A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Electrical Power Engineering)

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Design of DC - AC Inverter Using Microcontroller PIC Control

By

QAIS HAMID JEFLAWI (1432221159)

School of Electrical Systems Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

2015

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentially or restriction.

DECLARATION OF THESIS

Author’s full name : QAIS HAMID JEFLAWI

Date of birth : 21/02/1979

Title Title : Design of DC - AC Inverter Using Microcontroller PIC Control

Academic Session : 2014-2015

I hereby declare that the thesis becomes the property of Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) and to be placed at the library of UniMAP. This thesis is classified as :

CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*

RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done)*

OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis is to be made immediately available as hard copy or on-line open access (full text)

I, the author, give permission to the UniMAP to reproduce this thesis in whole or in part for the purpose of research or academic exchange only (except during a period of _____ years, if so requested above).

Certified by:

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DEDICATION

To My Father and Beloved My Mother

To Dears My Uncle (Dr. Amer Dahham) and My Aunt (Ali’s Mother) To Dear My Wife and My Sons (Mohammed- Fatima)

To All My Brothers and Sisters

& All My Friends.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

(In The Name Of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful)

I would like grateful to Allah for providing me with his generosity and blessing to finish this research.

I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to (Dr. Abadal-Salam T.

Hussain) not only for his valuable advice, guidance and supervision, but also for theoretical and practical knowledge that I gained from his design for inverter system.

I would also like to thank for Dean School of Electrical Power Engineering and Postgraduate Chairman School of Electrical Power Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), to help and support me in overcoming the difficulties that we face to complete the project perfectly.

I would like to extend my thanks to all my lecturers in School of Electrical Power Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), for shearing me all knowledge that some of it has been very beneficial to achieve this work.

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Last but not least, I would like to extend deepest gratitude to all my family members for their support and endless moral inspiration and encouragement to overcome all the obstacles to completing this research. And I would like to thank in particular to my wife and my sons (Mohammed- Fatima), who has provided moral support and stand by my side to complete the project.

And especially I would like to extend deepest gratitude to my dear uncle (Dr. Amer Dahham), who has provided moral support and stand by my side to complete the project.

And I would like to thank in particular to my brothers (Ali Amer Dahham, Omer Hamid, Bahaa Hamed, Zaidon Hamid and All my sisters.)

And I would like to thank for all my friends.

To my beloved mother and father

“1 would not achieve this without both of you”

THANK YOU

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

THESIS DECLARATION PAGE DEDICATION I ACKNOWLEDGMENT II TABLE OF CONTENTS IV

LIST OF TABLES VI

LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF ABBREVIATION SYMBOL IX

ABSTRAK XI ABSTRACT XII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Project 1

1.2 Problem Statement 3

1.3 Objectives of the Project 4

1.4 Scope of the Project 5

1.5 Significance of the Project 5

1.6 Project Organization 6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Inverter 7

2.3 Classification of Inverters 8

2.3.1 Modified Sine Wave 8

2.3.2 Pure Sine Wave 9

2.3.3 Pulse width modulation 1 PAGE I II IV VI VII IX XI XII

1 1 3 4 5 5 6

7 7 7 8 8 9 10

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2.3.4 H Bridge Configuration 14

2.3.5 Microcontroller 16

2.4 Previous Studies 18

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 28

DC– AC Inverter Create Design 28

3.1 Introduction 28

3.2 Inverter circuit's construction 30

3.2.1 Microcontroller PIC 16F877A 31

3.2.2 ULN2803 Junction 36

3.2.3 HCC / HCF 4069 UB Hex Inverter 37

3.2.4 Resistor Ladder 560R 39

3.2.5 Amplifier 41

3.2.6 Crystal oscillator 43

3.2.7 Voltage Regulator 44

3.2.8 Transformer 44

3.3 Rated Work. 46

3.3.1 Inverter circuit simulation using proteus software 46

3.3.2 Inverter Circuit Hardware 46

3.3.3 Layout and PCB board 49

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 54

4.1 Introduction 54

4.2 Inverter Circuit Design 54

4.3 Application & Results 61

4.3.1 Simulation Results 63

4.3.2 Implementation Results 65 14 16 18 28 28 28 30 31 36 37 39 41 43 44 44 46 46 46 49

54 54 54 61 63 63 65

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4.4 Conclusions 67

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 69

5.1 Conclusion 69

5.2 Future work 71

REFERENCES 72

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C

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LIST OF TABLE

NO PAGE

1.1 Intelligent Power Functions 2

2.1 Valid H- bridge switch state 15

3.1 Main Electronic components of inverter circuit 30

3.2 PIC16F877A device features 36

3.3 Main characteristics of hex inverters 39

3.4 Advantage of using PIC Microcontroller in Inverter Circuit 48

4.1 Result of Inverter Circuit from Simulation 63

4.2 Inverter Circuit Test Results 65 PAGE 2 15 30 36 39 48 63 65

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LIST OF FIGURES

NO PAGE

2.1 Output waveform for modified sine wave 9

2.2 Output waveform for pure sine wave. 10

2.3 Output waveform for PWM 12

2.4 Three level PWM 13

2.5 H- Bridge Configuration using N Channel MOSFETs 14

2.6 System of study 19

2.7 Blocking diagram for power system 20

2.8 Block diagram of GTI 21

2.9 Block diagram of the inverter 22

2.10 SVPWM system 24

3.1 Flowchart for Methodology Process 29

3.2 Block diagram of a basic microprocessor system 32

3.3 Pin diagrams for PIC 16F877A 34

3.4 PIC16F877A program execution block diagram 35

3.5 Pin diagrams for ULN2803 37

3.6 Pin diagrams for Hex Inverter 38

3.7 Dynamic electrical Characteristics and Waveforms 38

for Hex Inverter 3.8 Resistor Schematic (R2R) Circuit 41

3.9 Operational Amplifier 42

3.10 Crystal simple and equivalent circuit 43

3.11 Voltage regulator equivalent circuit 44

3.12 Transformer equivalent circuit 45 PAGE 9 10 12 13 14 19 20 21 22 24 29 32 34 35 37 38 38

41 42 43 44 45

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3.13 Design system of inverter system 47

3.14 Layout of inverter circuit implementation 50

3.15 Project progress flowchart 51

3.16 Inverter system flowchart for the project 52

4.1 Schematic diagram of inverter circuit 55

4.2 Simulated circuit of inverter 56

4.3 Implementation circuit of inverter circuit 57

4.4 Signal generator in microcontroller PIC 59

4.5 Hex inverter schematic and output waveforms 60

4.6 Pure sine wave output 62

4.7 Simulated sine wave output of the inverter circuit 64

4.8 Obtained sine wave output of the inverter circuit 66

4.9 Obtained sine wave output of the inverter circuit 66

4.10 Output Sine wave form oscillator circuit 67 47 50 51 52 55 56 57 59 60 62 64 66 66 67

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

PIC AC ADC BJT CSI DAC DC DMC EDLC EMI EPROM FPGA GSPS GTO HCC4069 HCF4069 HF IGBT MBC MCT MIPs MOSFET MSPWM

Peripheral Interface Controller Alternating Current

Analog Digital Converter Bipolar Junction Transistor Current Source Inverter Digital to Anulog Converter Direct Current

Dynamic Matrix Control

Electric Double-Layer Capacitor Electro Magnetic Interference

Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Field Programmable Gate Array

Giga samples per second Gate Turn off Thyristor Extended Temperature Range Intermediate Temperature Range High Frequency

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Multilevel Boost Converter Mos Controlled Thyristor Million Instructions per Second

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor Modified Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

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PWM RAM RC RCD RMS SHEPWM SIT SoC SPWM SVPWM THD UART UPS VSI

Printed Circuit Board Pulse Width Modulation Random Access Memory Resistor Capacitor Resistor Capacitor Diode Root Mean Square

Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation Static Induction Transistor

System-on-a-Chip

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Total Harmonic Distortion

Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Uninterruptible Power Supply

Voltage Source Inverter

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Reka bentuk DC - AC Inverter menggunakan pengawal mikro PIC kawalan

ABSTRAK

Projek ini bertujuan untuk mereka bentuk satu fasa gelombang sinus DC-AC kuasa penyongsang bersepadu dengan pengawal mikro (PIC16F877A), simulasi dengan menggunakan perisian Proteus dan pelaksanaan litar penyongsang dan membincangkan hasil kepada output AC kualiti kuasa input DC bekalan kuasa. Ia melibatkan penjanaan isyarat unipolar menggunakan pengaturcaraan untuk Interface Programmable Komputer (PIC) dan hex penyongsang. Kawalan ke atas output dengan untuk menggunakannya untuk memodulasi yang 12 V DC ke AC 230 V dan kekerapan yang stabil (50 Hz).

Tumpuan diberikan kepada mereka bentuk sistem inverter adalah murah, lebih stabil, sistem yang cekap tinggi dan licin penyongsang gelombang sinus. Penyelidikan ini membantu perkhidmatan elektrik syarikat kuasa yang berbeza-beza kerana pelbagai faktor termasuk reka bentuk grid kuasa, ciri-ciri pelindung, sistem kuasa amalan penyelenggaraan dan cuaca yang teruk dan ketersediaan sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui. Keputusan simulasi adalah hasil kejayaan penyongsangan.

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Design of DC - AC Inverter Using MicrocontrollerPIC Control

ABSTRACT

This project aims to design single-phase sine wave DC-AC power inverter integrated with a microcontroller (PIC16F877A), simulated by using proteus software and implementation inverter circuit and discuss the result to output AC power quality an input DC power supply. It involves generating of unipolar signals using programming to Programmable Interface Computer (PIC) and hex inverter. Control on output to use them to modulate a 12 V DC to 230 V AC with stable frequency (50 Hz). The focus is on designing inverter system is an inexpensive, more stable, high efficient system and smooth sine wave inverter because of the reliability of power company electricity service varies greatly due to many factors including the design of the power grid, protective features, power system maintenance practices and severe weather and availability of renewable energy sources . The results of simulation were successful results of inversion.

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1 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Project

Today, inverters are widely used in many application. low voltage DC sources;

batteries, PV panels are usually integrated into inverters to provide AC power for running appliances and devices. For example, electrical power from a cars battery can be converted to turn on a laptop computer, TV and cell phone ( Lima, 2010). Therefore, DC- AC inverter circuit design is proposed in this project. The target is converts the DC voltage source to AC voltage source with higher efficiently.

There are many different type of DC- AC inverters in a markets. However, they are principally different types of AC outputs generated; the first is called a modified sine wave and the second is called a pure sine wave type. The modified sine wave type normally produces a square wave rather than sine wave form. This type of inverters passes a fixed DC voltage for certain period of time, so that the average voltage and rms voltages will be similar to sine wave form. These inverters are known to be of low-cost, while pure sine wave inverters are more expensive. Thus, these inverters are considered as good alternate. (Narendiran, 2013)

The pure sine wave inverter type produces a sine wave output that is similar to the incoming power. Therefore, pure sine wave inverters are recommended to be used with sensitive devices. However, a modified sine wave used in laser printers, desktop or laptop

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computers, digital clocks, power tools, and medical equipment that may cause damage.

(Abatan, 2010)

The manner in which the DC voltage power is inverted to AC voltage by using inverter circuit using microcontroller PIC16F877A to control and generate a stable sine wave at a constant frequency. Can be used in electrical application to reduce the bad effects of a change in frequency for the electrical hardware. This form of AC power including fluorescent lights and running inductive loads also reduces an audio noise in devices such as devices such as AC type of motors are faster and more softly because of the lower harmonic deformation. That is an intelligent inverters are available in the markets now a days. Microcontroller (PIC) Technologies offers a exhaustive list for the tasks of an smart inverter, as shown in Table 1.1

Table 1.1: Intelligent Power Functions (Abatan, 2010) Digital On/Off control for low standby power

Power supply sequencing and hot-swap control Programmable soft-start profile

Power supply history logging and fault management Output voltage margining

Current fold back control Load sharing and balancing Regulation reference adjustment

Compensation network control and adjustment Full digital control of power control loop

Communications for status monitoring and control AC RMS voltage measurement

Power factor correction

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Microcontroller based circuits are designed for both ON/OFF applications. These circuits were operating with uninterruptable power supplies (UPS). The main purpose is to supply an AC power to loads. They work as generators or a wall outlets to supply a constant energy when the major source of AC power goes offline. (Online, 2010)

Many technologies are performed to meet the work above. Computers and microcontrollers are used to control those applications . Inverters of square wave, modified sine wave and pure sine wave are used to acomplish the power supply task with certain reliability. Microcontroller circuitry exploit timer and op-amps to measure voltage and current in these systems depending on the requirements for loading.

Similarly, they are applied to the battery charging circuitry. (Online, 2006 & 2010)

1.2 Problem Statement

In markets today, there are many types of power inverter circuits. Starts from a very expensive to very cheap devices with different quality, efficiency, and ability for power output. However, devices with high quality and efficiency are highly competitive in the market despite its high cost. High and pure sine wave inverters with high power capability digital ingredients are very expensive. The modified sine wave units can be considered so effective because there are not many processes perform in the output waveform. Nevertheless, the output result are waveform with many harmonic affecting responsive equipment such as medical monitors. Much kinds of inverters are considered as low-priced devices with a square waveform output.

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The problem statement is to fill niches in the power inverter markets. Therefore, a

quite efficient, cheap inverter with a pure stable sine wave output using microcontroller (PIC16F877A) and analog ingredients is proposed. The expected output will be a soft sine wave with low cost that comes with an analog approach.

1.3 Objectives of the Project

The Objectives of this project is to design an inverter that can be derived by 12 V battery and can be used to operate AC loads while minimizing the conventional inverter cost and complexity using microcontroller PIC 16F877A. The system’s main properties are:

 To design a circuit based on microcontroller PIC for DC-AC inverter and simulate using proteus software

 To produce a pure sine wave, smooth sine wave, stable frequency wave (50 Hz) with THD less than 4.3% depending on the IEEE 519- 1992 requirements standard to used on many application as connect with distribution panel and used for AC sensitive machines and household appliances at the absence of main AC power supply.

 To implementation 12 V DC- 230 V AC inverter circuit using microcontroller PIC16F877A and get on smooth sine wave.

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5 1.4 Scope of the Project

To complete the design for this project, a single inverter using microcontroller (PIC 16F877A) is proposed. The scope is an experimental based simulation and produced hardware. The project scope determines the power inverter characteristic involved, and a microcontroller source code will be developed. Then, the source code will be implemented todigita pulse the switch of power inverter digitally. Finally, the inverter at fundamental frequency to a 50 Hz is maintained.

1.5 Significance of the Project

The conversion of the voltage source from a DC voltage to AC voltage in an efficient manner is proposed in this project. It mainly focuses on the power inverter of DC-AC. Many applications of inverter input source panels are being converted to run AC devices or appliances such as batteries, fuel cells.

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6 1.6 Project Organization

This project report is divided into five chapters.

Chapter 1 presents the background, objectives, problem statement, the scope of the study and the significance of the sudy.

Chapter 2 goes on to deal with the types of inverters and relevant literature review.

Previous studies related to the present studies are clearly summarized and critically reviewed.

Chapter 3 describes the research methodology. It gives a full description of the whole process on how the current project is conducted in sequence. Therefore, all progresses regarding simulation, inverter design with microcontroller PIC, programming PIC and hardware development are presented in this chapter. Regarding circuit and sequencing control is also described in this chapter.

Chapter 4 reports the results. Discussed of inverter circuit design and the results of this study is also discussed and compared with those of previous studies in this chapter.

The circuit was successful to generate a pure sine wave, smooth sine wave, stable frequency wave (50 Hz) with THD less than 4.3% depending on the IEEE 519- 1992 requirements standard.

Chapter 5 ends with the project summary. Suggestions, commercialization potential in possible future studies are also presented in this section.

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7 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter describes type of inverters and baesic for inverters and many of the past studies on inverter circuits and a number of cases which discussed it and the problems which they have studied and their solutions them and the results for those cases.

And discussed the use of microcontroller circuit (PIC family) in inverter circuits. Among these the following studies:-

2.2 Inverter

An inverter is a device that converts the DC sources to AC sources. The purpose of a DC-AC power inverter is typically to take DC power supplied by batteries system or renewable energy, such as a 12 V car battery, and transform it into a 230 or 240 V AC power source operating at 50 Hz, simulating the power available at an ordinary household electrical outlet. Inverters are used in applications such as adjustable-speed ac motor drivers, Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) and AC appliances run from an automobile battery. Inverter system used in remote areas when the cost of transmission line is very high and the renewable energy in that area is available such as sped of wind, sunlight,provides waste, fuel cells and etc. And it is used as an energy source in the state of interruption of electrical energy suddenly or in the types.

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8 2.3 Classification of Inverters

On the market today there are two different types of inverters:

 Modified Square Wave (Modified Sine Wave)

 Pure Sine Wave (True Sine Wave)

These inverters differ in their outputs, providing varying levels of efficiency and distortion that can affect electronic devices in different ways.

2.3.1 Modified Sine Wave

A modified sine wave is similar to a square wave but instead has a “stepping” look to it that relates more in shape to a sine wave. This can be seen in Figure 1, which displays how a modified sine wave tries to emulate the sine wave itself. The waveform is easy to produce because it is just the product of switching between three values at set frequencies, thereby leaving out the more complicated circuitry needed for a pure sine wave hence provides a cheap and easy solution to powering devices that need AC power. However it does have some drawbacks as not all devices work properly on a modified sine wave, products such as computers and medical equipment are not resistant to the distortion of the signal and must be run off of a pure sine wave power source modified sine wave inverters approximate a sine wave and have low enough harmonics that do not cause problem with household equipment’s. The main disadvantage of the modified sine wave inverter is that peak voltage varies with the battery voltage. The output waveform as shown in Figuer 2.1

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Figuer 2.1: Output waveform formodified sine wave

2.3.2 Pure Sine Wave

Pure sine wave inverter represents the latest inverter technology. The waveform produced by these inverters is same as or better than the power delivered by the utility.

Usually sine wave inverters are more expensive than the modified sine wave inverters due to their added circuitry.

There are two methods in which the low voltage DC power is inverted to AC power;

1. The low voltage DC power is first boosted to high voltage power source using a DC-DC booster then converted to AC power using pulse width modulation.

2. The low voltage DC power is first converted to AC power using pulse width modulation then boosted to high AC voltage using a boost transformer.

The second method is used in modern inverters extensively because of its ability to produce a constant output voltage compared to the first method that require additional circuit to boost the voltage.

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