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STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA 1999-2015: EFFECTIVENESS AND CHALLENGES
IBRAHIM KAWULEY MIKAIL
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
2018
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STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA 1999-2015: EFFECTIVENESS AND CHALLENGES
IBRAHIM KAWULEY MIKAIL (900208)
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
2018
Thesis submitted to the Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government, Universiti Utara Malaysia, in fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
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PERMISSION TO USE
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy degree from Universiti Utara Malaysia, I agree that the University Library may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner either in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by my supervisor or, in his absence, by the Dean, Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government, College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS). It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without any written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be granted to me and to Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any material from this thesis.
Request for permission to copy or make other use of material in this thesis in whole or in part, should be addressed to:
Dean (Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government) UUM College of Law, Government and International Studies
Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok Kedah Darul Aman
Malaysia.
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ABSTRAK
Rasuah adalah cabaran global yang memberi kesan terhadap sistem, organisasi, institusi dalam memenuhi syarat pembangunan negara. Kajian tesis ini bertujuan menilai keberkesanan strategi dan cabaran memerangi rasuah di Nigeria antara tahun 1999 sehingga 2015. Di Nigeria, kerajaan berusaha secara bersepadu bagi menangani dan memerangi rasuah ke tahap yang minimum.
Beberapa dasar dan program telah dilakukan tetapi ia masih kurang berkesan dalam memerangi gejala rasuah. Hal ini mendorong kerajaan republik demokratik keempat di Nigeria untuk mewujudkan strategi bagi memerangi rasuah dalam domain awam Nigeria. Kajian ini telah menggunakan kaedah kualitatif melalui kaedah temu ramah mendalam terhadap dua belas orang responden dan perbincangan kumpulan berfokus di empat buah organisasi dalam masyarakat sivil. Perisian NVivo versi 10 telah digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang diperolehi. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa republik keempat di Nigeria antara tahun 1999 sehingga tahun 2015 telah menjalankan strategi yang berbeza melibatkan institusi anti rasuah dalam Suruhanjaya Ekonomi, Kewangan dan Jenayah, dan antara komponen- komponen suruhanjaya melibatkan Biro Perolehan Awam, Ekstraktif Industri dan Inisiatif Ketelusan serta Unit Teknikal Nigeria. Aspek pendidikan awam juga berperanan penting dalam usaha memerangi rasuah. Hasil dapatan dalam agensi anti rasuah mendapati bahawa strategi yang digunakan dilihat berkesan dalam memerangi rasuah kerana mempunyai beberapa langkah termasuk aspek siasatan, pencegahan, pendidikan, pendakwaan serta penguatkuasaan. Walau bagaimanapun strategi-strategi tersebut menghadapi beberapa cabaran seperti campurtangan politik, pembiayaan yang tidak mencukupi, kurangnya keupayaan politik antara lain yang menghalang institusi anti rasuah untuk menjalankan peranan dengan lebih berkesan. Oleh itu, adalah disyorkan bahawa politik dan autonomi perlu ditawarkan kepada semua institusi anti rasuah. Strategi-strategi perlu menggunakan pendekatan yang holistik untuk mendapatkan tindak balas yang kolektif dalam memerangi gejala rasuah.
Kata kunci: Memerangi Rasuah, Institusi Anti-rasuah, Keupayaan Politik, Nigeria.
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ABSTRACT
Corruption is a global impediment that affects all systems, organizations, institutions and nation- states to meet the requisite for development. This study assesses the strategies for combating corruption in Nigeria 1999-2015, its effectiveness and challenges. In Nigeria, the governments made concerted efforts continuously to address corruption aiming at combating it to the barest minimal. Some commissions of inquiries, policies and programs (i.e. asset declaration, war against indiscipline, failed Bank Tribunal etc.) were put in place but the mission is unaccomplished. Thus, it motivates the government of fourth democratic republic to establish strategies to combat corruption in Nigerian public domain. This study employed qualitative method through in-depth interview for 12 informants and focus group discussion for 4 civil society organizations to the obtain data. While Nvivo version 10 was used for analysis. The study reveals that the fourth republic 1999-2015 has come up with different strategies (anti-graft institutions: Independent Corrupt Practices and other related offences Commission, Economic Financial and Crimes Commission and their components i.e. Bureau of Public Procurement, Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiatives and Technical Unit on Governance and Anti-Corruption Reform, Public Education and Programs etc.) in combating corruption. The strategies are relatively effective in combating corruption, because, they have some measures (investigation, prevention, education, prosecution and enforcement) that were taken in combating corruption. But, these strategies faced some challenges such as political interference, inadequate funding, lack of political will, immunity clause among others that hindered them to perform more effectively. Therefore, it is recommended that, political will and autonomy should be offered to all anti-graft institutions. The strategies shall be based on holistic approach in order to have collective response in combating the menace of corruption.
Keywords: Combating Corruption, Anti-Graft Institutions, Political will, Nigeria.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise be to Almighty ALLAH (SWT) who spared my life and gave me the inspiration for successfully undergoing this program. My countless salutation goes to the prophet of Islam Muhammad Peace be Upon Him and his family members and great companions who teach us to denounced corrupt practices and to steadfast on fighting any sort of corruption and anomaly in the society. May Allah makes us among the followers of this clarion call at here and the next world insha ALLAH? I am indebted to my parents late Malam Adamu Dan Mama and my uncle Malam Kawuley Dankoli Gamawa who serves people in trade and business without corrupt practices, may their gentle soul rest in perfect peace and may ALLAH make them in Jannatul Firdausi Ameen.
My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisors who tirelessly motivate and encourage me, making their correction, observation and amendment so as this thesis to meet all the requisite requirement for the PhD standard. Professor Madya Dr. Mohammad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee Bin Abdallah Director Student Affairs Universiti Utara Malaysia and Dr. Sivaperegasam Rajanthiran School of International Studies Universiti Utara Malaysia. I also indebted to the Professor Dr. Ravindra, Professor Madya Mohamad Zain Abdad for their academic guidance and advice. I also acknowledge and appreciate the role by my reviewers during the exercise Professor Madya Dr.
Muhammad Fuad Othman and Dr. Shamsudeen L. Taya who devoted their time to correct my work as appropriate. The role of our Post graduate coordinator Dr. Nazariah Osman is duly acknowledged in this portion. This research is not complete without recognizing the support and courage of my academics’ mentors Professor Dr. Usman A. Tar, HOD political science and defense studies Nigerian Academy Kaduna, Professor Dr. Abdullahi Shehu former Director of GIABA, Professor Umaru Dahiru Islamic Studies University of Maiduguri-Nigeria. The word of motivation from my HOD Mallam Nuhu Ramalan Jibrin who inculcates the spirit of academic consciousness into my PhD journey. I also appreciate the role of Malam Yusuf Zubairu FRCN Abuja who tirelessly organize me a focus group discussion and Malam Aminu Dogo NITR Kaduna who serves as my research assistance throughout the period of data collection.
I am indebted to my employer, Federal College of Education Zaria-Nigeria that granted me the approval and incentives to undertake this wonderful program. I really appreciate the role of our former Provost Dr. M. I.Maccido and the entire management of the College. At this juncture I have to salute and appreciate the courage of my fellow academic colleagues in my department of Political Science FCE, Zaria which includes our able HOD Malam N.R. Jibrin; Ibrahim Ladi, Ibrahim Baba Gombe, M.M. Abubakar, Ghali Abdullahi, Isah Saidu, Gabriel Obute, Umar Garfiya, Daniel Angyu, Janfalan, Mrs Binta Dodo and Mrs Ramatu Yusuf, Hadiza Nasir, Katch among others. While others like Dr. Abdul Razak Madu Yuguda, Dr.M.M. Qadeer Iraq, Dr. Saad S.Abbass Iraq and Dr.Alaa Nafaa Kitafa Iraq, Aminu Kwasau, Dr. Babayo Sule, Dr.Asma’u
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Maikudi. To our uncles Alhaji Sani Dangama, Tukur Isah and elder brothers Shehu kawule Gamawa, Hamza Kawule Mikail and the entire family members.
Finally, my gratitude and appreciation go to my lovely wife Safiya Ibrahim Umar and our children Fatima Zahra, Nusaiba and Khalil for their love, patience, care and countless prayers offer to me during the program. My appreciation goes to all my well-wishers, friends such as Dr.
Muhammad Kyari African Union, Malam Jibril Maiaufaku Tahlil Water, Yusuf Yahya NTI- Kaduna, Abdul Rauf Aliyu Intel-Kaduna, Suleiman Mohammed Gamawa, Alhaji Abdulkadir Dahuwa (Sarkin Gamawa) among others. The countless prayers from our Majlis Ahlul Quran Foundation is a conduit for the success of the program. Kudos to Ameer Umar Zubairu and the entire members for prayers. To friends here at UUM and in Nigeria, office colleagues and all assisted me with prayers and the mode of encouragement for the success of the program which space here could not allow me to mention all their names. May ALLAH blessed and reward you abundantly Ameen. I dedicated this work to my late father Malam Adamu Danmama Gamawa may his soul rest in perfect peace Amin.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION OF THESIS ... iii
PERMISSION TO USE ... iv
ABSTRAK……….. ...v
ABSTRACT…….. ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLES ... xiv
LIST OF FIGURES ...xv
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...xx
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 6
1.3 Research Questions ... 9
1.4 Objectives of the Study ... 10
1.5 Significance of the Study ... 10
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study ... 12
1.7 Research Methods ... 14
1.7.1 Sources of Data Collection ...17
1.7.1.1 Primary Data ...17
1.7.1.2 Interview...17
1.7.1.2.1 Probing Questions ...18
1.7.1.3 Focus Group Discussion...19
1.7.1.4 Observation ...19
1.7.1.5 Secondary Data ...20
1.7. 2 Informants’ Profile ...21
1.7.3 Criteria and Justification for informants Selection ...22
1.7.4 Data Analysis ...24
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms ... 24
1.8.1 Corruption ...24
1.8.2 Strategy ...25
1.8.3 Effectiveness ...26
1.8.4 Challenges ...27
1.8.5 Development ...28
1.9 Organization of chapters ... 28
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...32
2.1 Introduction ... 32
2.2 General strategies for combating corruption ... 32
2.3 Strategies for Combating Corruption in Nigeria ... 68
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2.4 Theoretical framework ... 89
2.4.1 Justification and Relevance of the Theories to the Study ...97
2.4.2 Conceptual Model of the Study ...101
CHAPTER THREE: CAUSES, NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA ...104
3.1 Introduction ... 104
3.2 Causes of Corruption in Corruption in Nigeria ... 104
3.3 The Nature of Corruption in Nigerian Public Life ... 123
3.4 Some Corrupt Practices/Scandals in the Fourth Republic ... 130
3.5 Consequences of corruption in Nigeria ... 133
3.6 Summary ... 136
CHAPTER FOUR: GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING CORRUPTION ...140
4.1 Introduction ... 140
4.2 The Role of International Organizations on Combating Corruption .... 140
4.2.1 The Lima Declaration ...141
4.2.2 The United Nations Convention against Corruption ...143
4.3 Legal Strategies for Combating Corruption in Nigeria ... 145
4.3.1 The Constitutional Role on Combating Corruption ...146
4.3.2 National Assembly Acts and their Roles on Fighting Corruption ....148
4.3.3 The Role of Executive in Combating Corruption ...149
4.3.4 The Role of Judiciary on Combating Corruption ...150
4.3.5 The Role of Law and Enforcement Agencies in Combating Corruption ...151
4.4 Socio-economic Strategies for Combating Corruption in Nigeria (1999- 2015). ... 153
4.4.1 Nigerian Socio-Economic Issues 1999-2014 ...153
4.4.2 Public Service Reforms 2005 ...154
4.4.3 Socio-economic Measures of Anti-Graft Agencies ...156
4.4.4 The Role of Civil Society Organizations ...159
4.5 Institutional Strategies for Combating Corruption in Nigerian Fourth Republic ... 162
4.5.1 Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission ICPC ...162
4.5.1.1 Functions of the ICPC ...163
4.5.1.2 Achievements of the ICPC ...166
4.5.2 Economic and Financial Crimes Commission ...169
4.5.2.1 The Mandate of the EFCC ...171
4.5.2.2 The Achievements of EFCC ...172
4.5.3 Bureau of Public Procurement ...175
4.5.3.1 The Mandates of the BPP ...176
4.5.3.2 Achievement of BPP ...178
4.5.4 Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) ...181
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4.5.4.1 Objectives of NEITI ...182
4.5.4.2 Achievement of NEITI ...183
4.5.5 Technical Unit on Governance and Anti-Corruption Reforms (TUGAR) ...186
4.5.5.1 Mandates of TUGAR ...187
4.5.5.2 Achievement of TUGAR ...188
4.5.6 National Agency for food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) ...189
4.5.6.1 Functions of the Agency ...190
4.5.6 Theme One: Strategies for Combating Corruption in Nigeria ...193
4.6.1 Anti-Graft Agencies ...195
4.6.2 Code of Conduct Bureau CCB ...197
4.6.3 Economic Financial and Crimes Commission (EFCC) ...200
4.6.4 Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC). ...203
4.6.5 National Agency for Foods Drug and Administration Control (NAFDAC) ...205
4.6.6 Components of Anti-Graft Agencies...207
4.6.7 Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP) ...209
4.6.8 Nigerian Extractive Industries and Transparency Initiatives (NEITI) ...211
4.6.9 Technical Unit of Governance and Anti-Corruption Reforms (TUGAR) ...213
4.6.10 Government Programs...215
4.6.11 Civil Society Coalition ...217
4.6.12 Public Education ...219
4.6.13 Subsidy Re-Investment and Empowerment Program ...221
4.6.14 Law and Enforcement Agencies ...223
4.6.15 Police ...224
4.6.16 Security Agencies ...226
4.7 Summary ... 228
CHAPTER FIVE: EFFECTIVENESS OF STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA ...232
5.1 Introduction ... 232
5.2 Theme Two: Effectiveness of the Strategies for Combating Corruption ... 232
5.2.1 The Effectiveness of the Strategies ...234
5.2.2 Character of the Leader ...237
5.2.3 Fair Hearing ...239
5.2.4 Holistic Approach ...241
5.2.5 Justice ...244
5.2.6 Rule of Law ...246
5.2.7 Organizational Efficiency ...248
5.2.8 Organizational Effectiveness ...249
5.2.9 Organizational Strategy ...253
5.2.10 Organizational Structure ...256
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5.3 Theme Three: Effectiveness of Anti-Grafts Measures in Combating
Corruption in Nigeria ... 259
5.3.1 Enforcement ...260
5.3.2 Conviction ...261
5.3.3 Fine Charges ...264
5.3.4 Money Laundering ...266
5.3.5 Prosecution ...268
5.3.6 Investigation ...270
5.3.7 Investigation Measures ...272
5.3.8 Monitoring and Evaluation ...274
5.3.9 Public Financial Management ...275
5.3.10 Research and Review ...277
5.3.11 Prevention and Coordination ...279
5.3.12 Awareness Campaign ...280
5.3.13 Integrity Club ...282
5.3.14 Preventive Measure ...284
5.3.15 Religious Leaders ...287
5.3.16 Traditional Rulers ...289
5.4 Summary of the findings ... 290
CHAPTER SIX: CHALLENGES FOR COMBATING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA 1999-2015 ...294
6.1 Introduction ... 294
6.2 Theme Four: Challenges for Combating Corruption in Nigeria ... 294
6.2.1 Funding ...296
6.2.2 Inadequate Funds ...297
6.6.3 Inadequate Training ...300
6.2.4 Lack of Logistics ...302
6.2.5 Under Staff ...303
6.2.6 Judiciary ...305
6.2.7 Immunity Clause ...306
6.2.8 Lack of Special Courts ...308
6.2.9 State High Courts ...310
6.2.10 Political Interference ...311
6.2.11 Inadequate Reporting System ...313
6.2.12 Lack of Autonomy ...314
6.2.13 Lack of Political Will ...316
6.3 Theme Five: Improving Strategies for Combating Corruption ... 319
6.3.1 Ethical Orientation ...320
6.3.2 Collective Responsibility ...322
6.3.3 Enlightenment Campaign ...323
6.3.4 Ethical Re-orientation and Moral Values ...325
6.3.5 Attitudinal Change ...327
6.3.6 Discipline ...329
6.3.7 Good Leadership ...330
6.3.8 Democratic Reforms ...332
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6.3.9 Honesty ...333
6.3.10 Transparency ...335
6.3.11 Independence of Institutions ...337
6.3.12 Autonomy ...338
6.3.13 Division of Labor ...339
6.3.14 Financial Autonomy ...341
6.3.15 Strengthening of Institutions ...343
6.4 Summary of the Findings ... 344
CHAPTER SEVEN: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION .. 350
7.1 Introduction ... 350
7.2 Summary ... 350
7.3 Recommendations ... 355
7.4 Theoretical Contributions ... 358
7.5 Methodological Contributions... 360
7.6 Practical Contributions ... 361
7.7 Suggestions for Further Study ... 362
7.8 Conclusion ... 362
REFERENCES ...364
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Relative Poverty Headcount from 1980-2010………...109 Table 3.2 Corruption Perception Index of Nigeria 1999-2015……….128 Table 3.3 EFCC ongoing High-Profile Cases 2000-2010………131-132
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Profile of the Informants 22
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Model of the Study 101
Figure 4.1 Organogram of ICPC 168
Figure 4.2 The Organogram of the EFCC 174
Figure 4.3 The BPP Organogram 180
Figure 4.4 NEITI Organogram 185
Figure 4.5 Theme One Model on Combating Corruption themes and Sub-themes 195
Figure 4.6 Model on Anti-Graft Agencies and its Sub-Themes 197 Figure 4.7 Model for Code of Conduct Bureau CCB and Informants 198 Figure 4.8 Model for Economic Financial and Crimes Commission (EFCC) 201 Figure 4.9 Model for Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission
(ICPC) and the Informants 204
Figure 4.10 Model for National Food Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and the
Informants 206
Figure 4.11 Model for Components of Anti-Grafts Agencies and Sub-Themes 209 Figure 4.12 Model for Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP) and their Informants 210 Figure 4.13 Model for Nigerian Extractive Transparency Initiatives (NEITI) 212
Figure 4.14 Model for Technical Unit of Governance and Anti-Corruption Reforms (TUGAR)
and its Informants 214 Figure 4.15 Model on Government Programs and its Sub-Themes 216
Figure 4.16 Model for Civil Society Coalition and their Informants 218 Figure 4.17 Model for Public Education and their Informants 220 Figure 4.18 Model for Subsidy Re-Investment and Empowerment Program (Sure-P) and
Informants 222
Figure 4.19 Model on Law Enforcement Agencies and its Sub-Themes 224
Figure 4.20 Model on Police and Informants 225
Figure 4.21 Model for Security Agencies and their Informants 227
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Figure 5.1 Theme Two Model on Effectiveness of the Strategies and its Themes and Sub- themes 236 Figure 5.2 Model on Effectiveness of the Strategies and its Sub-Themes 236 Figure 5.3 Model for Character of the Leader and their Informants 238 Figure 5.4 Model on Fair Hearing and its Informants 240 Figure 5.5 Model for Holistic Approach and its Informants 242
Figure 5.6 Model for Justice and its Informants 245
Figure 5.7 Model for Rule of Law and its Informants 247 Figure 5.8 Model for Organizational Efficiency and their Sub-themes 249 Figure 5.9 Model for Organizational Effectiveness and Informants 250
Figure 5.10 Model for Organizational Strategy and Informants 253 Figure 5.11 Model for Organizational Structure and Informants 257
Figure 5.12 Theme Three Model on Anti-Graft Measures and its Sub-themes 260 Figure 5.13 Model on Enforcement and its Sub-Themes 261 Figure 5.14 Model for Conviction and their Informants 262 Figure 5.15 Model for fine Charges and their Informants 265 Figure 5.16 Model for Money Laundering and their Informants 267 Figure 5.17 Model for Prosecution and their Informants 269 Figure 5.18 Model on Investigation and its Sub-Themes 271 Figure 5.19 Model for Investigative Measure and their Informants 272 Figure 5.20 Model for Monitoring and Evaluation and their Informants 274
Figure 5.21 Model for Public Financial Management and their Informants 276 Figure 5.22 Model for Research and Review and their Informants 278
Figure 5.23 Model on Prevention and Coordination and its Sub-Themes 280 Figure 5.24 Model for Awareness Campaign and their Informants 281 Figure 5.25 Model for Integrity Club and their Informants 283 Figure 5.26 Model for Preventive Measure and their Informants 285 Figure 5.27 Model for Religious Leaders and their Informants 288
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Figure 5.28 Model for Traditional Leaders and their Informants 290 Figure 6.1 Theme Four Model on Challenges on Combating Corruption and Sub- themes 296 Figure 6.2 Model on funding Challenges and its Sub-themes 297 Figure 6.3 Model for Inadequate Funds and their Informants 298 Figure 6.4 Model for Inadequate Training and their Informants 300 Figure 6.5 Model for Lack of Logistics and the Informants 302 Figure 6.6 Model for under staff and their Informants 304 Figure 6.7 Model on Judiciary Challenges and Sub themes 306 Figure 6.8 Model for Immunity Clause and their Informants 307 Figure 6.9 Model for Lack of Special Courts and their Informants 309 Figure 6.10 Model for State High Courts and their Informants 310 Figure 6.11 Model on Political Interference Challenges and its Sub-Themes 312 Figure 6.12 Model for Inadequate Reporting System and their Informants 313 Figure 6.13 Model for Lack of Autonomy and their Informants 315 Figure 6.14 Model for Lack of Political Will and their Informants 317 Figure 6.15 Theme Five Model on Improving the Strategies and its Sub-themes 320 Figure 6.16 Model on Ethical Orientation and its Sub-Themes 321 Figure 6.17 Model for Collective Responsibility and their Informants 322 Figure 6.18 Model for Enlightenment Campaign and the Informants 324 Figure 6.19 Ethical Re-Orientation and their Informants 326 Figure 6.20 Attitudinal Change and its Informants 328 Figure 6.21 Model for Discipline and their Informants 329 Figure 6.22 Model on Good Leadership and its Sub-Themes 331 Figure 6.23 Model for Democratic Reforms and the Informants 332 Figure 6.24 Model for Honesty and their Informants 334 Figure 6.25 Model for Transparency and their Informants 336 Figure 6.26 Model on Independence of Institutions and its Sub-Themes 337 Figure 6.27 Model for Autonomy and their informants 338
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Figure 6.28 Model for Division of Labor and their Informants 340 Figure 6.29 Model for Financial Autonomy and the Informants 342 Figure 6.30 Model for Strengthening of Institutions and their Informants 343
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Research Questions………389
Appendix B Informants Background………. 391
Appendix C Introduction Letter………..394
Appendix D Introduction Letter Presented to ICPC………...395
Appendix E Introduction Letter to EFCC………...396
Appendix F Introduction Letter to EFCC Academy………...397
Appendix G Introduction Letter to NEITI………. 398
Appendix H Introduction Letter to BPP……….399
Appendix I Coding Summary……….400
Appendix J Source Summary……….415
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACA Anti-Corruption Agency
ACB African Continental Bank
ACE Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Support Network ACN Ambassadors for Change
ACTU Anti-Corruption Transparency Unit AFF Advanced Fee Fraud
AFU Asset Forfeiture Unit AG Action Group
AML Anti-Money Laundering ANI National Integrity Agency
APC All Progressive Congress (a political party that seized power in 2015 from PDP) AUCPC African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption
AU African Union
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BF Bank Fraud
BMPIU Budget Monitoring and Price Intelligence Unit BPP Bureau of Public Procurement
BRICs Brazil Russia India China and South Africa (economies members) BVN Bank Verification Number
CAMA Companies and Allied Matters Acts
CALPED Coalition of Association for Leadership, Peace, Empowerment and Development
CAP Chapter in Nigerian Laws
CBO Community Based Organizations CCB Code of Conduct Bureau
CCT Code of Conduct Tribunal CD Campaign for Democracy
xxi CEO Chief Executive Officer
CHRAJ Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice CPIB Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
CPI Corruption Perception Index CSO’s Civil Society Organizations
CTGI Counter Terrorism and General Investigation DACI Directorate for Anti-Corruption Initiative DFNI’s Designated Non-Financial Institutions DNA National Anti-Corruption Directorate DSO Directorate of Special Operation
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EFCC Economic Financial and Crimes Commission EG Economic Governance
EIFS Extractive Industry Fraud Section
EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EOCO Economic Organized Crime Office
EU European Union
FATF Financial Action Task Force FBO Faith Based Organizations FCT Federal Capital Territory
FCPA Foreign Corrupt Practices Act US FGD Focus Group Discussion
FIFA Federation International Football Association FIU Financial Investigation Unit
FRC Fiscal Responsibility Commission FU Forensic Unit
GAD General Anti-Corruption Directorate
ICAC Independent Commission Against Corruption
ICPC Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission ICT Information Communication and Technology
xxii IG Inspector General of Police IMC Integrity Management Committee IMF International Monetary Fund ISO Intelligence and Special Operations KCC Kenyan Anti-Corruption Commission
KPK Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Corruption Eradication Commission (Indonesia)
LFN Laws of Federal Republic of Nigeria
MAMSER Mass Mobilization for Self-Reliance Social Justice and Economic Recovery
MBO Management by Objectives
MCC Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission MDA’s Ministries Department Agencies
MSG Multi-Stakeholders Group
NACAP National Anti-Corruption Action Program
NAFDAC National Agency for Food Drugs Administration and Control NCCT Non-Corporate Countries and Territories
NDE National Directorate of Employment
NDLEA National Drugs Law and Enforcement Agency NDIC Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation
NEITI Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiatives NERDC National Education Research Development Council NFIU Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit
NGA’s Nigerian Government Agencies NGO’s Non-Governmental Organizations
NIMASA Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency NIPP National Integrated Power Project
NJC National Judiciary Council
NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NOA National Orientation Agency
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NPA National Prosecuting Agency of South Africa NSWG National Stakeholders Working Group
NYSC National Youth Service Corps OACU Overseas Anti-Corruption Unit
OECD Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development PCC Public Complaints Commission
PDP Peoples Democratic Party
PLI Properties and Land Investigation PMIB Prime Ministry Inspection Board PNDC Provisional National Defense Council POCA Prevention of Corruption Act
PPT Petroleum Profit Tax
PRR Planning Research and Review PRU Public Relations Unit
PST Sharing Production Contract PSC Public Service Commission SAR’s South African Revenue service
SCUML Special Control Unit Against Money Laundering SEC Security and Exchange Commission
SFO Serious Fraud Office SIU Special Investigation Unit
SURE-P Subsidy Re-investment and Empowerment Programs StAR Stolen Asset Recovery
TI Transparency International TSA Treasury Single Account
TUGAR Technical Unit of Governance and Anti-Corruption Reforms UBEC Universal Basic Education Commission
UK United Kingdom
UNCAC United Nations Conventions Against Corruption UN United Nations
xxiv UNDP United Nations Development Programs UNODC United Nations Office of Drugs and Crimes
UNTOC United Nations Convention against Organized Crimes USAID United States Agency for International Development
USD United States Dollars (American Dollars –Currency denomination of US).
WAI War Against Indiscipline
WAIC War Against Indiscipline and Corruption WBCC World Bank Control of Corruption
1
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Corruption is a worldwide wonder, justifiably just in its societal settings. It is surprising exercises giving sporadic advantages as opposed to legitimate and moral standards, and which dissolves the powers' ability to secure the welfare of the entire citizens (Osoba, 2006, Aluko, 2007). The anal of corruption is as old as the world itself, in light of the fact that the antiquated civic establishments have hints of common "wrongness and debasement" (Dike, 2005). Debasement has included various nations over the globe, particularly the immature country states. It has different ramifications for both the developed and immature economies (Eugene, 2013). Corruption is discovered everywhere throughout the world – in both rich and poor nations (Oby Ezekwesili, 2012).
According to the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC), called attention to that, internationally, every single criminal continue exemption with tax evasion add up to USD 2.1 trillion in 2009, as much as United Kingdom GDP (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crimes, 2011). However, gloomier evaluated that worldwide bribery adds to over $1 trillion in expenses. Subsequently, this amount neither involves misappropriation nor the misapplication of public funds, which include some $1.5 trillion (Transparency International, 2011a). In African perspective, corruption cost the continent to lost
$148billion each year which is equivalent to the 25% of Africa’s national income and
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