Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the

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COMPARATIVE ADSORPTION OF COPPER(lI) AND LEAD(II) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ON SOURSOP (Annona muricata)

LEAVES

NUR SABARINA SYABIRAH BINTI MOBD FATBI

Final Year Project Report Submitted in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the

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ABSTRACT

COMPARATIVE ADSORPTION OF COPPER(II) AND LEAD(II) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ON SOURSOP(Annona muricata)LEAVES

The investigation regarding the potential of soursop (Annona muricata) leaves as an adsorbent for the comparatives removal of Cu2⁺and Pb2⁺ions from aqueous solutions was conducted. The influence of pH, dosage, contact time and initial metal concentrations were studies in batch experiments at room temperature (298 K). The AML used in this study was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The presence of - OH, -NHz, C=S, -CO, and c=o groups was presented during analysis of FTIR spectra. One of the main mechanisms for the removal of Cu2⁺ and Pb2⁺ was complexation as indicated by FTIR spectra. The pHzpc value of the AML was 5.98 and the maximum metal adsorption was at pH 5. The result at effect of dosage also indicated that the percentage removal of heavy metal ions (Cu2+and Pb2+) was increasing with the increasing of amount of dosage. From the result, it is showed that the maximum percentage removal for Pb2+ ( 97.98%) is higher compared to Cu2+

(82%). The adsorption for both heavy metal ions was rapid at the first 5 minutes of contact, however slowly achieved the equilibrium time at 45 minutes agitation.

Kinetic studies showed good correlation coefficient for the Pseudo-second order kinetic model. Meanwhile, Langmuir model was indicated to be more fitted than Freundlich model for the equilibrium data which gives R2 = 0.9987 for Cu2+ion and R2 = 0.9515 for Pb2⁺ion. Based on the FTIR spectra, kinetic and isotherm studies, it can be concluded that the higher adsorption of heavy metal ions onto the AML is Cu2+ion.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iv

LIST OF TABLES VI

LIST OF FIGURES

vii

LIST OF ABBREAVIATIONS IX

LIST OF SYMBOLS X

ABSTRACT Xl

ABSTRAK XlI

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.1.1 Heavy Metals 1

1.1.2 Copper and

Lead

2 1.2 Problem statement 3

1.3 Scope of study 5

1.4 Objectives of the study 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concept of adsorption 6

2.1.1 Adsorption process 6

2.1.2 Mechanism of adsorption 8

2.2 Agricultural or plant materials as adsorbents 8 2.2.1 Pine cone powder and Meranti sawdust 9

2.2.2 Fruit shell biomass 11

2.2.3 Cellulose 12

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Materials 14

3.2 Chemical Preparations 15

3.3 Adsorbent preparation 15

3.4 Characterization of

Annona muricata

(soursop) leaves 16

3.5 Effect of pH 16

3.6 Adsorption isotherm ofPb(II) and Cu(II) 17

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendations

CITED REFERENCES CURRICULUM VITAE

49 50

51

56

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Table Caption

LIST OF TABLES

Page

2.1

The differences of chemisorption and physisorption

7 4.2

The uptake of Cu²+and Pb²+ions by AML under various pH

27

values

4.3

Percentage removal (%) of Cu²+and Pb²+at different dosage

28 4.4

Pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic model

37

parameters onto AML at different initial concentration

4.5

Adsorption isotherm model parameters for Cu²+and Pb²+ions

47

onto AML at different initial concentration