Ho*ever,

^for

d.a *n

6€dooc

d

mticipaE som lpprcpirE nitisnion n.sms

ro

srv. rh( .peci

ra nn E o9el' tcemkwnbD 4d

3 SBMA rcforcsb'jonpmjd ejrhiifit o$effiat

^oJ

biodiwni,

^me

$bic rs-brdf.8 r.dius fion

rhe bar

mo

zm.. uipubtished Epod huuj rapms, eb. Sbdy shovs &a!,

15

riloneEr rsdjns onty (B'r colnt, $?,..(5ded.).rsiLy.N.wYo*

2O4).

U$ or.tuic sp.cis likcs,zaa

'd'3;"', cDrpb, DJ. 0935).

Eucalyprtrs, .r, in lne refored ion hruc ot rhe Phirippi* djpGrcca

projEb shdrd b, disouJ,c.n. tun fhe phitiwin r4rnEnoL !a,

4 rddin.n speie! $a! sRc d

food

lor

n\e

brr rikc rmgjsds bry * (.i&! He@,L.R.(r99.D. Tdidr)md!. rr!

,ari,sa,"), ribic (r

u

dro), rmtrsn p,"rDri.s n.d ,,,r. Bookbrk, hc lKtutd.BkdadrutpinutunJ,e.cn fi

^.

.. NCN. \ 00t. Red

^tu:t

o! rttundad

lh. phned mtir spds mdued a

motuliq or hurins prsnrc oi blr

ou6ide

the

plobbd ag.

Ed'idOBREGANZaaG'eB,VILI"{MoR

rda w.w. 0966I Nih@. Pr. 31G323.

In: chlpdtn. }I.D. (Ed) Dtarmrirc

c sa Jd

PIatus

ard eik unie$iE . of Criironi.-Divhim of Asrcultonl

Koorrd, & M, & M. rNstr. 0996).

c(ntnsR inf@ eiDrGrltslMim

md rcs.mrim. sbe F@b ol Ne*

sdrrt wiLs snd Gr..ning Aufiaii!

M'cllro,A.A Ge6s),r.,l,ri.;div..rit oad ta nea'ur.n.at Ptiac.6n

univcBiry Pr$, ftinerm, Ncvtdsev-

M &i.,J.TI- (N2). Edtibt Phdi

ol t4ts. Fttins Fder ni4 rddto

kt m

^t

o

^:

b ts.tias

^co

Mtia..ibtu t S{ri.,4 PtuliPrt.i MS Tt*h

97

Mrrd.Bletn, T.L, & S.C. Sde.

^(20112).

Bdt.amt

2002:

Fitl'tt p.d,$bic\'y Metopolir!.

^uthorjrY

(SBMA),

sti.t s.c.l2{6.t. Dietaa iabis

^oJ

tua

ht dnn d n-rconiB ,ttiai far.3

@e$H !'.nt stbi.

^Bat

Philiqtq.

MS

ftei& Uii!4iry orMotu

tJ's. (M\ Fton atude n

entury:

ftuI

zpod, Tn. subic Bty hr.ct

^d

AE

Mda€@d Plm Pbj.c. subic Bay

N{ebopolibAurr@tY,E olo8YCmb

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