Hakcipta © tesis ini adalah milik pengarang dan/atau pemilik hakcipta lain. Salinan boleh dimuat turun untuk kegunaan penyelidikan bukan komersil ataupun pembelajaran individu tanpa kebenaran terlebih dahulu ataupun caj. Tesis ini tidak boleh dihasilkan semula ataupun dipetik secara menyeluruh tanpa memperolehi kebenaran bertulis daripada pemilik hakcipta. Kandungannya tidak boleh diubah dalam format lain tanpa kebenaran rasmi pemilik hakcipta.
PEMBINAAN INDEKS JENAYAH CURI KENDERAAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN BERBILANG KRITERIUM DALAM
PERSEKITARAN KABUR
MOHD.FIRDAUS BIN ABD KHABIR
DOKTOR FALSAFAH
UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA
2022
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Permission to Use
In presenting this thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from Universiti Utara Malaysia, I agree that the Universiti Library may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for the copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by my supervisor(s) or, in their absence, by the Dean of Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which may be made of any material from my thesis.
Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this thesis, in whole or in part, should be addressed to:
Dean of Awang Had Salleh Graduate School of Arts and Sciences UUM College of Arts and Sciences
Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 UUM Sintok
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Abstrak
Indeks merupakan satu pengukur prestasi sesuatu keadaan yang memaparkan nilai skor akhir yang terhasil daripada gabungan beberapa nilai kriteria secara matematik.
Indeks jenayah yang melibatkan curi kenderaan sedia ada hanya mengandaikan semua kriteria adalah sama penting dan berasaskan data berangka semata-mata tanpa mengambilkira perihal kekaburan khususnya, dari aspek punca berlakunya jenayah tersebut. Selain itu, tiada penglibatan pembuat keputusan yang berupaya untuk menilai tahap sumbangan kriteria jenayah berdasarkan pengetahuan dan pengalaman mereka.
Oleh itu kajian ini membangunkan Indeks Jenayah Curi kenderaan (InJeCK) yang ditambah baik dengan mengambilkira perihal kekaburan. InJeCK ini juga melibatkan pembuat keputusan dalam menentukan darjah sumbangan kriteria di samping analisis data berangka yang diperoleh daripada agensi berkaitan. Wajaran subjektif yang diguna dalam kajian ini memanfaatkan nombor-Z melalui tahap sumbangan kriteria yang dinilai dalam perwakilan dua nombor kabur segitiga. Wajaran objektif pula menggunakan tahap ketaktentuan melalui pengukuran entropi. Kedua-dua wajaran ini digabung membentuk wajaran teragregat yang mengimbangi kelemahan kedua-dua wajaran subjektif dan objektif. Seterusnya, nilai InJeCK dikira berasaskan Teknik Urutan Keutamaan Irasan Selesaian Ideal (TOPSIS) bagi memangkat 82 kawasan di Semenanjung Malaysia. Nilai InJeCK dipaparkan secara visual menggunakan peta berwarna supaya lebih berinformasi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kriteria curi kereta, pendidikan tinggi dan pengangguran merupakan tiga kriteria paling mempengaruhi jenayah kecurian kenderaan berdasarkan wajaran teragregat. Nilai InJeCK memaparkan Kuala Lumpur merupakan kawasan yang paling berisiko bagi kes kecurian kenderaan. Kajian ini telah menyumbang kepada bidang pembuatan keputusan berbilang kriterium dengan mengambilkira persekitaran kabur dalam pembinaan indeks jenayah curi kenderaan. Selain itu, dapatan kajian juga dapat membantu pihak terlibat dalam membendung kejadian jenayah curi kenderaan khususnya dan jenayah harta benda umumnya.
Kata Kunci: Berbilang Kriterium, Entropi, Indeks Jenayah Curi Kenderaan, Kabur, Nombor-Z.
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Abstract
An index is a measure of the performance of a situation that displays the value of the final score resulting from a combination of several criteria values mathematically. The existing index of vehicle theft is built on the assumption that all criteria are equally important and based on numerical data only without considering ambiguity aspect, particularly the causes of the crime. Moreover, there was no decision-makers involvement to assess the level of contribution of criminal criteria based on their knowledge and experience. Therefore, this study developed an improved InJeCK by considering the fuzziness. InJeCK also involves decision-makers in determining the degree of importance of vehicle theft crime criteria, in addition to numerical data analysis obtained from related agencies. The subjective weights in this study utilized Z-numbers through the level of contribution of the criteria evaluated in the representation of two triangular fuzzy numbers. Objective weights used the degree of uncertainty through entropy measurements. These two weights were aggregated to form an aggregated weight that balances the weaknesses of both subjective and objective weights. Next, InJeCK was computed based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to rank 82 areas in Peninsular Malaysia. InJeCK values were visualized using color maps to be more informative.
The results show that the criteria of car theft, higher education and unemployment are the three most influential criteria in vehicle theft crime based on the aggregated weights. The InJeCK values show that Kuala Lumpur is the riskiest area for vehicle theft cases. This study has contributed to the field of multi-criteria decision-making by considering fuzzy environment in the development of vehicle theft crime index.
Besides, the findings of the study can also assist those involved in curbing vehicle theft in particular and property crime in general.
Keywords: Multi-criteria, Entropy, Vehicle Theft Crime Index, Fuzzy, Z-Number.
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Penghargaan
Alhamdulillah, di sini saya ingin merakamkan ucapan jutaan terima kasih kepada penyelia utama saya Prof Dr. Maznah Mat Kasim atas segala nasihat, tunjuk ajar dan kata-kata semangat sepanjang tempoh perjalanan ini. Tidak dilupakan kepada penyelia kedua, Dr Malina Zulkifli yang sentiasa memberi teguran dan panduan dalam penulisan akademik. Tanpa bantuan kalian, tidak mungkin perjalanan ini mampu di sudahkan dengan jayanya. Saya juga ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi yang sudi menaja pengajian saya melalui biasiswa MyBrain15. Terima kasih juga diucapkan kepada pihak Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) khususnya para kakitangan, School of Quantitative Sciences, Awang Had Salleh Graduate School dan U-Assist UUM kerana kerjasama yang baik diberikan ketika saya memerlukan bantuan. Seterusnya ribuan terima kasih diucapkan kepada kedua ibubapa saya yang telah banyak memberi bantuan khususnya dalam bentuk kewangan dikala saya dan keluarga dalam kesempitan. Tidak dilupakan isteri saya, Nurul Huda, kerana tidak pernah sesekali berputus asa terhadap suaminya dan sentiasa memberi sokongan moral, doa dan bantuan dalam menguruskan hal-hal rumah tangga dan urusan persekolahan anak-anak. Sesungguhnya perjalanan yang bermula pada 2014 sehingga 2022 bukanlah suatu perkara yang mudah. Kepada Afham, Amni, Aslam, Akram dan Aira, abah mohon maaf sekiranya abah tidak dapat meluangkan masa dengan kamu semua. Diharapkan pencapaian abah ini menjadi satu penanda aras bagi kamu semua agar kamu dapat capai kejayaan yang lebih baik di masa hadapan, insha-Allah. Akhir sekali, tidak dilupakan kepada rakan-rakan yang tidak putus mendoakan saya, terima kasih yang tidak terhingga diucapkan. Hanya Allah swt yang mampu membalas segala jasa baik kalian.
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Isi Kandungan
Permission to Use ... ii
Abstrak ... iii
Abstract ... iv
Penghargaan...v
Isi Kandungan ... vii
Senarai Jadual... xii
Senarai Rajah ... xiiii
Senarai Lampiran ... xivv
BAB SATU PENGENALAN ... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Kajian ... 1
1.2 Jenayah Kecurian Kenderaan Sebahagian daripada Jenayah Harta Benda ... 2
1.3 Peranan Indeks ... 4
1.4 Pembuatan Keputusan Berbilang Kriterium ... 7
1.5 Konsep Kabur Subjektif ... 10
1.6 Fungsi Pemetaan Jenayah Kecurian Kenderaan ... 12
1.7 Pernyataan Masalah ... 13
1.8 Persoalan Kajian ... 16
1.9 Objektif Kajian ... 17
1.10 Skop Kajian ... 17
1.11 Kepentingan Kajian ... 18
1.12 Susun Atur Tesis ... 19
BAB DUA ULASAN KARYA ... 21
2.0 Pengenalan ... 21
2.1 Kriminologi ... 22
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2.2 Faktor yang Menyumbang kepada Kejadian Jenayah Kecurian Kenderaan .... 25
2.2.1 Dadah ... 25
2.2.2 Pengangguran ... 27
2.2.3 Pendidikan ... 29
2.2.4 Pendatang Asing ... 30
2.2.5 Perbandaran ... 32
2.2.6 Kemiskinan ... 34
2.2.7 Cuaca dan Bencana Alam ... 35
2.2.8 Remaja Lelaki ... 37
2.2.9 Kaum... 38
2.2.10 Keadaan Keluarga ... 39
2.2.11 Kelas Sosial ... 40
2.3 Kecurian Kenderaan ... 41
2.3.1 Perihal Individu yang Terlibat dalam Jenayah Kecurian Kenderaan ... 43
2.3.2 Matlamat Penjenayah Curi Kenderaan ... 45
2.3.3 Modus Operandi dan Teknik Penjenayah Mencuri Kenderaan ... 46
2.4 Pembuatan Keputusan ... 48
2.4.1 Pembuatan Keputusan Berbilang Kriterium (PKBK)... 50
2.4.1.1 TOPSIS ... 53
2.4.1.2 ELECTRE ... 55
2.4.1.3 PROMETHEE ... 57
2.4.1.4 Pembuatan Keputusan Berbilang Kriterium dalam Kumpulan ... 60
2.4.2 Jenis- Jenis Wajaran ... 61
2.4.2.1 Wajaran Objektif ... 62
2.4.2.2 Wajaran Subjektif ... 65
2.4.3 Langkah Penormalan ... 69
2.4.4 Pengagregatan ... 70
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2.4.4.1 Hasil Tambah Berwajaran (HTB) ... 71
2.4.4.2 Hasil Darab Berwajaran ... 72
2.5 Kekaburan dalam Pembuatan Keputusan Berbilang Kriteria (PKBK) ... 73
2.5.1 Nombor Kabur ... 75
2.5.1.1 Nombor-Z ... 79
2.5.1.2 Aplikasi Nombor-Z dalam Pembuatan Keputusan Berbilang Kriteria (PKBK) ... 79
2.5.1.3 Penggunaan Konsep Nombor-Z ... 82
2.5.2 Entropi ... 84
2.6 Indeks ... 87
2.7 Pemetaan Jenayah Curi Kenderaan ... 92
2.8 Ringkasan ... 97
BAB TIGA METODOLOGI ... 100
3.0 Pengenalan ... 100
3.1 Rangka Kajian ... 101
3.2 Pembinaan Instrumen ... 106
3.3 Pengumpulan Data ... 107
3.3.1 Data Primer ... 108
3.3.2 Data Sekunder ... 109
3.4 Latar Belakang Teori Kabur ... 110
3.4.1 Kaedah Asas Kabur Segitiga ... 110
3.4.2 Konsep dan Definisi Nombor-Z ... 111
3.5 Penentuan Wajaran ... 116
3.5.1 Penentuan Wajaran Subjektif ... 116
3.5.2 Penentuan Wajaran Objektif ... 120
3.5.3 Penentuan Wajaran Teragregat ... 123
3.6 Pembinaan Indeks Jenayah Curi Kenderaan (InJeCK) ... 124
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3.7 Pemetaan Indeks Jenayah Curi Kenderaan (InJeCK) ... 128
3.8 Rumusan ... 130
BAB EMPAT HASIL KAJIAN DAN PERBINCANGAN ... 131
4.0 Pengenalan ... 131
4.1 Data ... 131
4.1.1 Data Primer ... 132
4.1.2 Data Sekunder ... 136
4.2 Nilai Wajaran Kriteria ... 137
4.2.1 Wajaran Subjektif Kriteria ... 139
4.2.2 Wajaran Objektif Kriteria ... 145
4.2.3 Wajaran Teragregat Kriteria dalam Indeks Jenayah Kecurian Kenderaan...152
4.3 Pembentukan Indeks Jenayah Curi Kenderaan (InJeCK) ... 154
4.3.1 Pembinaan Indeks Jenayah Kecurian Kenderaan Berwajaran Subjektif Kriteria dan Berwajaran Objektif Kriteria ... 163
4.3.2 Analisis Perbandingan Indeks Jenayah Kecurian Kenderaan Berlainan Wajaran Kriteria ... 172
4.4 Pemetaan Indeks Jenayah Curi Kenderaan ... 177
4.5 Dapatan Tambahan ... 182
4.5.1 Faktor Lain Kejadian Jenayah Kecurian Kenderaan ... 183
4.5.2 Perincian Penjenayah Curi Kenderaan ... 186
4.6 Rumusan ... 188
BAB LIMA KESIMPULAN ... 191
5.0 Pengenalan ... 191
5.1 Kesimpulan ... 191
5.2 Sumbangan Kajian ... 195
x
5.4 Saranan Kajian Lanjut ... 201 RUJUKAN ... 203 LAMPIRAN (SOALAN SOAL SELIDIK) ... 241
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Senarai Jadual
Jadual 3.1 Fungsi kabur segitiga………113
Jadual 3.2 Jadual nilai pembolehubah linguistik dalam perwakilan nombor kabur segitiga……….……….116
Jadual 4.1 Maklumat responden ………...………133
Jadual 4.2 Ringkasan kriteria jenayah curi kenderaan …………..……….135
Jadual 4.3 Ringkasan data daripada PDRM, AADK dan ISM………..…137
Jadual 4.4 Wajaran subjektif kriteria………...………..141
Jadual 4.5 Ringkasan sebahagian data untuk penentuan wajaran objektif…………145
Jadual 4.6 Data ternormal…...………....………...147
Jadual 4.7 Nilai ketentuan dan ketaktentuan……..……..………..150
Jadual 4.8 Wajaran objektif kriteria………...151
Jadual 4.9 Wajaran teragregat dan pangkat kriteria jenayah curi kenderaan………152
Jadual 4.10 Matriks pemutusan ternormal berwajaran teragregat……….155
Jadual 4.11 Penetapan kriteria manfaat, kriteria kos, penyelesaian unggul positif dan penyelesaian unggul negatif…………... ....………...158
Jadual 4.12 Penyelesaian unggul positif dan penyelesaian unggul negatif bagi setiap kriteria…………...……….……158
Jadual 4.13 Penentuan jarak pemisahan setiap kawasan dari dua penyelesaian unggul positif dan unggul negatif serta indeks jenayah bagi harta benda bagi setiap kawasan………..161
Jadual 4.14 Matriks pemutusan penormalan berwajaran objektif………..165
Jadual 4.15 Matriks pemutusan penormalan berwajaran subjektif………168
Jadual 4.16 Penyelesaian unggul positif dan penyelesaian unggul negatif bagi indeks berwajaran objektif…………...…..………171
Jadual 4.17 Penyelesaian unggul positif dan penyelesaian unggul negatif bagi indeks berwajaran subjektif………..……...171
Jadual 4.18 Perbandingan indeks jenayah curi kenderaan berlainan asas wajaran…173 Jadual 4.19 Perbandingan nilai sisihan piawai dalam kalangan tiga indeks jenayah kenderaan berlainan asas wajaran………..176
Jadual 4.20 Ringkasan bilangan kawasan mengikut Bahagian di Semenanjung Malaysia……….181
Jadual 4.21 Faktor lain yang berkait dengan jenayah kecurian kenderaan.………..184
xii
Jadual 4.22 Perincian mengenai jenayah kecurian kenderaan……….………..186
xiii
Senarai Rajah
Rajah 2.1: Teknik Pemberatan Grafik menggunakan garis lurus melintang...68
Rajah 2.3: Keadaan ketaktentuan dalam satu kumpulan data...85
Rajah 2.4: Pemetaan bersimbol tunggal...96
Rajah 2.5: Pemetaan berperingkat...97
Rajah 2.6: Pemetaan berperingkat berciri poligon berwarna...97
Rajah 3.1: Carta aliran pembinaan indeks jenayah curi kenderaan...104
Rajah 3.2: Nombor kabur segitiga...110
Rajah 3.3: Fungsi Kabur segitiga...112
Rajah 3.4: Darjah keahlian kriteria...113
Rajah 3.5: Nombor kabur segitiga bagi komponen Ãkl...115
Rajah 3.6: Nombor kabur segitiga bagi komponen B̃kl...115
Rajah 3.7: Matriks pemutusan...120
Rajah 4.1: Penglibatan dalam tugas...134
Rajah 4.2: Perbandingan nilai wajaran objektif kriteria dan nilai entropi kriteria....150
Rajah 4.3: Pemetaan indeks jenayah curi kenderaan...178
Rajah 4.4: Impak jenayah kecurian kenderaan pada kawasan sekitar Kuala Lumpur180 Rajah 4.5: Pemetaan mengikut bahagian besar di Semenanjung Malaysia...181
xiv
Senarai Lampiran
Soalan soal selidik...241
1
BAB SATU
PENGENALAN
1.1 Latar Belakang Kajian
Keselamatan adalah keperluan asas bagi individu atau masyarakat. Hal ini telah dibuktikan oleh Abraham Maslow melalui Hierarki Keperluan Maslow yang menyatakan bahawa keselamatan merupakan antara asas penting keperluan manusia (Maslow, 1943). Pelbagai manfaat dapat diperoleh daripada keselamatan yang berkualiti. Perkara asas seperti pendidikan bagi menjana perkembangan modal insan amat memerlukan suasana yang damai sebagai asas bagi mencapai matlamat membina satu negara yang sejahtera.
Dalam usaha mencapai status sebuah negara yang sejahtera, beberapa perkara seperti keselamatan, pengangkutan awam, pendidikan, dan ekonomi harus dititikberatkan.
Oleh itu, matlamat murni pembinaan negara sejahtera tidak wajar diganggu gugat oleh elemen negatif seperti masalah jenayah. Masalah jenayah ini harus dibendung hingga ke akar umbi bagi memastikan kelancaran proses transformasi oleh pihak berwajib bergerak seiring dengan perancangan strategik yang telah dirancang.
Jenayah boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian antaranya jenayah kekerasan, jenayah narkotik, jenayah komersial, dan jenayah harta benda (The Official Portal of Royal Malaysia Police, 2017). Jenayah rogol dan bunuh diklasifikasikan sebagai jenayah kekerasan manakala jenayah curi kenderaan dan pecah rumah dikategorikan sebagai jenayah harta benda (Ismail & Ramli, 2013). Walaupun jenayah kekerasan
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