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SECURITY OF EMPLOYMENT IN MALAYSIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION

V. SREEDARAN NAIR A/L A. VELOO PILLAY

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA

2018

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SECURITY OF EMPLOYMENT IN MALAYSIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION

V. SREEDARAN NAIR A/L A. VELOO PILLAY (90768)

A Thesis Submitted to the Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government in fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy

Universiti Utara Malaysia

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CERTIFICATION OF THESIS

“I hereby verify that this thesis is my own work except for those reviews for which I have discussed the sources”.

August 2018

V. Sreedaran Nair A/L A. Veloo Pillay

(Matrix: 90768)

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PERMISSION TO USE

In presenting this thesis in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Universiti Utara Malaysia, I agree that the University library may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the supervisors or, in their absence, by the Dean of Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without any written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any material from this thesis.

Request for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis, in whole or in part, should be addressed to:

Dean (Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government) UUM College of Law, Government & International Studies

Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 Sintok Kedah Darul Aman

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ABSTRACT

This study explains and expends the meaning of livelihood and employment under the liberal definitions of the various Articles in the Federal Constitution of Malaysia.

It also points out the need to fall back on the Federal Constitution as the last bastion to safeguard the employments of workmen in Malaysia from unconscionable actions of some employers. More than 88% percentage of awards handed down by the Industrial Courts from the years 2005 to 2017 is in the category of dismissal; it is a cause for concern and very worrisome trend in terms of protection of employment.

This research looks at how the Federal Constitution can be utilized and interpreted broadly to afford additional protection to fellow workmen from dismissal including dismissal due to whistle-blowing activities. It is with fervent hope that with proper and appropriate judicial interpretation of the Federal Constitution, the applicability of it can be further extended to include protection of right to livelihood in Malaysia.

With the decided employment law authorities, it is found that the expansion on the relevant articles of the Federal Constitution has achieved the intended purpose of the utilization of the supreme law to protect the legitimate interest and expectations of employees. The current regimes of the Acts of parliaments such as Employment Act 1955 and Industrial Relations Act 1967 can be further empowered and enhanced in their quests to protect the legitimate interest of workmen. Findings from this study’s case laws and authorities infer that the synergy between the Federal Constitution and Employment Act 1955 and Industrial Relations Act 1967 can provide padded protection to the fellow workmen to safeguard their livelihoods from the unscrupulous conducts of the employers. It is also found that since the case of Tan Teck Seng in 1996 onwards, the Industrial Courts and higher courts in Malaysia were daring enough to apply the wide interpretations of the Fundamental Liberties to

provide the constitutional protection to workmen in Malaysia.

Keywords: Federal Constitution, Interpretation, Security, Employment, Dismissal.

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ABSTRAK

Kertas kajian ini menerangkan serta memperluaskan lagi makna sara hidup dan pekerjaan serta hak hak perlembagaan sepertimana yang termaktub definisi yang dijelaskankan dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia. Ia juga menitikberatkan betapa pentingnya untuk merujuk kepada Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia sebagai rujukan penting bagi melindungi pekerjaan para pekerja daripada tindakan buruk oleh sesetengah majikan di Malaysia dalam menangani persoalan tentang sara hidup. Statistik Mahkamah Perusahaan Malaysia menunjukkan bahawa lebih daripada 88% award yang diberikan oleh Mahkamah Perusahaan daripada 2005 sehingga 2017 adalah dalam kategori pemecatan kerja, ini merupakan sesuatu tren yang membimbangkan. Adalah diharapkan dengan eloborasi terjemahan beberapa peruntukan dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan dapat yang dapat memberikan peluasan perlindungan terhadap pemecatan Adalah amat diharapkan dengan interpretasi perundangan yang tepat dan sesuai berkaitan Perlembagaan Persekutuan niat untuk memperluaskanperlindungan terhadap hak sara hidup dapat dilaksanakan.

Berdasarkan keputusan beberapa kes undang-undang pekerjaan, didapati perluasan terhadap Artikel-artikel Perlembagaan Persekutuan berkaitan telah berjaya mencapai niat baik untuk melindungi hak kepentingan pekerja. Oleh itu Regim perundangan yang sedia ada contohnya Akta Kerja 1955 dan Akta Perhubungan Perusahaan 1967 dapat diperkasakan dan ditambah lagi kemampuannya dalam melindungi kepentingan sah para pekerja.Dapatan daripada pengamatan dan pemerhatian kes kes yang diutarakan dalam kertas kajian ini menunjukkan bahawasanya perlindungan akibat sinergi antara Perlembagaan Persekutuan dan Akta Kerja 1955 serta Akta Perhubungan Perusahaan 1967 adalah lebih mantap dan para pekerja di Malaysia berpeluang untuk menguatkan lagi usaha dalam menjaga sara hidup mereka daripada dianiayai dan diganggu oleh majikan yang tidak baik ini. Didapati juga semenjak bermulanya kes Tan Teck Seng pada tahun 1996 dan seterusnya, Mahkamah Perusahaan dan mahkamah atasan yang lain dengan beraninya mengaplikasikan peruntukan tentang kebebasan asasi yang boleh diintepretasikan bagi memberikan

perlindungan perlembagaan kepada para pekerja di Malaysia.

Kata Kunci: Perlembagaan Persekutuan, Intepretasi Perlembagaan, Perlindungan Pekerjaan Pemecatan Pekerjaan.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise is to Almighty God for the blessings bestowed on me. This thesis would have never materialized without His blessings. Without the support and assistance by all individuals in the legal fraternity, lecturers, supervisors, Industrial Court, Ipoh, Bar Council Industrial Law Committee, Kuala Lumpur Bar, this thesis will never be completed. I would like to thank my parents Late Mr. A. Veloo Pillay and Late Madam Laxmi for caring and providing for me.

Above all, my utmost and highest appreciation goes to my foster mother Late Puan Zainab Mat Zain for inculcating the reading habit to me since young, for keep pushing me to excel academically, in all honesty, you are the only mother I knew.

My late Sister Madam Sarojini for pushing me to reach my highest potential and my eldest sister, Madam Sarawathy for all the encouragements.

My most and never ending, indebtedness, respect and highest appreciation to my supervisors, Assoc. Prof. Dr Rusniah Ahmad and Prof. Dr Asma Laili Haji Yeon for all the time, effort, support, patience, encouragement they spent while reading this thesis, guiding me through, correcting all errors, tolerating me and making this thesis finality a reality.

My gratitude also goes to Mr Muhendran Suppiah a well-known employment lawyer for updating my knowledge and Dato Yang Arif Mr. Frederick Indran Nicholas, Industrial Court Chairman, Kuala Lumpur and not forgetting Dato Yang Arif Puan Rasidah Binti Chik, Industrial Court Chairman, Ipoh, for letting me in on the practical aspects of industrial law.

To my dearest daughter Danyasri Nair thanks for being patient with me. You keep me motivated all the time. I thank you for your support. I thank you for being a great child.To my son Kutty Nair I thank you for your support

To my good friend Mr. Geoffrey Selwyn Wass in Montreal Canada, your skill in programming is unrivaled; I thank you for putting me in focus when I go off track.

To my LLB 1996 homies Mr Robert G, Mr Rakesh Lal, Mr Inderjit Singh, Mr Tharmalingam, Mr Venkadesh Narayanan, Mr Suari Ayappan and Miss Sybil Chelliah thanks for being there for me. My ardent supporter Mr Pandian and, I sincerely thank you for your encouragement, without your pushing and constant reminders I would never have done it.

My dearest friend and strength Miss Lee Mee Quan and her children Michael and Vincent, thanks for being patient and helpful to me. It is all good in the end.

My friend Mr Francis Kan, it is always a joy discussing law issues with you, I thank you for your support.

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To all fellow employees of Malaysia, this thesis is written with your legitimate interest in mind. My appreciation also goes to the librarians of Faculty of Law, UKM and Sultanah Baihiyah Library of UUM for assisting me with the relevant materials and books.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PERMISSION TO USE ... i

ABSTRACT ... ii

ABSTRAK ... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENT ... vi

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS ... x

LIST OF STATUTES ... xi

LIST OF TABLES ... xii

LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii

LIST OF CASES ... xiv

CHAPTER ONE GENERAL OVERVIEW OF LABOUR RETRENCHMENT AND DISMISSAL IN MALAYSIA ... 1

1.0 Introduction ... 1

1.1 Problem Statement ... 6

1.2 Research Question ... 14

1.3 Research Objective ... 15

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 15

1.5 Limitation of Research ... 16

1.6 Operational Definitions ... 17

1.7 Chapterization ... 21

1.8 Conclusion ... 23

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW ... 24

2.0 Introduction ... 24

2.1 Security of employment under the Federal Constitution. ... 24

2.2 Supremacy of the Federal Constitution ... 56

2.3 Conclusion ... 58

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 60

3.0 Introduction ... 60

3.1 Research Design ... 61

3.2 Research Framework ... 63

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3.2.1 The Research Framework Explanation ... 64

3.3 Rules of Statutory interpretation ... 64

3.3.1 The Literal Rule ... 64

3.3.2 The Mischief Rule ... 65

3.3.3 The Golden Rule ... 66

3.3.4 The Purposive Rule ... 67

3.4 Interpretation of Federal Constitution. ... 68

3.4.1 Introduction ... 68

3.4.2 Constitution is to be given broad and liberal interpretation... 68

3.4.3 Constitution should not be interpreted like an ordinary statute. ... 70

3.4.4 Non-enumerated rights in the Federal Constitution ... 72

3.5 Source of Data ... 76

3.6 Data Collection... 76

3.7 Library Research ... 77

3.8 Data Analysis ... 77

3.9 Scope of Research ... 77

3.10 Conclusion ... 78

CHAPTER FOUR THE EPISTEMOLOGY AND JURIPRUDENTIAL APPROACH TO RIGHT OF EMPLOYMENT ... 80

4.0 Introduction ... 80

4.1 Economic Analysis of Employment Law ... 80

4.2 Economics Perspective on Labour and Industrial Relations Laws ... 82

4.3 Application of Economic Analysis of Law to Employment Law ... 83

4.4 Economic Analysis of Law and Wealth Maximization ... 85

4.5 Economic Schools of Thoughts and Employment Law ... 86

4.5.1 Neoclassical Economists... 87

4.5.2 New Institutional Economists ... 89

4.6 Wages Fixing Mechanism in Economics ... 90

4.6.1 Introduction ... 90

4.6.2 Wages Fixing Without Trade Union Interference (Free Market) ... 91

4.6.3 Minimum Wages Fixing With Trade Union Interference ... 93

4.6.4 Wages Fixing with Trade Union Interference (Option to strike) ... 95

4.6.5 Wages Fixing With Trade Union Interference ... 99

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4.7 Classical Teleological Ethical Theory; Utilitarianism Perspective on Labour

and Industrial Relations ... 100

4.7.1 Epicureanism ... 101

4.7.2 Utilitarianism ... 102

4.8 Utilitarianism and Employment Law ... 105

4.9 Conclusion ... 107

CHAPTER FIVE FINDING & ANALYSIS: INTERPRETATION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ... 110

5.0 Introduction ... 110

5.1 The Interpretation of the Federal Constitution. ... 112

5.2 General Principles in Interpreting Federal Constitution ... 116

5.3 Judicial principles in Interpretation of Federal Constitution... 118

5.3.1 Broad and liberal interpretation of a written Constitution ... 118

5.3.2 Constitutional Interpretation is not the same as statutory interpretation . 120 5.3.3Non-enumerated fundamental rights of the Constitution ... 123

5.4 Conclusion ... 127

CHAPTER SIX FINDING & ANALYSIS: RIGHTS RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT UNDER THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ... 129

6.0 Introduction ... 129

6.1 Historical Background of the Malaysian Federal Constitution. ... 130

6.2 Fundamental Liberties in Malaysian Constitution ... 132

6.3 Supremacy of the Federal Constitution ... 139

6.4 Discovering the workmen’s rights under the Federal Constitution... 140

6.4.1 The right to livelihood in employment. ... 142

6.4.2 The right to live with human dignity in employment ... 176

6.4.3 The right to work in a reasonably safe environment ... 183

6.4.4 Right to be free from sexual harassment ... 189

6.4.5 The right to a speedy trial. ... 197

6.4.6 Right to be heard ... 203

6.4.7 Right against Gender Discrimination ... 213

6.4.8 Right to reasoned decisions ... 222

6.4.9 Right of access to justice ... 231

6.4.10 Right to doctrine of proportionality ... 237

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6.4.11 The right not to be subjected to slavery and forced labour ... 247

6.4.12 The right to unionize ... 255

6.4.13 Right to property ... 261

6.4.14 Right to reinstatement. ... 269

6.4.15 Remedies under the Industrial Adjudication ... 277

6.5 Conclusion ... 281

CHAPTER SEVEN FINDING & ANALYSIS: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 282

7.0 Introduction ... 282

7.1 Conclusions ... 282

7.2 Suggestions ... 288

7.2.1 Constitutional Protection ... 288

7.2.2 Ministerial reference ... 289

7.2.3 Process and Procedures ... 292

7.3 Further Research Suggestions. ... 314

7.4 Submissions ... 314

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 316

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x

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

A.C. Law reports, Appeal Cases

All E.R. All England Law Reports

A.I.R. All Indian Reports

A.L.R. Australian Law Reports

A.M.R. All Malaysian Reports

Anor Another

Bhd. Berhad

CA Court of Appeal

C.L.J(Malaysia) Current Law Journal

EA Employment Act 1955

E.R. English Reports

E.R.N.Z. Employment Reports New

FC Federal Court

HC High Court

H.L.Cas. House of Lords Cases

HLR House of Lords Reports

Ibid. (ibidem) in the same place i.e. Id est that is

ILO International Labour Organisation

I.L.R. Industrial Law Reports

IRA Industrial Relations Act, 196

M.L.J. Malayan Law Journal

Ors Others

PP Public Prosecutor

QB R Law Reports, Queen’s Bench Reports

SC Sdn.

Supreme Court Sendirian

UDHR Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948

v. Versus

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LIST OF STATUTES

Contracts Act, 1950 Companies Act 1965

Employment Rights Act, 1996, UK Employment Act, 1955

Employment (Amendment) Act, 2012 Federal Constitution Malaysia

Federal Constitution USA Indian Constitution

Industrial Dispute Act 1947 (India) Industrial Relations Act, 1967 (Malaysia) International Labour Organisation Constitution Trade Union Act 1959

UDHR Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Industrial Court Statistics on Awards of Termination 2005 - 2012 2 Table 1.2 Industrial Court Statistics on Awards of Termination 2013 – 2017 3 Table 1.3 Industrial Court Statistics on Number of Cases Registered Versus 4 Number of Dismissal Cases 2013- September 2017

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xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Research Framework Figure 4.1 Wages Fixing Without Trade Union Interference (Free Market)

63 91

Figure 4.2 Minimum Wages Fixing With Trade Union Interference 93

Figure 4.3 Wages Fixing with Trade Union Interference (Option to strike) 95

Figure 4.4 Wages Increase with Trade Union Interference (Retraining) 97

Figure 4.5 Wages Fixing With Trade Union Interference 99

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LIST OF CASES

Abdul Hamid Mustapah v. Putra Hospital (Melaka) Sdn. Bhd. (formerly known as Southern hospital Sdn. Bhd.) [2012] 4 ILR 98

Abu Osman v. Melewar Corporation Bhd. [1994] 2 ILR 807

Abu Samah Othman v. Oriental Assemblers Sdn Bhd [2007] 3 ILR 1 Adong Bin Kuwai & Ors v. Kerajaan Johor & Anor [1997] 1 MLJ 418

Advance Parcel Services Sdn. Bhd. v. Satkunanaraja Subramaniam [1997] 1 ILR 76 Ahmad Tajudin Ishak v. Suruhanjaya Pelabuhan Pulau Pinang [1997] 2 CLJ 225 Aikbee Sawmill Ltd. v. Mun Kum Chow [1971] 1 MLJ

Air India Statutory Corporation v. United Labor Union [1997] AIR SC 645 Air India V. Nergesh Meerza [1981] INSC 152

A.K. Gopalan v Madras [1950] SCR 88 Aldridge v. Booth & Ors (1986) EOC 92-177

Alembic Chemical Works Co Ltd v. It’s Workmen [1961] 1 LLJ 328 Alexander Machinery (Dudley) Ltd. v. Crabtree 1974 LCR 120 (NIRC)

All India Bank Employees Association v. National Industrial Tribunal [1962] AIR SC 171

All India Imams Organisation & Ors. v. Union of India [1993] (3) SCC 584

All India Reserve Bank Employees Association v. Reserve Bank of India [1967] II LLJ 175,190 (SC)

Amanah Butler (M) Sdn. Bhd. v. Yike Chee Wah [1997] 2 AMR 1653 Andhra Bank v B. Satyanarayana (2004) 2 SCC 657

Ang Beng Teik v. Pan Global Textile Bhd., Penang [1996] 4 CLJ

Anthony Leo v. Syarikat Cycle & Carriage Bintang Sdn Bhd, Award No 29/1977 Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India [2007] RD-SC 609

Assa Singh v. The Menteri Besar of Johor [1968] 1 LNS 9 Assam Oil Co. Ltd v. Workmen [1960] 1 LLJ 587 SC

Astana Integrasi (M) Sdn. Bhd. v. Charanjit Singh Maghar Singh [2013] 1 ILR 101 Attorney General for New South Wales v Brewery Employees Union of New South Wales (1908) 6CLR 469

Attorney General of the Commonwealth, ex parte Mc Kinley v. The Commonwealth of Australia [1975] 135 CLR

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B Braun Medical Industries Sdn. Bhd., Pulau Pinang V. Kesatuan Pekerja-Pekerja B.

Braun Industries Sdn. Bhd., Pulau Pinang [1998] 3 ILR 154 Baksey v. Board of Regents (1954) 347 MD 442

Balachandran Murugappan v. Yeo Hiap Seng (M) Bhd. [2013] 1 ILR 150 Bamfield v Goole and Sheffield Transport Company Limited [1910] 2 K.B. 94 Bandar Penggaram Associated Chinese Schools, Johor v. Gan Chin Piaw & Anor [1997] 1 ILR 908

Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India A.I.R.(1984) SC 803

Barat Estates Sdn. Bhd. v. Parawakan a/l Subramaniam [2000] 4 MLJ 107 Beatrice A/P AT Fernandez v. Sistem Penerbangan Malaysia [2004] 4 CLJ 403 Bhagat Ram v. State of Himachal Pradesh AIR 1983 SC 454

Bharat Bank Ltd Delhi v Employees of the Bharat Bank Ltd Delhi [1950] AIR 188 SC

Bharat Singh v New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre AIR 1986 SC i842 Blackadder v Ramsey Butchering Services Pty Ltd (2005) 221CLR 539 Board of Education v. Rice [1911] AC 179

Board of Trustees of the Port of Bombay v Dilipkumar AIR [1983] SC 114 Boyce v The Queen [2004] UKPC 32

Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union (1971) 2 KB 175 Bremer v South India Shipping Corporation Ltd (1981) A.C.909 C.B. Gautam v. Union of India [1993] (1) SCC 78, 105

C.B. Muthamma V. Union of India [1978] AIR 1868 Calalang v. Williams 70 Phil. 727,735 [1940]

Chan Soon Lee v. Menteri Sumber Manusia Malaysia [1998] 5 CLJ 133 Chang Fah Lin v. United Engineers (M) Sdn. Bhd. [1978] 2 MLJ 259

Chartered Bank, Kuching v. Kuching Bank Employees Union [1965-1967] MLLR 287

Cheow Siow Chin v Timbalan Menteri [1986] 2 MLJ 235

Chia Khin Sze v. The Menteri Besar of Selangor [1958] 1 MLJ 105 Chin Choy & Ors v. Collector of Stamp Duties [1979] 1 MLJ 69 Colgate Palmolive Sdn. Bhd. v Yap Kok Foong [1998] 3 ILR 843

Consumer Education & Research Centre v. Union of India [1995] 3 SCC 42 Co-operative Central Bank Ltd v. Rashid Cruz Abdullah [2004] 1 CLJ 849 Crenshaw v. Bozeman Deaconess Hospital 693 P.2d 487 (Mont. 1984),

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Crown Aluminium Works v. Their Workmen [1958] 1 LLJ 6 (SC) D.K. Basu v State of West Bengal (1997) 1 SC 416

DS Nakara v Union Of India [2000] INSC 103

Daily Rated Casual Labour v. Union of India [1988] 1 SCR 598

Dato Menteri Othman bin Baginda v Dato Ombi Syed Alwi bin Syed Idrus [1984] 1 CLJ 98

Datuk Harun v PP [1976] 2 MLJ 116

Delhi Transport v. DTC Mazdoor Congress (1990) Supp 1. SCR 142 D.K. Basu v State of West Bengal (1997) 1 SC 416

Dr. P. Nalla Thamby Thera v. Union of India, [1983] INSC 167

Dreamland Corporation (M) Sdn. Bhd. v. Chong Chin Sooi & Anor [1988] 1 MLJ 111

DS Nakara v Union Of India [2000] INSC 103

Doresamy v. Public Service Commission [1971] 2 MLJ 127 Dudley (Lord) v. Dudley, (1705) Prec.Ch 241,244, L.C.

Dunlop Estates Bhd. v. All Malayan Estates Staff Union [1980] 1 MLJ 243 E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamilnadu AIR 1967 SC 1458

East Asiatic Co Ltd v. Valen Noel Yap [1987] 1 ILR 363a

Esso Malaysia Production Inc v. Allauddin Bin Mohd Hashim [2000] 3 CLJ 334 Farooque v. Government of Bangladesh (Radioactive Milk Powder Case) WP 92 of 1996

Fathehchand Himmatlal v State of Maharashtra (1977) SCR (2) 828

Flanigan v. Prudential Federal Savings & Loan Association 720 P.2d 257 (Mont.1986)

Francis Coralie Mullin v. The Administrator, Union Territory Of Delhi [1981] INSC 12

Francis v. Municipal Councilors of Kuala Lumpur [1962] MLJ 407.

Francis Xavier Ignatius v. Carsem (M) Sdn. Bhd. [2009] 2 LNS 1086,

Fung Keong Rubber Manufacturing (M) Sdn. Bhd. v. Lee Eng Kiat & Ors [1980] 1 LNS 156

Galashiels Gas Co. Ltd. v. O'Donnell or Millar [1949] AC 275 Gelau Anak Paeng v. Lim Phek San & Ors [1986] 1 MLJ 271

Goodyear Malaysia Berhad V. Kesatuan Kebangsaan Pekerja-Pekerja Syarikat- Syarikat Pembuat Keluaran Getah [2006] 2 ILR 1243

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Goon Kwee Phoy v. J&P Coats (M) Bhd. [1981] 2 MLJ 136

Gopinathan K Raghavan Nair v. Sime Darby Plantations Bhd. [1989] 1 ILR11 Government of Malaysia v. Loh Wai Kong [1978] 2 MLJ 175

Great Eastern Life Assurance Bhd. v. Kesatuan Sekerja Kebangsaan Pekerja Pekerja Kebangsaan Perdagangan (1970) 1 MLJ xxxii

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) 381 US 479

Han Chiang High School v. National Union of Teachers in Independent Schools [1990] 1 ILR 473

Hana International Sdn. Bhd. v. Tan Tien Cheng [2002] 1 ILR 551

Harris Solid State (M) Sdn. Bhd. & Ors v. Bruno Gentil s/o Pereira & Ors [1996] 3 MLJ 489.

Heydon’s Case(1584)76 ER 637

Hinds v. The Queen [1976] 1All ER 353,359

Hoh Kiong Ngan v. Mahkamah Perusahaan Malaysia & Anor [1995] 3 MLJ 369 Holiday Inn, Kuching v. Elizabeth Lee Chai Siok [1991] 1 ILR 1234

Home Affairs v Fisher [1979] 3 AER 21

Hong Leong Assurance Sdn. Bhd. v. Wong Yuen Hock [1995] 2 MLJ 753 Hong Leong Bank Berhad v. Adrian Joseph D’Cruz [2005] 2 LNS 1904 Hong Leong Equipment Sdn. Bhd. v. Liew Fook Chuan [1996] 1 MLJ 481 Hotel Istana v. Nor Azam Baharin [2005] 4 CLJ 241

Hotel Malaya Sdn. Bhd. v. Say Lip Nyen @ Say Leat Thaw [1994] 1 ILR 464 Hussanaira Khartoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar

I.E Project Sdn. Bhd. v. Tan Lee Seng [1987] 1 ILR 165

Innoprise Corporation Sdn. Bhd., Sabah v. Sukumaran Vanugopal [1993]1 ILR 373 Jabar v PP [1995] 1 SLR 617

Jagvinder Kaur H Pritam Singh v Royal Selangor International Sdn. Bhd. [2008] 3 ILR 293

James v Commonwealth (1936) AC 578

Japan Travel Bureau (M) Sdn. Bhd. v. Wong Siew Ngow [2006] 2 ILR 1176 Joseph Smith v. Charles Baker & Sons [1891] AC 31

Jurutera Konsultant (SEA) Sdn. Bhd. v. Yeo Soon Chuan [1991] 2 ILR 825 Jutajaya Holding Bhd. v. Lim Poh Sim [2007] 2 ILR 69

Kamani Metals & Alloys Ltd v. Their Workmen [1967] II LLJ 55,58 (SC) Kanawagi Seperumaniam V. Penang Port Commission [2002] 8 CLJ 503

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xviii Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab [1994] INSC 172

KFC Technical Services Sdn. Bhd. v. Industrial Court of Malaysia [1992] 1 MLJ 564 Kekatong Sdn. Bhd. v. Danaharta Urus Sdn Bhd [2003] 3 CLJ 378

Kerisna Govindasamy v. Highlands and Lowlands – Ladang Bukit Selarong [2003] 4 CLJ 595

Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC 1461 Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar PradeshAIR 1963 SC 1295

Khoo Ee Peng v. Galaxy Automation Sdn. Bhd. [2009] 2 LNS 0656

Krishnamoorthy Apannan v. Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhdmatan Awam, Pentadbiran Keretapi Tanah Melayu [1999] 8 CLJ 314

Kuching Plywood v. Ngu Tiong Hie (1994) 1 ILR 435

Kum Printers Sdn. Bhd. v. Printing Industry Employees’ Union [1990]1 ILR 274 Kumpulan Perangsang Selangor Bhd. v. Zaid Bin Hj Mohd Nor [1997] 1 MLJ 789 Ladang Segaria Sdn. Bhd. Sabah v. Napsie AK Ngali [1995] 2 ILR 764

Lam Soon (M) Sdn. Bhd. v. Cik Chong sidew Yuan [1986] 1 ILR 404 Langston v. Amalgamated Union of Engineering [1974] 1b AER 234 Lee Kwan Woh v. Public Prosecutor [2009] 5 CLJ 631

Lee v. Showmen’s Guild of Great Britain [1952] 2 QB 329 Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia v. Leong Pui kun [2008] 2 CLJ 466

Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam, Hospital Besar Pulau Pinang v. Ultra Badi Perumal [2000] 3 MLJ 281

Leung Kwok Hung v. The Hong Kong special Administrative Region [2005] 8 HKCFAR 229

Lian Ann Lorry Transport & Forwarding Sdn. Bhd. v. Govindasamy [1982] 1 LNS 10

Lionel v. Government of Malaysia [1971] 1 LNS 67

Loh Kooi Chan v. Government of Malaysia [1977] 2 MLJ 187 M.C. Mehta v. Union of India AIR [1987] SC 1086

Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission v. State Of Madhya Pradesh, [2002]

AIR 2002 MP 239

Madras Gymkhana Club Employees’ Union v. Gymkhana Club [1967] 2 LLJ 55 SC Malayan Banking Berhad v. Mohd Bahari B..Mohd Jamali [1997] 1 LNS 558

Malayan Banking Bhd., Sarawak v. Sarawak Banking Employees Union [1984] 2 ILR 492a

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Malayan Commercial Banks Association v. National Union of Bank Employees [1982] 1 ILR 246

Malayawata Steel Bhd. v. Mohd. Yusof Bin Abu Bakar [1994] 2 AMR 983 Malaysia Milk Sdn. Bhd. v. Ng Chee Meng [1987] 1ILR 175e

Malaysian Airlines Bhd v. Michael Ng Liang Kok [2000] 3 ILR 179 Malik v. Bank of Credit; Mahmud v. Bank of Credit [1997] 3 All ER 1 Malloch v. Aberdeen Corporation [1971] 1 All ER 1278

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1

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF LABOUR RETRENCHMENT AND DISMISSAL IN MALAYSIA

1.0 Introduction

While employment nowadays is the utmost important way for a workman to earn to put food on his table, it is very important to ensure that his fundamental rights to earn a livelihood is protected against any arbitral actions by the parties with governance.

In this aspect, the employers must take all possible actions not to deprive the workman his right to earn a living, to work productively, to be paid fair wages, and to have his self worth and to contribute to the national economy. A productive workforce will contribute positively to the national coffer of Malaysia.

Based on the Table 1.1 below, it infers that from the year 2005 till 2012 more than 64% of the awards of termination are from the category of misconduct. This is a cause for concern for the notion on the just causes or excuses requirements as found in Section 20 of the Industrial Relations Act 1967. As such, it is very important for the employment law regime to rise to the occasion to protect the security of employment of fellow employees in Malaysia. More importantly how can the employment law regime move in tandem with the aim to enhance employment security?

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