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INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MONITORING AND FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM

BY

NOR BAZILAH BINTI BOPI

A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Computer and Information

Engineering)

Kulliyyah of Engineering

International Islamic University Malaysia

AUGUST 2017

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ii

ABSTRACT

Natural disasters are inevitable and can be disastrous. Flood has been one of the major and common natural disasters in most countries around the world. In December 2014, Malaysia was struck by a dreadful flood catastrophe and its aftermath was devastated.

Kelantan was severely affected as almost all parts of the state were wrecked by the massive flood. Time management and sufficient data are essential in order to reduce the impacts of the disaster during a state of emergency. Inadequate data and complicated display are a few factors that might distract information gathering process and consequently lead to the delay of necessary actions. This dissertation presents the development of an interactive and informative graphical user interface (GUI) for a river basin monitoring and flood warning system. Based on the previous history, Kelantan has been chosen as the research study area. Its implementation involves an integration of multiple types of data into one fusion center. The proposed tool, Integrated River Basin Monitoring and Flood Warning System, is capable of displaying real-time data of water level (river stage) and rainfall rate measured from 25 hydrological stations in Kelantan. It also provides an access to view tidal predictions for Kelantan waters as well as issues warnings of possible flood occurrences in certain areas. Two solutions were highlighted in this research; a stand- alone application and a web-based application. The stand-alone application provides a GUI for staff of related authorities while the web-based application serves as a means to disseminate the information to the public in the fastest way possible. The whole processes in the development of this first prototype are conducted and performed using open-source software and tools such as Quantum GIS (QGIS), PHP and PostgreSQL as the database. Other powerful software and tools deployed in the development include Visual Basic .NET programming language in freeware Visual Studio 2015 Community environment, HTML and JavaScript. The outcomes of the system shows that both solutions manage to retrieve data from the database, display the latest updated and crucial data in a simple yet easy-to-understand interface and generate appropriate warnings when river stage or rainfall rate surpasses specific limits at particular stations. This system aims to be a useful and reliable river basin monitoring and flood warning system which serves as a one stop information center by providing the critical information. Although monitoring rainfall rate and any drastic changes in river stage at river basin cannot prevent the floods, it may benefit the community as initial flood warnings can be issued before the water reaches the general population.

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iii

ثحبلا ةصلاخ

ABSTRACT IN ARABIC

دق ةثراكلا ةٌعٌبطلا

متحم موؤشمو .

لٌسلاو نم

ربكا ةثراكلا ةٌعٌبطلا

دسفٌو لوح

ضرلأا امئاد

.

ًف ربمٌسٌد

4102

، طبخ اٌزٌلام لٌسلاب

مٌظعلا ب ّرخو

ضعب نكاملأا

اهٌف .

ًفو

،ناتنلك برخ

لٌسلا دٌدشلا

ىلع رٌثك لأا نكام اهنم

. مٌظنت تقولا

تامولعملاو لماكلا

مهم ادج صقنٌل ةداسف

نم لٌسلا

ًف تقولا يرارطضلإا

. ةصقانلا

،تامولعملا مزأتمو

مٌدقت نوكٌ

ببسلا نم

بابسلأا يذلا

انجعزٌ

ًف ةٌلمع عٌمجت

تامولعملا و

انئطبٌ

راتخلإ نسحا

اجرخملا

ًف كاذ تقولا . اذه ثحبلا مدقتل

رٌوطتلا

نع تاقٌبطتاا لعافتملا

فقثمو ةبقارمل

ضوح رهنلا

مٌظنتو راذنلإا

لٌسلا ىمسٌ

( eca(he Ii pUIuhlaG hparG )IUG

ّمع .

ناك

ًف

،قبس ناتنلك راتخم

ًف اذه ثحبلا

.

ًفو

،هقٌبطت نمضتٌ

نع داحّتا رٌثك تامولعملا

ًف لحم دحاو . زاهجلا حرتقم

،

aarGe IrGrhrpWG hoIapaha apr paehIarhsu rhvI apaehrgarGI h،

عٌطتسٌ

نا

مدقٌ

تامولعملا نع يروف

ّدح رهنلا رطملاو سوردم

نم ةسمخ نٌرشعو

تاطحم

ًجولوردٌه

ًف ناتنلك . زاهجلاو عٌطتسٌ

زّهجٌ نا ةلٌسو نٌعت

ؤبنت يرزجلا ىلع

ءاملا ناتنلك عٌطتسٌو

نا رذنٌ

لٌسلا لمتحملا

ًف ضعب نكاملأا . نٌنثا نٌجرخم مدقٌ

ًف اذه ثحبلا

.

،دحاو تاقٌبطت

مئاق

،هتاذب

،ًناثلاو تاقٌبطت

ةمعدم بٌولاب

. تاقٌبطت

مئاق هتاذب مدقٌ

eca

، لماعلل قلعتٌ

،ةموكحلاب تاقٌبطتو

ةمعدم بٌولاب

رشنٌ

تامولعملا عمتجملل

عرسأب ةلٌسولا

. لك تاءارجلإا

رٌوطتل هذه

،تاقٌبطتلا اهنٌوكت

اهقٌبطتو مادختسإب

جمارب ردصم

حوتفم زاهحلاو

نوكٌل ةدعاق

تاناٌب

PHP

.

(

،

ear(h

lIarlIhear

،

و

P are Gr P

.

نسحا جماربلا

زاهجلاو

رخآ

رشتنم

ًف رٌوطت

نمضتٌ

TpalIuh oIapUh usiV

ةغل

ةجمرب ،

ًف جمانربلا

ًناّجملا

TpalIuh rrlrp h

4102 h y IIlaprg

، و

HVaP

، و

tIWIrU pir

جِئاتنلا .

نم اذه مٌظنت مّدقٌ

نأ

امهلاك تاقٌبطت

عٌطتست نا

عجرتسا تامولعملا

نم ةدعاق

،تاناٌب رهظت

تامولعم

ةرخأتم مهأو

تامولعملا ىلإ

لهسا تاقٌبطت مهفتل

لصحٌو مِئلام

راذنلإا امنٌح

ّدح

رهن وا رطم قٌفٌ

دح دودحم

ًف تاطحم .

اذه جمانرب فدهٌ

نوكٌل نسحا

جمانرب

بقارٌل دح

راهنلا راذنلإاو

،لٌسلا نكٌو

لحم تامولعملا راشتنلإل

رطخأ تامولعملا

.

نإو ةبقارملا دح

رطملا ةدشو

بلاقنلإا دح

رهنلا

ًف ضوح رهنلا

لا عٌطتسٌ

لٌسلا لبق لٌس راذنإ ل ّوأ رشنب ،عمتجملا دٌفتسٌ نا نكمٌ نكلاو ،لٌسلا نقحٌل رٌسٌ

ىلإ عمتجملا مهدسفٌو

.

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APPROVAL PAGE

I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science (Computer and Information Engineering).

………..

Suriza binti Ahmad Zabidi Supervisor

………..

Ahmad Fadzil bin Ismail Co-Supervisor

I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science (Computer and Information Engineering).

………..

Hasmah binti Mansor Internal Examiner

………..

Mohd Shahnan bin Zainal Abidin Internal Examiner

This dissertation was submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Computer and Information Engineering).

………..

Anis Nurashikin binti Nordin Head, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

This dissertation was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Engineering and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Computer and Information Engineering).

………..

Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta Dean, Kulliyyah of Engineering

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.

Nor Bazilah binti Bopi

Signature ... Date ...

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COPYRIGHT PAGE

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH

INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MONITORING AND FLOOD WARNING SYSTEM

I declare that the copyright holders of this dissertation are jointly owned by the student and IIUM.

Copyright © 2017 Nor Bazilah binti Bopi and International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved.

No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below

1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.

2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.

3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries.

By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.

Affirmed by Nor Bazilah binti Bopi

……..……….. ………..

Signature Date

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vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All glory is due to Allah, the Almighty, whose Grace and Mercies have been with me throughout the duration of my programme.

Firstly, it is my utmost pleasure to dedicate this work to my dear parents and my family, who granted me the gift of their unwavering belief in my ability to accomplish this goal: thank you for your support and patience.

I wish to express my appreciation and thanks to those who provided their time, effort and support for this project. To the members of my dissertation committee and my comrades, thank you for sticking with me.

Finally, a special thanks to Asst. Prof. Dr. Suriza binti Ahmad Zabidi and Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Fadzil bin Ismail for their continuous support, encouragement and leadership, and for that, I will be forever grateful.

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viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ... ii

Abstract in Arabic ... iii

Approval Page ... iv

Declaration ... v

Copyright Page ... vi

Acknowledgements ... vii

List of Tables ... x

List of Figures ... xi

List of Abbreviations ... xv

List of Symbols ... xvi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 11

1.3 Research Objectives ... 12

1.4 Research Scope ... 12

1.5 Research Methodology... 13

1.6 Dissertation Outline ... 15

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 16

2.1 Introduction ... 16

2.2 Disaster Monitoring and Warning Systems... 16

2.3 Hydrological Station ... 19

2.4 Equipment for Data Measurement ... 21

2.4.1 Equipment for Water Level Data Measurement ... 21

2.4.2 Equipment for Rainfall Data Measurement ... 30

2.5 Telemetry System ... 34

2.6 Existing Malaysian Online River Basin Monitoring and Flood Warning Systems ... 35

2.6.1 InfoBanjir Primary ... 36

2.6.2 Public InfoBanjir ... 42

2.7 Tide Gauge Station ... 47

2.8 Summary of Related Works on Disaster Monitoring and Warning Systems ... 48

2.9 Chapter Summary ... 50

CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT ... 51

3.1 Introduction ... 51

3.2 Software Development Process ... 51

3.3 System Specifications ... 52

3.3.1 Stakeholders ... 53

3.3.2 System Requirement ... 53

3.3.2.1 Functional Requirements ... 53

3.3.2.2 Non-functional Requirements ... 58

3.4 System Design and Development ... 59

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ix

3.4.1 Database Design and Development ... 59

3.4.2 Proposed System Design ... 60

3.4.3 Data Collection Process ... 61

3.4.4 System Development ... 63

3.5 System Testing and Maintenance ... 65

3.6 Software Development Tools ... 66

3.6.1 Visual Basic Programming Language ... 66

3.6.2 QGIS ... 67

3.6.3 PostgreSQL ... 67

3.6.4 WampServer ... 68

3.7 Chapter Summary ... 69

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 70

4.1 Introduction ... 70

4.2 The Stand-alone Application ... 70

4.3 The Web-based Application ... 87

4.4 Chapter Summary ... 96

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 97

5.1 Introduction ... 97

5.2 Conclusion ... 97

5.3 The Limitations of the Proposed System ... 98

5.4 Recommendations ... 98

REFERENCES ... 100

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ... 104

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x

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

1.1 Hydrological Stations and Its Corresponding Information 9

1.2 Tide Gauge Station Information 11

2.1 Summary of Some Related Works 48

3.1 Software Developments Tools 64

4.1 Summary of Menu Buttons and Their Respective Tasks 72

4.2 Rainfall Status Categories 78

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xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page No.

1.1 Inundated Sekolah Kebangsaan Kampung Kerilla in Tanah Merah,

Kelantan during 2014 Flood 2

1.2 A Completely Destructed Bridge at Sungai Neggiri, Gua Musang 3

1.3 Damaged Railways Which Connected Gua Musang and Kuala Krai 4

1.4 „New Moon‟ Phenomenon 5

1.5 River Basin 6

1.6 River Basin and Its Attributes 6

1.7 The State of Kelantan as the Research Area in Malaysia Map 8

1.8 Research Methodology Flowchart 14

2.1 The Hydrological Cycle 20

2.2 Standard Graduated Plastic Plate used in Building a Stick Gauge 22

2.3 Installation of Multiple Stick Gauges at a Station 23

2.4 Installation of Float and Stilling Well 24

2.5 Submersible Pressure Sensor 25

2.6 Submersible Pressure Sensor Attached to a Long Data Cable for a Connection to the External Standalone Data Logger 26

2.7(a) Submersible Pressure Sensor Connected to External Data Logger,

Battery and Solar Panel 27

2.7(b) Submersible Pressure Sensor with On-board Logger and USB/RS-

232 Output 27

2.7(c) Submersible Pressure Sensor with Standalone Data Logger 28

2.8 Gas Bubblers Unit Set-up 28

2.9 Installation of Gas Bubblers System 29

2.10 Ultrasonic Sensor Set-up 30

2.11 Standard 203mm Diameter Rain Gauge 32

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2.12 Standard Measuring Cylinder 32

2.13 A Type of Tipping Bucket used in the Field 33

2.14 Telemetry System for River Level and Rainfall Monitoring 34

2.15 „InfoBanjir Primary‟ Main Page 36

2.16 The Interface When the Cursor is hovered on the 'Online Flood Info'

Menu 37

2.17 A Table of Lists Containing Links to View Stations in Certain States 37 2.18 The Hydrological Stations on the Map of Kelantan 38

2.19 A pop-up Window for Kuala Krai Station 39

2.20 Water Level Data for the State of Kelantan 40

2.21 Rainfall Data for the state of Kelantan - page 1 of 2 41 2.22 Rainfall Data for the state of Kelantan - page 2 of 2 41

2.23 The Main Page of „Public InfoBanjir‟ 42

2.24 A Pop-up Window Appears When the Cursor is hovered on the

Warning Location on the Map 43

2.25 Flood Warnings 44

2.26 WL Warnings 44

2.27 RF Warnings 45

2.28 Flood Forecasts 45

‎2.29 A Table of Water Level and Rainfall Data for the State of Kelantan 46

‎3.1 The flowchart of the Software Development Process 52

‎3.2 The Use Case Diagram for Registered Users (DID, MMD, NSC

staff) 54

‎3.3 The Use Case Diagram for System Administrators 55

‎3.4 The Use Case Diagram for the Civilians 56

‎3.5 The Overall Use Case Diagram By Combining All The Stakeholders

and Their Roles 57

‎3.6 The Overall System Structure 60

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xiii

‎3.7 "waterlevel" sheet 62

‎3.8 "rainfall" sheet 63

‎4.1 The Login Page of the Stand-alone Application 71

‎4.2 Error Message Dialog of Incorrect Username and Password 71

4.3 The Main Page Display for Administrators 72

4.4 The Main Page Display for Regular Registered Users 73 4.5 Pop-up Window of Kuala Krai Station's Information 74

4.6 Water Level Data 76

4.7 Rainfall Data 77

4.8 Tidal Prediction Tables 79

4.9 MMD Weather Forecasts 80

4.10 Display After 'Search Data' Button is Clicked 80 4.11 Data of Air Mulih Station Dated November 15, 2016 81 4.12 A Message Box Informing That the File Has Been Saved 81

4.13 List of Flood Warnings at Affected Stations 82

4.14 Display After 'Manage Account' Button is Clicked 83 4.15 Display After 'Add New User' Button is Clicked 84

‎4.16 A Message Box Appears and The Table Changes After 'Add' button

is Clicked 84

‎4.17 Display After 'Edit User' Button is Clicked 85

‎4.18 Display After 'OK' Button is Clicked 85

‎4.19 Display after A User is Removed 86

‎4.20 Confirming to Log Out of the Application 87

‎4.21 The Web-based Application's Home Page 88

‎4.22 The Home Page with Satellite Image Map 88

‎4.23 Water Level Stations Map 89

‎4.24 A Pop-up Window of Kuala Krai Station on the Map 90

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‎4.25 Up-close Display of Kuala Krai Station's Location 90

‎4.26 The Display of Rainfall Stations Locations and the User‟s Current

Location 91

4.27 Rainfall Stations Map 92

4.28 A Pop-up Window of Kusial Station on the Rainfall Stations Map 92

4.29 Tidal Predictions Tables Display 93

4.30 The Display of Geting Station‟s Information 93

4.31 Water Level Data Table 94

4.32 Rainfall Data Table 95

4.33 Rainfall Intensity Categorization Display 95

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xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACID Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

ASP.NET Active Server Pages .NET

BASIC Beginner‟s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

CSS Cascading Style Sheets

CSV Comma Separated Values

DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage

EIS Enterprise Information System

GIS Geographic Information System

GNU GNU‟s Not Unix

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

GUI Graphical user interface

GSMaP Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation

HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

ICHARM International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management

IFAS International Flood Analysis System

IIS Internet Information Server

IIUM International Islamic University Malaysia

ISP Internet Service Providers

i.e. id est

JPM Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia

JUPEM Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia)

MMD Malaysian Meteorological Department

NSC National Security Council

n.d. no date

ORDBMS object-relational database system

PHP PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

QGIS Quantum GIS

RF Rainfall

RTU Remote Terminal Unit

UHF Ultra High Frequency

US United States

USB Universal Serial Bus

VB Visual Basic

VBA Visual Basic for Application

VB.NET Visual Basic .NET

VHF Very High Frequency

WL Water Level

XML eXtensible Markup Language

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xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

> more than

& and

m meter

mA milliampere

mm millimeter

km kilometer

km2 kilometer square

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY OVERVIEW

Natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes and hurricanes are unpreventable and cannot be avoided. It can cause great damages to certain areas and even loss of many lives. Located near the equator, Malaysia is safe from the threats of earthquakes and hurricanes. However, Malaysia is exposed to the risk of floods, which occur almost every year. Floods are referred to the temporary condition of normally dry areas being submerged by water, as a result of either extremely heavy rain or unusual high tide. In Malaysia, floods usually occur during the Northeast monsoon which takes place around November every year and lasts until March on the next year.

Monsoon is referred to a seasonal change in the direction of the dominant, or intense, winds of a region. Monsoons blow from cold to warm areas (National Geographic, n.d.). Malaysia usually experiences two types of major monsoons every year. The Southwest monsoon season commences in May or early June and ends in September each year, in which it generally shows drier weather compared to the Northeast monsoon. In contrast, the Northeast monsoon brings heavy rainfall to the country, particularly to the east coast states in Peninsular Malaysia such as Kelantan, Terengganu and east Johor as well as Sarawak, which is in the region of East Malaysia (Malaysian Meteorological Department [MMD], n.d.). This heavy rain may cause severe floods to those areas, thus resulting in loss of properties and also lives.

This research is motivated by the flood disaster that has wrecked the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, especially Kelantan in December 2014. It was one of the most

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disastrous misfortunes that have ever occurred in Kelantan, and the most severe since the last massive flood in 1967. The statistics shows that from over 225,000 victims in six states, about 150,000 victims from 36,128 families in Kelantan were involved in the evacuation as their houses are flooded by water and even swept away by the rapid current. 309 relief centres, including schools and multipurpose halls were provided for the devastated victims. Kota Bharu, the capital city of Kelantan became the most affected district by having 44,061 of the victims leaving their residences. Other afflicted districts were Tumpat, Pasir Mas, Kuala Krai, Gua Musang, Machang, Tanah Merah and Pasir Puteh, while three remaining districts in the state were safe from the catastrophe (Astro Awani, 2014). Figure 1.1 shows an inundated school which was opened as a relief centre for the victims in Tanah Merah.

Figure 1.1 Inundated Sekolah Kebangsaan Kampung Kerilla in Tanah Merah, Kelantan during 2014 Flood (Utusan Online, 2015)

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The aftermath of the flood was tremendously devastated. Some of the state‟s infrastructures such as schools, hospitals, buildings, bridges, roads and railways were severely damaged. Thousands of houses were completely destroyed while hundred thousands of the victims went through hard times experiencing the damages and losses of properties, livestock, crops and many others. Some even had to deal with the loss of loved ones. During the giant flood, the victims had to bear with the difficulty of not getting power supply as the electricity was disabled at some places for safety reasons.

In addition, they were also isolated from the outside world due to the unavailability of communication links. Almost all places in Kelantan were knocked out, leaving its people in a huge trauma. The floods left big impacts on the social life and economy of, not only the state, but the country as well. Figure 1.2 represents a completely destructed bridge at Sungai Nenggiri, Gua Musang and Figure 1.3 shows railways which connected Gua Musang and Kuala Krai, damaged due to the flood.

Figure 1.2 A Completely Destructed Bridge at Sungai Nenggiri, Gua Musang (Astro Awani, 2015)

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Figure 1.3 Damaged Railways Which Connected Gua Musang and Kuala Krai (Berita Harian, 2015)

Unusual high tides were considered to be one of the causes for the flood to take place. High tides can be associated with the perigean spring tide, which occurs when the moon‟s position is closest to Earth. The perigean spring tide happens when the moon is in two phases, new moon and full moon. When the moon is in the new phase, the phenomenon is called „new moon‟ phenomenon, whereas it is referred „full moon‟

phenomenon if the moon is in full phase. As the moon is in the closest position to the earth, the distance between them becomes shorter, resulting in a stronger force of gravity onto the sea water by the moon, thus producing abnormal high tides (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce). In 2014, the flood occurred due to the „new moon‟ phenomenon, which occurred right after the extremely heavy downpour of rain (Utusan Online, 2014). The high tide at the river mouth blocked the entrance of the excessive rainwater which flowed from the headwaters through the rivers. Consequently, the water was forced to overflow to the

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land, causing the massive flood. Figure 1.4 depicts the occurrence of the „new moon‟

phenomenon.

Figure 1.4 „New Moon‟ Phenomenon (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce)

In general, river basin is defined as “the area of land from which all surface run-off flows through a sequence of streams, rivers and, possibly, lakes into the sea at a single river mouth, estuary or delta” (European Environment Agency, 2015). Figure 1.5 shows an illustration of a river basin while Figure 1.6 represents the river basin and its attributes. A confluence is referred to the joint of two rivers and a tributary is a flow of smaller rivers to a larger river. Apart from that, a watershed is applied to the areas of highland around the river basin. Other attributes include the source of the river and the river mouth, which is connected to the sea.

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Figure 1.5 River Basin (North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources)

Figure 1.6 River Basin and Its Attributes (Internet Geography)

Flood is the natural phenomenon in which it is beyond the human control to avoid or prevent it. However, several safety measures can be taken into account in order to minimize the cost of damages caused by the floods. An interactive and informative integrated system with the abilities to monitor coastal and river water level, rainfall rate as well as to give warnings when there are high possibilities of

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flood occurrence is one of the measures that can be applied to reduce the impacts of destruction on the country‟s economy and social life.

Integrated River Basin Monitoring and Flood Warning System is a system that can predict the possible occurrence of flood using combined information of coastal and rivers water level as well as rainfall rate in Kelantan and exploits the information to generate warnings to the related authorities as well as the public. Therefore, the research is aiming to design and develop a system which can integrate different types of data from Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) as well as tidal forecasting data from Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM) in order to deliver high performance and reliable information on the flood prediction for the state of Kelantan.

This study began with an investigation on the related previous works by other researches from all over the world through a literature review. Following this, the compatibility of the data from JUPEM and DID were evaluated. Then, the multiple data were integrated to one fusion centre. Subsequently, the design and development of the system took place. Last but not least, the system was tested for its functionalities and performances.

RESEARCH STUDY AREA

This research focused on developing a river basin monitoring and flood warning system for the state of Kelantan. Kelantan is situated at the most northern area in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, with Kota Bharu as the state capital. Neighbouring the state of Perak to the west, the state of Pahang to the south, and the state of Terengganu to the east, it is located between latitudes 4.583333 and 6.25 north and between longitudes 101.366666 and 102.55 east. Towards the north-east, Kelantan is

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divided from Thailand by the Golok River, which marks the boundary of Malaysia- Thailand. Figure 1.7 shows the state of Kelantan as the research study area in Malaysia map.

Figure 1.7 The State of Kelantan as the Research Area in Malaysia Map

Kelantan covers 15,104.62km2, and comprises eleven districts, namely, Kota Bharu, Pasir Mas, Tanah Merah, Pasir Puteh, Bachok, Machang, Gua Musang, Kuala Krai, Tumpat, Jeli and Lojing. As of 2015, its population reaches 1.782 million (Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia [JPM], 2015). Kelantan receives average annual rainfall of 2700 mm (Utusan Online, 2015).

Kelantan River serves as the main river in that state, providing water source to the people for living and farming purposes. With the length of 248 km, the drain catchment area of Kelantan River basin covers about 13,100 km2, including part of

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