International Journal of Social Science Research eISSN: 2710-6276 [Vol. 2 No. 2, June 2020]
http://myjms.moe.gov.my/index.php/ijssr
MALE PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE PERFORMANCE IN THE REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY OF MALAYSIA
Khor Soo-Cheen1*, Shalini Sanmargaraja2 and Wai Soon-Han3
1 2 3 Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
*Corresponding author: khorsc@utar.edu.my
Article Information:
Article history:
Received date : 13 June.2020 Revised date : 11 April.2020 Accepted date : 20 April 2020 Published date : 10 May 2020
To cite this document:
Khor, S., Sanmargaraja, S., & Wai, S.
(2020). MALE PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE PERFORMANCE IN THE REAL ESTATE INDUSTRY OF MALAYSIA. International Journal Of Social Science Research, 2(2), 23-31.
Abstract: Many women are discouraged from participation in some of most thriving and essential businesses, particularly in male-dominated industries. The underrepresentation of women in industries considered to be ‘male-dominated’. This scenario implicated women faced plenty of challenges in the working fields. The reasons are attributed to because of the lack of family role models, stereotypes about the nature of women’s work, discouraging workplace cultures and structural problems within those organisations. The study is to focus in the working field of real estate industry. The purpose of the study is to identify the possible challenges face by Women In Real Estate (WIRE) in order to verify the truthiness of scenario. A questionnaire survey is used to carry out the study. The targeted respondents are women who working in real estate industry. The data is collected and analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Based on the analysis and the factors being determined, this paper is to discuss the key factors to drive women success in real estate industry and to identify the enablers’ factor in helping the professionalism advancement for WIRE in Malaysia. Nonetheless, the relationship in between the Challenges of WIRE and Factor Drive Women to Success and Enablers in Helping the Professionalism Advancement for Women was investigated using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. In conclusion, the overall outcome of investigation has manifested the positive results toward the fact findings of the scenario situation.
1. Introduction
In today highly competitive market, employments of women still low in status compare to man.
Most of the country has unanimous record the women workforce in the construction industry is less than 1% (Linda at el., 2005). Female population in Malaysia is increasing from 11.5 million in year 2000 to 13.9 million in years 2009. However, women workforce has increased from 44.7%
in year 1995 to 45.7% in year 2008, and continues to increase in year 2009 to 46.4% (UN Malaysia, 2016). The agenda of the government to empowerment of women in tenth Malaysia plan, is growth the women contribution effort in the working field. This is to make women realize their potential and more effective to participate in the national economic and social development of the country (The Economic Planning Unit, 2010). Women in Real Estate (WIRE) are seen actively in all real estate duties which are consisting of leaders, property manager, real estate agents, master of value and the general research industry (Woon at el., 2014). In the current situation, Western country has more women in the highest position and successful compare with the Asian countries. In Western countries, 17% in Europe and 15% in US of women have the highest position in real estate industry. But there is only 6% of women in Asian countries holding of highest position in this industry (Chu and Ramstad, 2012). Although there is an evidence of successfulness for WIRE, but yet there are plenty of challenges faced in their employment of this male-dominated Industries.
This research has been done previously, however the issues of challenge faced by women and the identification of success factor are yet not accomplished. The significance of this research is to foresee women professional value and the enablers of professionalism advancement in the real estate industry. Thus, the study objectives are listed as following:
• To identify key factors that drive women success in real estate industry
• To identify the enablers in helping the professionalism advancement for WIRE
• To identify the possible challenges facing by WIRE in Malaysia
2. Literature Review
Women in real estate industry are facing difference of challenge in the workplace. Two ways to represent the women are under rated than men in the industry and they are the terms of such as:
glass wall and the glass ceiling. Glass wall means the segregation of women in traditional gender roles. Women usually like to be administrative and secretarial work, personal selling, and sales of professional or work as a housewife instead of working in the construction industry and other traditional industry (Gurjao, 2008). Glass ceiling is a hidden, artificial barriers that prevent women further success or progress till the work of the highest position. Women can see the opportunities, but they aren’t to move forward in their career development. According to the report by UK management organization, the glass ceiling phenomena still appear and facing by most of the women to their career progression (Morisson, 2014). Insufficient networking is one of the challenges faced by women in real estate industry. Women are hardly to connect to the men network when they are working in the same work task and company. It has two type of insufficient networking facing by women who working in the real estate industry which is difficult to access to the men’s informal networking and men’s unfavourable attitude toward women. Women are Keywords: Challenges, Women in Real Estate, Women, Factor, Malaysia.
face difficulty to access to the men informal networking and the jobsites of construction industry (Moir, at el., 2011). Whenever the networking is special composed to men, women are unable to access to vital information. Women in the industry are hardly to get adequate help and support from co-worker or senior. The unfavourable attitude of men to women will be more restrain causing women don’t have the potential to move forward in the industry (Ginige, at el, 207).
Family commitment is the need of women to cater for their children with being as a role of housewife. But in the real estate industry that shows not appreciate issues associated with combine work and family commitment (Harley, 2018).
Normally, women are wanted to have the balance point in between the work and family. But they normally will face stumbling stone in the industry. In construction industry, they usually have to face the critical problem which is the working hours in the industry is no fix, sometimes they still have to work overtime and it can be extended to 10 hours per day or work during weekends (Perrons, 2009). Nowadays, women are taken multiple role and responsibilities. They may act as a role of mother, wife, and daughter. The women who taking more responsibilities, she prone to have the higher risk for facing depression stress, conflict with partner, physical illness and the like (Stefanisko, 1997). Women who has participate multiple role will increase the stress while they are working in the industry (Perrons, 2009). There has the boundary limit for the women to explore in the industry because women are overloaded with the multi-responsibilities and roles (Mwobobia, 2012). In addition, women face sexism in the working place, particular in construction industry. The problem is severity compare to other industry (Moodley, 2012). Gender discrimination is unfair or employer bias against women in employment choice, position in the organization, promotion and training (Yusoff, 2011). Some construction employers are not able to employ women as their worker because they think that they are lack of experience about the job task and not able to carry out the job, need extra facilities and protection of the scene, and not able to adapt the culture in the industry (Cerise at el, 2013). Others than that, some of the employer are not willing to employ women because women will be taking maternity leave, they will choose the women who not yet getting marry for the employability (Cerise at el, 2013). In construction industry, the communication in between women and men often has conflict. When sharing the different view of the issues and the expression of point (Evan, 2014). Both genders have the hardly understanding and interpretation among them in the spectrum of thinking, intentions, and behavior (Gray, 2012). Communication conflict in between the women and men on the working task are because of the different gender role (Wood, 2007).
2.1 The Factors That Drive Women Success in Real Estate Industry
Women are the pillar behind each person’s success. They also are the strength behind of every flourishing family. Women culture has been changed which they not only can stay at home as a housewife. Nowadays, women can be a nurse, doctor, mother, and can be a staff who selling food in the country. In real estate industry, relationship is a great deal of networking. Women in real estate should be having a good communication skill to become successful. They have to know how to manage the relationship between the parties as a buyer or seller (Boston, 2012). They have to be working with the women who are experienced in real estate and full of knowledge. Patience is an important to success in real estate. Sometimes women are not aware the question is testing our patience. Financial is the question that testing women in real estate the most. They also have to know how to step back, good and bad aspects in research investment. Women should aware every
kind of business is sensitive to the economy stand (Boston, 2012). Women in real estate industry, they have to think logical when they are doing their task to get it done. Logical thinking is the basic sequence of thought, this process involves the important ideas, facts, and conclusion involve in a problem and arrange them in the chain-like progression that takes on a meaning in and of itself. In simple word say of logical thinking is to think in step. In real estate industry, is an emotional attachment which will make investor to pay more inadvisable financial option to certain property investment.
In real estate business, the women need to improve the cost management by creating streamlined, to avoid happening of low profit. They need to master the latest digital technology; it can strengthen the cost management and scale. It will let them to improve in the data analytics, communication with investors and regulatory reporting (PwC, 2014). Women in real estate industry, they must have the skills to assess the partners or acquisitions target in particular, judging alignment of interest. Then only can access to the local markets by joint ventures, mergers or acquisitions. Other than that, they need more in-depth understanding of the local real estate development practices and development partner. They need to cooperate with the government, to ensure their strategy is to meet the government’s policy. They need to build expertise with local developers and government cooperation. They need to make sure each participant to comply with reach target, they need a strict structure with local developer partner (PwC, 2014).
2.2 The Enablers in Helping Professionalism Advancement
Women in real estate needed the connection in between the education and labour force participation. This is showing the women in socio-economic standing. To improve the more rewarding career path to women, it has to increase the access of education to wider the range occupational opportunities to women. According to (Budhwar at el, 2005), there are some of the key strengths promoters in helping women in the professional development of the real estate industry, such as: To have a good networking with their colleagues; To have a better understanding and detect situation; Ability to perform multiple task; Well management of crisis situation; Willing to share information and power; To concern of the ability of a more neutral way; Ask for others’
input power environment leads to a greater degree of trust, self-esteem and respect for ideas; Strong dedication their organizational commitment, and loyalty; and Greater sensitivity in relationships.
3. Problem Statement
Women in real estate industry faced many challenges and these challenges are obstructed them moving forward in their career development. Although they are facing the challenges, the important of this research is to highlight women as a valuable asset in company, their significant contribution in the industry plus their profession role played in the real estate industry. In addition, the government can initiate a support, protection, initiative in order to encourage women involvement Real Estate Industry in Malaysia. To make women in real estate to the new path way of professional practice in Malaysia, it has to create the moral of such as: awareness, cultural attitude change, adaptation and adoption to a new social norm. A creation of policies, and best practice guidance needed to protect women in real estate industry.
4. Method
The study is to identify the possible challenges facing by Women In Real Estate (WIRE) in Malaysia and also to identify key factors that drive women success in real estate. In connection to research design, the quantitative survey method, sampling design, and data analysis are explicated in detail for the step of procedure to perform this research. In quantitative research by adopting questionnaire survey, sampling is a process of employing participants that is statically represent of the whole population to be studied. In a broader context, sampling process possible to reduce the whole population to a reasonable size since sample is a subset of the population (Crossman, 2014).
Thus, the population in this research are women who working in real estate industry. The convenience sampling technique is employed with ensure the sample have probability for being chosen. The sampling frame of the target population is located at Penang state of the Northern part of Malaysia and all are registered under The Board of Valuers, Appraisers and Estate Agents Malaysia (BOVEA). The survey questionnaire will be sent out 100 to those women who work in real estate industry. The questionnaire will be sent by mailing service with the associated approach of hand delivery. However, a formula propounded by (Malhotra, 2007) has determined the sampling size is 80 sets out of 100 of respondents to be collected. The five Likert scaling points being adopted in this questionnaire whereby the range of point indicated No.1= “strongly disagree”, No.2= “disagree”, No.3= “fair”, No.4= “agree” and No.5= “strongly agree”. A Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) software will be used to analysis the collected data.
5. Results and Discussion
A total of 182 survey questionnaire had sent out to the respondents by email and hand delivery.
The total response rate is 53.24% which is received 81 set of questionnaires. The respective method has generated such as 7 sets out of 108 sets in total (6.48%) through mailing and 74 sets in total (100%) by hand delivery. The Reliability and Validity Value of these three constructs are considered reliable and constructible for research instrument. The entire variable established items are above 0.6 which considered reliable for the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient value range among 0.6 to 1.0 (Malhotra, 207). Meanwhile, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy for all of the variable established items are above 0.6 and significant in value which considered valid based on the respondents sampling (Hair at el., 2004).
Table 1.0 The Central Tendency for he Factor Driving Women Toward Successfulness
No SD % D % F % A % SA % Standard
Deviation Mean Rank
F1 1.2 3.7 22.2 59.3 13.6 0.76518 3.8025 2
F2 0.0 0.0 23.5 53.1 23.5 0.68920 4.0000 1
F3 0.0 6.2 28.4 54.3 11.1 0.74907 3.7037 6
F4 0.0 1.2 32.1 59.3 7.4 0.61262 3.7284 5
F5 0.0 4.9 22.2 65.4 7.4 0.66202 3.7531 3
F6 1.2 3.7 30.9 46.9 17.3 0.82962 3.7531 4
F7 1.2 1.2 43.2 38.3 16.0 0.80623 3.6667 8
F8 0.0 3.7 40.7 40.7 14.8 0.77460 3.6667 7
F1-Relationship building; F2-Patience; F3-Understanding the economy and market research; F4-Generate income out of the property investment; F5-Logical thinking; F6-Cost management and scale; F7-A global networking with local knowledge and good government relations; F8-Specialist expertise and innovation
According to the Table 1.0, the F2 get the highest score among the measurement of criteria factors with the mean score 4.00 and standard deviation 0.69. It has 76.6% of the respondent include percentage of agree & strongly agree with this statement and none of the respondent disagree and strongly disagree with the statement. The F7 is ranked the lowest among the eight variables with 3.67 of average score and standard deviation 0.81. Furthermore, the prominent factors that drive women to success would be F1 and F5. Both of the factor having the mean scores of 3.80 and 3.75 in respectively. The result has represented more than 50% of the respondent agreed the factors listed are the key points to let them to success in real estate industry.
According to the Table 2.0, the mean scores for these nine variables are ranging 3.65 to 3.98, whereas E4 shows the first ranking with standard deviation 0.63. Most of the respondents agreed with the statement but yet minority people fair in judgement for this statement. The lowest rank fall to E7, 46.9% from the respondents agreed with this statement and 2.5% of them disagree with this statement. The feedback of the respondents indicated they agreed the enablers are the key strengths for accelerating professionalism of WIRE.
Table 2.0 The central tendency for enablers in helping the professionalism advancement for women
No SD % D % F % A % SA % Standard Deviation Mean Rank
E1 1.2 4.9 28.4 53.1 12.3 0.79757 3.7037 4
E2 0.0 3.7 28.4 50.6 17.3 0.76012 3.8148 2
E3 0.0 4.9 39.5 37.0 18.5 0.83129 3.6914 5
E4 0.0 0.0 21.0 60.5 18.5 0.63197 3.9753 1
E5 1.2 1.2 35.8 51.9 9.9 0.72158 3.6790 7
E6 0.0 2.5 35.8 53.1 8.6 0.66759 3.6790 6
E7 1.2 2.5 37.0 46.9 12.3 0.77460 3.6667 8
E8 0.0 3.7 42.0 39.5 14.8 0.77718 3.6543 9
E9 2.5 3.7 34.6 38.3 21.0 0.92513 3.7160 3
E1-Good networking; E2-Better understanding and detect situation; E3-Perform multiple task;E4-Well management;
E5-Share information and power; E6-Ability of a more neutral way; E7-Leads to have a greater degree of trust; E8- Strong dedication; E9-Greater sensitivity in relationship (more understanding, compassionate, sympathetic and empathetic)
Table 3.0 The Combination of Pearson Product–moment Correlation in between Challenges of Women in Real Estate Industry (WIRE) and Factor Drive Women to Success and Enablers in Helping the
Professionalism Advancement for Women
Item C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
F1 .285** .270* .249* .119 308** 503** .098 -.044
F2 .021 .129 .269* .024 .138 .268* .000 .000
F3 .048 .097 .216 -.070 .197 .206 .085 .005
F4 .254* .252* .187 .140 .231* .108 .088 .058
F5 .116 .043 .312** -.107 .182 .082 -.118 -.023
F6 .298** .124 .249* .093 .241* .270* -.109 -.068
F7 .147 .269* .173 .237* .302** .261* .066 .023
F8 .263* .280* .320** .120 .273* .252* .021 .183
E1 .116 .110 .106 .058 .085 .136 -.028 -.150
E2 .225** .247* .158 .006 .233* .246* .157 -.105
E3 .184 .359** .334** .219* .362** .350** .185 .044
E4 .147 .129 .246* .222* .260* .213 .151 .058
E5 .080 .070 .246* .236* .212 .401** -.052 .076
E6 .001 .120 .058 .181 .087 .295** -.001 -.062
E7 .226* .204 .120 .078 .191 .172 -.074 -.065
E8 .230* .094 .209 -.001 .184 .288** .059 -.059
E9 295** .331** .233** .275* .285** .369** .037 .088
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).N=81 C1- Difficult to access to the men’s informal networking; C2- Men’s unfavourable attitudes toward women; C3- Family Commitment; C4- Short period of service among the women; C5- Work Family Balance; C6- Multiple Responsibilities of women; C7- Gender discrimination (Sexism) and inequality; C8- Communication differences
The relationship between Challenges of Women in Real Estate Industry (WIRE) and Factor Drive Women to Success with the relationship between Challenges of Women in Real Estate Industry (WIRE) and Enablers in Helping the Professionalism Advancement for Women were investigated using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Preliminary analysis was performed to ensure no violation of the assumptions of normality, linearity and homoscedasticity. Based on the results show in Table 3.0, majority of the challenges of WIRE has significant relationship with both of variable. This has indicated plenty of challenges faced by majority of WIRE has hindered the chances of women career success in the particular field if compared with men. The manipulation of the relationship amongst these three variables is considered small in the strength of association which falls under the range of 0.1 to 0.3 [29]. However, the impact on women success is magnifying when there is a cumulative of obstacle faced may jeopardize their competitiveness with men. By looking into those significant relationships of correlation for the example C1, the level of statistical significance have high level of confidence with items F1, F6, E2 and E9 at p<0.01 level, whereas the C1 helps to explain respectively F1(8.12%), F6(8.88%), E2(5.06%) and E9(8.70%) of the variance in respondents’ scores. As well as the other factor of challenges, this can be perceived the coefficient variances explained are fallen within the range of 8%-10%. However, there is different for the correlations have the moderate and strong of strength association. This can be perceived through the C6 which has correlation of r=0.503 (F1) and r=0.401(E5). The C6 helps to explain nearly 25.30% and 16.08% of the variance in respondents’
scores on the respective scale. In contrary, the coefficient of variables C7 and C8 have no significant relationship with the factor to drive women success and the enablers in helping the professionalism advancement for women. These have implicated C7 and C8 not play the significant roles for obstructing women to perform well in real estate industry when compared with men dominated field.
6. Conclusion
In conclusion, the three objectives have been achieved. For objective 1, this is being achieved with the factors of driving women to success. Most WIRE agreed with the top three factors that lead women to success are having patience, having a good rapport in the teambuilding, and must equipped with logical thinking. These diversify strategies are dominated for promoting WIRE to success in their career. For objective 2, this has been achieved for those enablers to helping the professionalism advancement for WIRE. Majority agreed with the top three of enablers are the criteria of well management, better understanding of the situation, and greater sensitivity in relationship in terms of more understanding, compassionate, sympathetic and empathetic. For objective 3, the top three challenges that WIRE are facing is gender discrimination and inequality, to achieve the balancing point in between work and family, and the burdened family commitment.
WIRE responded they are being faced the injustice treatment with prejudiced towards capability of women not prevailing while working if compared to men. Due to the square box thinking with having the misperception that women are preference to stay at home most of the time for taking
care the family and children. All the correlation results for the relationship among the challenges, factors and enablers are in weak, moderate and strong in positive correlation with having significant of relationship. This underrepresentation of women in these industries is not only bad for gender equality, it also undermines the country’s economy. In fact, the increasing women’s employment rates could boost country GDP. Many male-dominated industries are also suffering from a lack of skilled workers. Eventually, encouraging greater women’s participation in these industries could go a long way to addressing these skills shortages.
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