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Universlti Utara Malaysia
HUBUNGAN SISTEM AMARAN AWAL BANJIR DENGAN TAHAP KESEDIAAN MASYARAKAT MENGHADAPI
BENCANA BANJIR DI PANTAI TIMUR SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA
NURUL AINI BINTI MEHAT
DOKTOR FALSAFAH
UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA 2019
Universlti Utara Malaysia
HUBUNGAN SISTEM AMARAN AWAL BANJIR DENGAN TAHAP KESEDIAAN MASYARAKAT MENGHADAPI
BENCANA BANJIR DI PANTAI TIMUR SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA
NURUL AINI BINTI MEHAT
Tesis ini dikemukakan ke Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government, bagi memenuhi syarat Penganugerahan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Universlti Utara Malaysia
Universlti Utara Malaysia
Universlti Utara Malaysia
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KEBENARAN MENGGUNA
Dalam membentangkan tesis ini, bagi memenuhi syarat sepenuhnya untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah (Ph.D) Universiti Utara Malaysia, saya bersetuju bahawa Perpustakaan Universiti boleh secara bebas membenarkan sesiapa sahaja untuk memeriksa. Saya juga bersetuju bahawa penyelia saya atau jika ketiadaannya, Dekan Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government (GSGSG) diberi kebenaran untuk membuat salinan tesis ini dalam sebarang bentuk, sama ada keseluruhannya atau sebahagiannya, bagi tujuan kesarjanaan. Adalah dimaklumkan bahawa sebarang penyalinan atau penerbitan atau kegunaan tesis ini sama ada sepenuhnya atau sebahagian daripadanya bagi tujuan keuntungan kewangan, tidak dibenarkan kecuali setelah mendapat kebenaran bertulis dari saya. Juga dimaklumkan bahawa pengiktirafan harus diberikan kepada saya dan Universiti Utara Malaysia dalam sebarang kegunaan kesarjanaan terhadap sebarang petikan daripada tesis saya.
Sebarang permohonan untuk menyalin atau menggunakan mana-mana bahan dalam tesis ini, sama ada sepenuhnya atau sebahagiannya hendaklah dialamatkan kepada:
Dekan (Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government) UUM Kolej Undang-undang, Kerajaan dan Pengajian Antarabangsa
Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok Kedah Darul Aman
Universlti Utara Malaysia
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ABSTRACT
Masalah kesediaan anggota masyarakat di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia menghadapi bencana banjir masih wujud sekalipun sistem amaran awal bencana banjir telah sekian lama beroperasi. Objektif kajian yang pertama ialah menentukan tahap kesediaan anggota masyarakat mengenai sistem amaran awal bencana banjir, kedua, menilai hubungan sistem amaran awal dengan kesediaan anggota masyarakat Kelantan dan Terengganu dan ketiga menganalisis perbezaan kesediaan diri masyarakat menghadapi bencana banjir. Sampel kajian melibatkan 1,536 orang dari empat buah daerah iaitu Kota Bharu, Kuala Krai, Kuala Terengganu dan Kemaman.
Kaji selidik ini dianalisis menggunakan teknik deskriptif, korelasi Pearson dan ANOVA sehala mengikut keperluan setiap objektif kajian. Dapatan kajian utama menunjukkan bahawa masyarakat Terengganu mempunyai tahap kesediaan yang lebih tinggi iaitu 91.51 peratus berbanding masyarakat Kelantan iaitu 88.01 peratus dalam menghadapi bencana banjir. Hasil kajian kedua mendapati kesemua hubungan bagi kedua-dua negeri menerima H1 dan Kelantan mempunyai hubungan signifikan yang lebih tinggi iaitu r=.661 berbanding Terengganu iaitu r=.566. Hasil kajian ketiga mendapati perbezaan tentang kesediaan masyarakat menghadapi bencana banjir bagi kesediaan kognitif wujud 10 peratus perbezaan yang signifikan; afektif wujud tujuh peratus perbezaan yang signifikan; dan psikomotor wujud hanya 11 peratus perbezaan yang signifikan. Oleh itu, dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa sistem amaran awal mempengaruhi kesediaan masyarakat yang baik dalam menghadapi bencana banjir akan tetapi kemusnahan harta benda dan kehilangan nyawa masih meningkat. Maka kajian berpendapat terdapat lain-lain faktor yang mungkin menyebabkan masalah kehilangan nyawa dan kerosakan harta benda berlaku. Justeru kajian ini mencadangkan program-program kesedaran dan pendidikan awal mengenai bencana banjir perlu dipertingkatkan bagi mengubah kesediaan masyarakat yang rendah untuk lebih bersifat positif dalam berdepan sebarang kemungkinan bencana banjir pada masa akan datang.
Katakunci: Kesediaan Masyarakat, Sistem Amaran Awal, Banjir, Pengurusan Bencana Banjir, Malaysia.
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ABSTRACT
The problem of community readiness in facing flood disaster in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia still exists even though flood’s early warning system has long been operating. The objectives of the study are first, to determine the level of readiness of the community members about the flood’s early warning system.
Second, to evaluate the relationship between the flood’s early warning system with the Kelantan and Terengganu community’s readiness and third, to analyze the difference in the community’s readiness in facing flood disaster. The sample of the study involves 1,536 people from four districts namely Kota Bharu, Kuala Krai, Kuala Terengganu and Kemaman. The data were analyzed using the descriptive techniques, Pearson correlation and ANOVA one way based on the research objectives. With regard to research objective one, the finding shows that Terengganu community has a higher readiness level of 91.51 percent compared to Kelantan community, which is 88.01 percent. With regard to research objective two, the results show that all relationships between the two states received H1 and Kelantan has higher significant relationship, i.e., r =.661 compared to Terengganu, i.e., r
=.566. Finally, with regard to research objective three, the results show that the difference in the community’s readiness to face the flood disaster for cognitive readiness significantly exists at 10 percent; affective difference significantly exists at seven percent; and the psychomotor difference significantly exists at 11 percent.
Hence, the findings show that early warning system affects the community’s readiness in facing flood disaster but the destruction of property and the loss of life is still on the rise. Thus the study opines that there are other factors that may cause death and property destruction. The study, therefore, suggests that there is a need to improve awareness programs and early education on flood disaster in order to change the community’s readiness which is now at a low level to become more positive in facing any possible flood disaster in the future.
Keywords: Early Warning System, Community Readiness, Flood, Flood Management, Malaysia.
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PENGHARGAAN
Syukur Alhamdulillah! Segala puji bagi Allah SWT., selawat dan salam ke atas Junjungan Besar Nabi Muhammad saw. kerana berkat limpah kurnia dan hidayahNya telah memberi kekuatan semangat serta kesabaran untuk saya menyiapkan Tesis Doktor Falsafah (PhD Pengajian Alam Sekitar). Ucapan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan dan terima kasih kepada Profesor Madya Dr. Tuan Pah Rokiah binti Syed Hussain selaku penyelia, Profesor Madya Dr. Hamidi bin Ismail dan Profesor Madya Dr Zaheruddin bin Othman, pensyarah yang banyak memberikan tunjuk ajar, dorongan dan bantuan kepada saya dalam menyiapkan penulisan tesis ini. Ucapan teristimewa saya tujukan kepada ibu bapa saya, Mehat bin Ahmad dan Fatimah binti Jan, ahli keluarga, Ibraheem Saleh Mokbel Ahmed AlKoliby, Asif Kohat, NurFatihah binti Mohd Khaidzir dan kawan-kawan yang telah banyak membantu dan tidak jemu dalam memberi sokongan, masa, tenaga, kewangan dan doa yang berterusan sehingga saya selesai menyiapkan tesis ini. Ucapan terima kasih ini juga ditujukan kepada pihak Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Terengganu dan Kelantan, penduduk kampung di Daerah Kuala Terengganu, Kemaman, Kota Bharu dan Kuala Krai serta kepada semua yang terlibat sama ada secara langsung atau tidak langsung dalam membantu memberikan data dan sumber maklumat bagi menyiapkan penyelidikan ini. Akhir kata, saya berharap semoga hasil kajian ini dapat memberi manfaat dan faedah kepada saya sendiri, masyarakat dan kerajaan khususnya.
Amin.
Universlti Utara Malaysia
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ISI KANDUNGAN
KEBENARAN MENGGUNA ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT PENGHARGAAN ISI KANDUNGAN SENARAI JADUAL SENARAI RAJAH SENARAI SINGKATAN SENARAI LAMPIRAN
i ii iii iv v x xiv xv xvii
BAB SATU : PENDAHULUAN 1 1.1
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
Pengenalan Latar Belakang
Penyataan masalah Persoalan kajian Objektif kajian Skop kajian
Kepentingan kajian Organisasi penulisan tesis Kesimpulan
1 4 7 10 11 11 14 17 19
BAB DUA : KAJIAN LITERATUR 20 2.1
2.2
2.3
Penge Pengenalan Definisi konseptual
2.2.1 Sistem amaran awal 2.2.2 Kesediaan masyarakat 2.2.3 Banjir
Kejadian bencana banjir
2.3.1 Bencana banjir secara global 2.3.2 Bencana banjir di Malaysia
2.3.3 Kejadian bahaya banjir di lembangan sungai-sungai di 20 20 20 23 27 28 29 32
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2.5 2.6
2.7 2.8
2.9
2.10
Pantai Timur
Pengurusan bencana banjir negara dan mitigasi 2.4.1 Pengurusan bencana banjir negara 2.4.2 Mitigasi banjir
Sejarah pengurusan sistem amaran awal banjir Elemen sistem amaran awal banjir
2.6.1 Pengetahuan risiko
2.6.2 Pemantauan dan amaran banjir 2.6.3 Komunikasi dan penyebaran amaran banjir
2.6.4 Keupayaan tindak balas masyarakat
Kajian lepas mengenai kesediaan masyarakat menghadapi bencana
banjir
Perspektif teori dan model kesediaan masyarakat dan sistem amaran awal
2.8.1 Tinjauan teori kognitif sosial dan keberkesanan diri 2.8.2 Model Pengurangan Risiko
Kerangka konseptual kajian
2.9.1 Pengetahuan 2.9.2 Pengalaman 2.9.3 Pendapat 2.9.4 Perasaan
2.9.5 Minat
2.9.6 Persiapan awal
2.9.7 Kerjasama
2.9.8 Kemampuan kewangan
2.9.9 Pengetahuan risiko
2.9.10 Pemantauan dan amaran banjir 2.9.11 Komunikasi dan penyebaran amaran banjir 2.9.12 Keupayaan tindak balas masyarakat Kesimpulan
35 38 38 40 44 47 47 55 62 70 77 83
85 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 96 97 98 98 99 100 100 102
BAB TIGA : KAWASAN DAN METOD KAJIAN 103
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3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Pengenalan
Pemilihan kawasan kajian
3.2.1 Jajahan Kuala Krai 3.2.2 Jajahan Kota Bharu
3.2.3 Daerah Kuala Terengganu
3.2.4 Daerah Kemaman
Metodologi kajian
3.3.1 Reka bentuk kajian
3.3.2 Jenis data dan instrumen kajian
Persampelan kajian
3.4.1 Kerangka persampelan
3.4.2 Proses-proses kajian lapangan Teknik analisis
3.5.1 Kajian rintis
3.5.2 Prosedur analisis data kaji selidik
3.5.3 Teknik analisis kajian bagi data kaji selidik Kesimpulan
103 104 104 113 121 129 136 137 137 140 140 143 145 146 148 148 154
BAB EMPAT : DAPATAN KAJIAN 155 4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Pengenalan Profil responden
4.2.1 Latar belakang responden Negeri Kelantan 4.2.2 Profil responden Negeri Terengganu
Tahap kesediaan masyarakat secara keseluruhan bagi Negeri Kelantan dan Terengganu
4.3.1 Tahap kesediaan masyarakat terhadap sistem amaran awal banjir di Negeri Kelantan
4.3.2 Tahap kesediaan masyarakat terhadap sistem amaran awal banjir di Negeri Terengganu
Pengaruh sistem amaran awal Banjir terhadap kesediaan masyarakat
4.4.1 Senario di Negeri Kelantan 4.4.2 Senario di Negeri Terengganu
155 156 156 165 173 174 209 243 244 255 272
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viii 4.5
4.6
4.4.3 Perbandingan antara Negeri Kelantan dan Terengganu Perbezaan kesediaan diri masyarakat berasaskan kepada latar belakang responden bagi menghadapi bencana banjir di Negeri Kelantan dan Terengganu
4.5.1 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan negeri
4.5.2 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan daerah
4.5.3 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan kawasan
4.5.4 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan umur
4.5.5 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan bangsa
4.5.6 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan agama
4.5.7 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan jenis kediaman
4.5.8 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan tempoh menetap
4.5.9 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan status pemilikan rumah
4.5.10 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan pendidikan
4.5.11 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan pekerjaan
4.5.12 Perbezaan kesediaan menghadapi bencana banjir berdasarkan bilangan isi rumah
Kesimpulan
281
281 283 287 288 290 292
296 299 301 304 307 309 312
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BAB LIMA : RUMUSAN KAJIAN 313 5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4 5.5
Pengenalan
Perbincangan hasil dan kaitannya dengan objektif serta penyataan masalah kajian
5.2.1 Objektif pertama: Menentukan tahap kesediaan anggota masyarakat mengenai sistem amaran awal bencana banjir 5.2.2 Objektif kedua: Mengenal pasti hubungan sistem amaran
awal dengan kesediaan anggota masyarakat Kelantan dan Terengganu
5.2.3 Objektif ketiga: Menganalisis perbezaan kesediaan diri masyarakat berasaskan kepada latar belakang responden bagi menghadapi bencana banjir
5.2.4 Dapatan kajian dan kaitannya dengan penyataan masalah 5.2.5 Cadangan Kajian
Implikasi kajian
5.3.1 Implikasi kepada lompang keilmuan 5.3.2 Implikasi kajian kepada kerangka konseptual kajian
5.3.3 Implikasi kepada masyarakat
5.3.4 Implikasi kajian kepada Dasar semasa dan Arahan 20, MKN
5.2.5 Kesimpulan
Cadangan kajian pada masa akan datang Penutup
313 313 313 316
320
326 329 333 333 339 341 342 344 345 346
RUJUKAN 347
LAMPIRAN 381
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SENARAI JADUAL
Jadual 3.1 Jadual 3.2 Jadual 3.3 Jadual 3.4 Jadual 3.5 Jadual 3.6 Jadual 4.1 Jadual 4.2 Jadual 4.3 Jadual 4.4 Jadual 4.5 Jadual 4.6 Jadual 4.7 Jadual 4.8 Jadual 4.9 Jadual 4.10 Jadual 4.11 Jadual 4.12 Jadual 4.13 Jadual 4.14 Jadual 4.15 Jadual 4.16 Jadual 4.17 Jadual 4.18 Jadual 4.19 Jadual 4.20 Jadual 4.21 Jadual 4.22 Jadual 4.23
Jumlah Penduduk Dan Unjuran Mengikut Daerah 2000- 2020
Kepadatan Penduduk Di Daerah Kuala Krai Corak Guna Tanah Di Jajahan Kuala Krai 2014
Corak Guna Tanah Di Kuala Terengganu Bagi Tahun 2008 Dan 2020
Senarai Daerah, Jumlah Populasi Dan Taburan Jumlah Sampel
Kebolehpercayaan Item Kaji Selidik (Ujian Rintis) Taburan Responden Mengikut Mukim
Taburan Responden Mengikut Umur Taburan Responden Mengikut Bangsa Taburan Responden Mengikut agama
Taburan Responden Mengikut Jumlah Pendapatan Taburan Responden Mengikut Tempoh Menetap Taburan Responden Mengikut Pendidikan Taburan Responden Mengikut Pekerjaan Taburan Responden Mengikut Mukim Taburan Responden Mengikut Umur
Taburan Responden Mengikut Status Perkahwinan Taburan Responden Mengikut Jumlah Pendapatan Taburan Responden Mengikut Tempoh Menetap
Taburan Responden Mengikut Status Pemilikan Rumah Taburan Responden Mengikut Pendidikan
Taburan Responden Mengikut Pekerjaan
Faktor Pengetahuan Terhadap Kesediaan Kognitif Faktor Pengalaman Terhadap Kesediaan Kognitif Faktor Pendapat Terhadap Kesediaan Kognitif Faktor Perasaan Terhadap Kesediaan Afektif Faktor Minat Terhadap Kesediaan Afektif
Faktor Persiapan Awal Terhadap Kesediaan Psikomotor
109 110 112 129 141 147 157 158 159 159 161 162 163 164 166 167 169 170 171 171 172 172 175 178 180 183 186 188 191
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xi Jadual 4.24
Jadual 4.25 Jadual 4.26 Jadual 4.27 Jadual 4.28 Jadual 4.29 Jadual 4.30 Jadual 4.31 Jadual 4.32 Jadual 4.33 Jadual 4.34 Jadual 4.35 Jadual 4.36 Jadual 4.37 Jadual 4.38 Jadual 4.39 Jadual 4.40 Jadual 4.41 Jadual 4.42
Jadual 4.43
Jadual 4.44 Jadual 4.45 Jadual 4.46
Faktor Kerjasama Terhadap Kesediaan Psikomotor Faktor Kemampuan Kewangan Terhadap Kesediaan Pengetahuan Risiko Bencana Banjir
Pemantauan Dan Amaran Banjir
Komunikasi Dan Penyebaran Amaran Banjir Keupayaan Tindak Balas Masyarakat
Pengetahuan Terhadap Kesediaan Kognitif Pengalaman Terhadap Kesediaan Kognitif Pendapat Terhadap Kesediaan Kognitif Perasaan Terhadap Kesediaan Afektif Minat Terhadap Kesediaan Afektif
Persiapan Awal Terhadap Kesediaan Psikomotor Kerjasama Terhadap Kesediaan Psikomotor
Kemampuan Kewangan Terhadap Kesediaan Psikomotor Pengetahuan Risiko Bencana Banjir
Pemantauan Dan Amaran Banjir
Komunikasi dan Penyebaran Amaran Banjir Keupayaan Tindak Balas Mayarakat
Pemboleh Ubah Pengetahuan Risiko Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Pemantauan Dan Amaran Banjir Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Komunikasi Dan Penyebaran Maklumat Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Pengetahuan Risiko Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Sistem Amaran Awal Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Pengetahuan Risiko Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Pemantauan Dan Amaran Banjir Dengan
194 197 201 204 206 210 212 215 216 220 223 226 229 233 235 238 241 245 248
250 252
254 256
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xii Jadual 4.47
Jadual 4.48
Jadual 4.49 Jadual 4.50 Jadual 4.51
Jadual 4.52
Jadual 4.53 Jadual 4.54 Jadual 4.55 Jadual 4.56 Jadual 4.57 Jadual 4.58 Jadual 4.59 Jadual 4.60
Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Komunikasi dan Penyebaran Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Keupayaan Tindak Balas Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Pemboleh Ubah Sistem Amaran Awal Dengan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
Hubungan Pemboleh Ubah Dengan Kesediaan Kognitif, Afektif Dan Psikomotor Masyarakat Di Negeri Kelantan dan Terengganu
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk KesediaanMenghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Negeri Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Daerah
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Kawasan
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Umur
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Bangsa
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Agama
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Jenis Kediaman Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Tempoh Menetap
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Status Pemilikan Rumah
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk
260
263 268
272 280
282
284 287 289 290 293 296 300 302
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Jadual 4.62
Jadual 4.63
Jadual 5.1 Jadual 5.2
Jadual 5.3
KesediaanMenghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Pendidikan
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Pekerjaan
Nilai Taburan Min, SD, F Dan Signifikan Untuk Kesediaan Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Berdasarkan Bilangan Isi Rumah
Tahap kesediaan masyarakat secara keseluruhan bagi Negeri Kelantan dan Terengganu
Matriks Keseluruhan Bagi Hipotesis Korelasi Antara Sistem Amaran Awal Dan Kesediaan Masyarakat Menghadapi Bencana Banjir
Nilai Keseluruhan Bagi Kesediaan Kognitif, Afektif Dan Psikomotor Dan Latar Belakang Responden Bagi Menghadapi Kejadian Bencana Banjir
305
308
310
314 317
321
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SENARAI RAJAH
Rajah 1.1 Rajah 2.1 Rajah 2.2 Rajah 2.3 Rajah 2.4 Rajah 3.1 Rajah 3.2 Rajah 3.3 Rajah 4.1 Rajah 4.2 Rajah 4.3 Rajah 4.4 Rajah 4.5 Rajah 4.6 Rajah 4.7 Rajah 4.8 Rajah 4.9 Rajah 4.10 Rajah 4.11 Rajah 4.12 Rajah 4.13 Rajah 4.14
Organisasi penulisan tesis
Komponen pembentukan konsep kesediaan Teori Kognitif Sosial dan keberkesanan diri Model Pengurangan Risiko
Kerangka konseptual kesediaan masyarakat menghadapi bencana banjir di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia
Kawasan sensitif alam sekitar dan berisiko bencana MDKK Sub lembangan sungai utama yang berpotensi aktif di Negeri Kelantan
Lembangan sungai dalam Daerah Kemaman Taburan responden mengikut jajahan
Taburan responden mengikut kawasan Taburan responden mengikut jantina
Taburan responden mengikut status perkahwinan Taburan responden mengikut jenis kediaman
Taburan responden mengikut status pemilikan rumah Taburan responden mengikut bilangan isi rumah Taburan responden mengikut daerah
Taburan responden mengikut kawasan Taburan responden mengikut jantina Taburan responden mengikut bangsa Taburan responden mengikut agama
Taburan responden mengikut jenis kediaman Taburan responden mengikut bilangan isi rumah
18 26 86 90 91 107 115 132 156 157 158 160 161 163 164 165 166 167 168 168 170 173
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SENARAI SINGKATAN
APA American Psychological Association
ATM Angkatan Tentera Malaysia
CDERT Civil Defence Emergency Response Team
CRED Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
EAS Emergency Alert System
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific EWS Early Warning System / Sistem Amaran Awal
GIS Sistem Maklumat Geografi
GTZ Technical Cooperation Agency HFMD penyakit kaki tangan dan mulut
IDNDR International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction IPCC Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction JICA Agensi Kerjasama Antarabangsa Jepun JKMM Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat Malaysia JPAM Jabatan Pertahanan Awam Malaysia JPBD Jawatankuasa Pengurusan Bencana Daerah JPBD Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa JPBN Jawatankuasa Pengurusan Bencana Negeri JPBP Jawatankuasa Pengurusan Bencana Pusat
JPM Jabatan Perdana Menteri
JPS Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran
KDN Kementerian Dalam Negeri
LSD Least Significant Diffirence
MD Majlis Daerah
MKN Majlis Keselamatan Negara
NADMA/APBN Agensi Pengurusan Bencana Negara
NGO Badan bukan kerajaan
NJ Nisbah Jantina
NP Nisbah pergantungan
PBB Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu
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PRAB Program Ramalan dan Amaran Banjir
PTO Prosedur Tetap Operasi
RELA Ikatan Relawan Rakyat Malaysia
RTJ Rancangan Tempatan Jajahan
RTB Rancangan Tebatan Banjir
SMART Pasukan Mencari dan Menyelamat Khas Malaysia SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
UPE Unit Perancang Ekonomi
WHO World Health Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
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SENARAI LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Rekod kemalangan jiwa bagi banjir 2014 di Negeri Kelantan 381 Lampiran 2 Jumlah rumah rosak seratus peratus di Negeri Kelantan 383 Lampiran 3 Bilangan mangsa yang berpindah ke pusat pemindahan banjir
2014/2015 peringkat 1 dan 2 di Negeri Kelantan
384 Lampiran 4 Rekod Kemalangan Jiwa Bagi Negeri Terengganu dalam
kejadian banjir 2014
385 Lampiran 5 Senarai penilaian kerosakan asset jabatan JPS Terengganu 386 Lampiran 6 Surat Kebenaran menjalankan kajian 387
Lampiran 7 Borang kaji selidik 388
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BAB SATU PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Pengenalan
Bencana banjir yang berlaku boleh memberi kesan mendalam terhadap kematian, kerugian, kemusnahan dan kecederaan kepada penduduk dan organisasi (Aminuddin Ab. Ghani et al. (2012), Bloschl et al. (2017), Kheradmand et al., (2018). Statistik dunia 2004-2015 oleh United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) melaporkan lebih 700 ribu orang kehilangan nyawa, lebih 1.4 juta cedera, 23 juta kehilangan tempat tinggal dan jumlah kerugian ekonomi melebihi US$1.3 trilion akibat bencana (UNISDR, 2015). Dalam Laporan Gap Adaptasi 2016 oleh United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) telah memberi amaran tentang kesan perubahan iklim yang semakin meningkat dan peningkatan kos penyesuaian global menjelang 2030 dan 2050 yang mungkin lebih tinggi daripada yang dijangkakan sekarang iaitu dua hingga tiga kali ganda daripada anggaran global semasa menjelang 2030 dan berpotensi empat hingga lima kali lebih tinggi menjelang 2050 (UNEP, 2016).
Di Malaysia, kos kerugian akibat bencana banjir mencatatkan peningkatan berkali ganda semenjak 1986 dan 2007 masing-masing bernilai US$11.5 dan US$605, manakala pada 2014 kerugian langsung mencecah hampir RM1 bilion setahun dan kerugian tidak langsung melebihi RM2 bilion setahun (JPS, 2016; Khairul Hafifi
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