Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja

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PUMS 99:1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

..lUDUL: DIETARY KA2>liS of WOM-~N fROM l-OW' 1~(OM.E HPu&EHOkDS

bAZAH: ~Ac.tf1;LO(2. of fOO\) ~G!f..Nce wITH HONOUR (fro)) SClfNC-e

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~aya. ____ ~_U_~_U_L __ f~A~R~ij~A_N~A __ B_T~. ___ g_~_~_M=A~]~ ________________________________ ___

(HURUF BESAR)

~engaku membenarkan tesis (LPS/ Srujanal Doktor Falsafah) ini di simpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah

c::t

engan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sabab.

2. Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Sabah dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai baban pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. . . Sila tandakan ( / )

SULIT

TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

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Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdmjah keselamatan . atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tennaktub di

dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukakan oleh organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

JDWWIn~HEAL P STAKAWAN

USTAKAAN IT MALAYSIA SABAH

HOUl

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#tAOI. 001 Nama Penyelia

Tarikh: 9-~

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^Jikatesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampiran surat daripada pihak berkuasalorgansasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

*

Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan. stau Laporan Projek Satjana Muda (LPSM).

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DIETARY HABITS OF WOMEN FROM LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS IN KG. TEBOBON,

KOTA KINABALU,SABAH

NURULFARHANABT.RAHMAT

DISSERTAnON SUBMI1TED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE BACHELOR DEGREE

OF FOOD SCIENCE WITH HONOURS (FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION)

SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

2010

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DECLARAnON

I hereby declare that the material in this thesis is my own except for quotations, excerpts, equation, summaries and references, which have been duly

acknowledged.

20^thMay 2010

ii

~.

NURUL FARHANA BT. RAHMAT (HN2006-1782)

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SUPERVISOR

(DR. YASMIN BENG HOUI ~Ol)

FIRST EXAMINER (DATIN RUGAYAH ISSA)

SECOND EXAMINER (OK ADILAH BT MD. RAMU)

DEAN

DECLARED BY

(ASSOC. PROF. DR. MOHO ISMAIL B. ABDULLAH)

iii

SIGNATURE

Ad·

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to thanked everyone who have helping me especially people of Kg. Tebobon for their help during the main stage of the study.

I hereby would like to convey my deepest gratitude to Dr. Yasmin Beng Houi Ooi for a" her advice and dedications in guiding me to complete this thesis.

Besides that, I would like to thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Ismail Bin Abdullah, Dean of School of Food Science and Nutrition, UMS for all assistance from school and to all lecturers for the knowledge and information given.

This thesis would not have been possible without the assistant and contributions from everyone. I also would to thanks my family for their consistency in supporting me to complete my final year projects.

Last but not least, I would like to thank to all my beloved friends for their ideas contributions and support.

iv

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ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to compare between habitual food intake of women from low income households in Kg. Tebobon and the Malaysian Food Pyramid recommendations, and to study the correlation between habitual intake and their Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP). A total of 28 women (mean age 33.9 ± 11.5 y) from low income households in Kg. Tebobon with mean per capita monthly income of RMl44.40 ± 42.35 were selected by purposive sampling. A set of questionnaire which consisted of i) demographic; ii) KAP; iii) Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and iv) Meal Pattern were used. Nutrition Knowledge questionnaire adapted from Parmenter & Wardle (1999), while Attitude and Practices questionnaires adapted from Nelson

et al

(2007) were used to assess the KAP score of subjects. FFQ and Meal Pattern Questionnaires were adapted from MANS 2003 (MOH,2008d) to study the dietary Intake. Rice was consumed by 100% of the subjects with mean frequency Intake of 1.65 times per day. Plain water was the most consumed beverage with consumption of 6.27 times daily. Mean daily intake of meat, fish, poultry and products was 5.81 ± 2.17 servings, with 85.71% of women having intakes above recommended servings of 2 to 3 servings/day. Achievement of recommended servings for all food groups was not systematic; only 14.3% of subjects met all the recommendations for all food groups. Most of the subjects (39.3%) were in the second tertile of KAP score;

mean score was 47.91 ± 3.48 out of a maximum of 100. There was no significant correlation (p >0.05) between KAP scores and number of servings consumed for each food group. There was a positive correlation between education level of subjects and their KAP scores (rs=0.18) but it was not significant (p = 0.366). Most subjects (73.91%) ate home prepared breakfast, lunch and dinner; with 82.14% eating only those three meals without snacks. This study suggests that nutritionists should focus on inculcating awareness good dietary habits by providing nutrition education to low income households.

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ABSTRAK

TAB.lAT PENAKANAN WANlTA DAM ISr RUNAH BERPENDAPATAN RENDAH

Dr KG. TEBOBON, KOTA KINABALU,sABAH

Objektif kajian ini adalah membandingkan antara tabiat pengambilan makanan wanita dari isi rumah bependapatan rendah di Kg. Tebobon dan saranan Piramid Makanan Malaysia, dan mengkaji korelas; antara tabiat pengambilan ini dengan Pengetahuan, Sikap dan Amalan (KAP) mereka. Sejumlah 28 orang wanita (min umur 33.9 :r 11.5 tahun) dari isi rumah berpendapatan rendah di Kg. Tebobon dengan min per kapita pendapatan bulanan RMl44.40 :r 42.35 telah dipilih secara persampelan purposive.

Satu

set

borang soaf se/idik yang tertiiri daripada i) demografik; Ii) KAP; iii) borang soal selidik kekerapan makanan (FFQ) dan iv) Perihaf makan digunakan. Borang soal selidik pengetahuan nutirisi telah diadaptasi daripada Parmenter & Wardle (1999), sementara borang 5081 selidik sikap dan amalan diadaptasi daripada Nelson et a/.

(2007) digunakan untuk menilai skor KAP subjek. 80rang $081 selidik kekerapan makanan (FFQ) dan Perihal makan diadaptasi dari MANS 2003 (MOH,2008d) untuk mengkaJ7 pengambilan diet subjek. Pengambilan nasi adalah 100%oleh subjek dengan min kekerapan pengambilan 1.65 kali sehari. Air kosong merupakan minuman yang paling kerap diambil oleh subJek dengan pengambilan harian 6.27 kall sehari. Min pengambilan harian bagi daging, ikan, ayam, /tik dan temakan adalah 5.81 ;t 2.17 sajian, dengan 85.71 % wanita mempunyai pengambilan meleblhi saranan sajian iaitu 2 ke 3 sajianjhari. Kepatuhan terhadap saranan sajian untuk setiap kumpulan makanan adalah tidak sistematik; hanya 14.3 % subjek mematuhi saran an bagi setiap kumpulan makanan. Kebanyakan daripada subjek (39.3%) berada pada tertiI kedua dengan min skar KAP 47.91 ;/; 3.48 daripada jumlah maks/mum 100. KAP dan pengambllan diet isi rurnah berpendapatan rendah di Kg. Tebobon tidak mempunyai korelas! yang signifikan (p>0.05). Terdapat hubungan yang positif antara tahap pendidikan subjek dan skor KAP mereka (r=a18) tetapl tidak signifikan (p

=

^0.366).

Kebanyakan subjek (73.91 %) makan makanan yang disediakan di rumah untuk sarapan, makan tengahari dan makan malam; dengan 82.14

%

mengambif3 hidangan sehari. Kajian ini mencadi1ngkan pakar pemakanan hams memberi tokus dalam memupuk kesedaran terhadap tab/at pemakanan yang baik dengan memberi pendldikan nutrisi kepadi1 isi rumah berpendapatan rendah.

vi

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE

DECLARATION VERIFICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

UST OF CONTENTS UST OF TABLES UST OF FIGURES

UST OF ABBREVIATIONS UST OF SYMBOLS

UST OF APPENDIXES 1.0 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUcnON 1.0

1.1

Introduction Objectives 1.2 Hypothesis

1.3 Importance of the study 2.0 CHAPTER 2

liTERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Food price increases

2.1.1 Consumer Price Index (CPI) 2.2 Poverty line income

2.2.1 The food PU

vii

ii iii iv

v vi vii xi xiii xiv

xv

xvi 1 1 1 4 4 4 5

5 5

5 7 8

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2.3 Food Selections 2.3.1 Habitual food intake 2.4 Meal pattern

2.5 Food Securities

9 11 14 16 2.5.1 Food security and associations with food consumption of low income

households 17

2.6 Nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) 2.7 Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 1999

2.7.1 Enjoy Variety of foods on Malaysian Food Pyramid

18 19 20 2.7.2 Maintain healthy body weight by balandng food intake with regular physical

activ~ 20

2.7.3 Eat more rice and other cereal products, legumes, fruits and vegetables 21 2.7.4 Minimize fat in food preparation and choose foods that are low in fat and

cholesterol 22

2.7.5 Use small amount of salts and choose foods low in salt 2.7.6 Reduce sugar intake and choose food low in sugar 2.7.7 Drink plenty of water daily

2.7.8 Practices and promote breastfeeding 2.8 Malaysian Food Pyramid

2.8.1 Food groups level1! Cereal, cereal products and tubers 2.8.2 Food groups level 2: Fruits and Vegetables

2.8.3 Food groups level 3a: Fish, poultry, meats and legumes 2.8.4 Food groups level 3b: Milk and dairy products

2.8.5 Food groups level 4: Fat, oil and sugar

2.8.6 Malaysian Food Pyramid and daily food intake

viii

22 23 23 23 24 2S

26 27 28 28 29

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2.9 Methodology 30 2.9.1 The advantage and disadvantages of Food Frequency Questionnaire 30 2.9.2 The advantage and disadvantage of 24-hour diet recall 32

3.0 CHAPTER 3

MATERIAL AND METHOD 3.1 Location and sampling 3.2 Indusion criteria 3.3 Data collection 3.3.1 Demographic Data

3.3.2 Meal pattern questionnaire

3.3.3 Knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire (KAP) 3.4 Dietary assessment

3.4.1 Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) 3.5 Data analysis

3.6 Visiting schedule 3.7 Pilot study 4.0 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Main study

4.1.1 Demographic and socio-economic characteristics 4.1.2 Habitual food intake

33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 37 38 38 39 39 39 39 41 4.1.3 Comparison of daily food intake with the recommendations of the Malaysian

Food Pyramid 43

4.1.4 Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) 47

ix

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4.1.5

Meal pattern 54

5.0 CHAPTER 5

61

CONCLUSIONS 61

5.1

Conclusion of findings

61

5.2

Umitations and suggestions

62

5.3 Statements of Key findings 63

REFERENCES ₆₄

APPENDIXES 73

x

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usr

OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Percentage change for the average Index number in Sabah between periods Jan-Aug 2008 to Jan-Aug 2009 for selected

Page

food items. 7

Table 2.2: Poverty Income line CPU) in Malaysia, 1970-2007 8

Table 2.3: Food PU in 2005 9

Table 2.4: Prevalence and mean frequency of top 10 daily consumed foods by

Malaysian 11

Table 2.5: A comparison between the Malaysian Food Pyramid recommended servings per day and the habitual food intake of adults, by states 14 Table 2.6: Meal Pattern of Sabah adults aged 18-59 years 15 Table 2.7: 8MI dassification for adults

Table 2.8: Mean number of servings per day of four food groups and comparing it to the Malaysian Food Pyramid recommendations in men and

21

women 30

Table 3.1: The conversion factor used to estimate food intake was based on

frequency of intake 37

Table 3.2: VISiting schedule 38

Table 4.1: Sample characteristics 40

Table 4.2: Socio-ec:onomic characteristics 41

Table 4.3: Prevalence and mean frequency of top 10 daily consumed foods 42 Table 4.5: Average number of servings per day of four food groups and comparing

It to the Malaysian Food Pyramid recommendations 44 Table 4.6: Average number of servings per day of four food groups by per capita

monthly foods expenditure and comparing it to the Malaysian Food

Pyramid recommendations 46

Table 4.7: Average number of servings per day of four food groups by tertile d KAP and comparing it to the Malaysian

Food

Pyramid

recommendations 47

Table 4.8: Mean scores of KAP by tertile. 48

xi

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Table 4.9: KAP score of subjects by educational level and per capita monthly

inoome 49

Table 4.10: The correlation between educational level and KAP scores 50 Table 4.12: The correlation between KAP scores and food group intake of

Subjects 53

Table 4.13: Meal pattern of subjects 54

Table 4.14: Meal oonsumptions pattern by selected demographics 5S Table 4.19: Mean number of meal oonsumptions per day by per capita monthly

foods expenditure 60

xii

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usr

OF FIGURES

Page

Agure 1 : Malaysian Food Pyramid 25

Rgure 4.4 : Mean frequency of beverages mnsumed dally by population 43 Figure 4.11: Average daily servings of four food groups by KAP tertile 52 Agure 4.15: Meal consumptions by per capita monthly foods expenditure S6 Agure 4.16: Meal consumptions by meal companion 57 Figure 4.17: Meal mnsumptions at home by size of households 58 FIQure 4.18: Home prepared food consumptions by per capita monthly food

expenditure S9

xiii

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WHO PU BMI NPAN SPSS FFQ FAO NCCFN MANS MOH KAP DSM DSW

CPI

Kg.

UDNS

UST OF ABBREVEAnONS

World health Organization Poverty Une Income Body Mass Index

National Plan of Action for Nutrition Statistical Package for Social Science Food Frequency Questionnaire Food and Agricultura' Organization

NatIonal Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition Malaysian Adults Nutrition Survey

Ministry of Health

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Department of Statistics Malaysia Department of Social Welfare Consumer Price Index KDmpung

low Income Diet Nutrition SUrvey

xiv

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UST OF SYMBOLS

N Total number of subjects

n

Number of subjects

P Probability

r

Pearson oorrelation ooeffident

rs

Speannen oorreiatlon coeffident

s.d Standard deviation

% Percentage

y Years

xv

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usr

OF APPENDIXES

Page

APPENDIX Ai Consent fonn 73

APPENDIX Aii Demographic 74

APPENDIX B ^KnowledgeAttitude and Practice 76

questionnaire (KAP)

APPENDIXC Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) 86

APPENDIX D Meal pattern questionnaire 94

APPENDIX E Cover letter 95

APPENDIX F Infonnation sheet 96

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has undergone marked socio-economic development followed by an increase in rural to urban migration and changes in lifestyle. These changes include dietary habits and food preferences, which in tum have a bearing on the health and disease patterns of the population (MOH, 2005).

The socio-economic changes in development over the years in Malaysia have brought about an improvement in the overall nutritional status of the country. However, pockets of malnutrition still exist, particularly among the rural population (Chong

et at,

1984; Norhayati et al, 1997; Khor et

at,

1997).

Poverty is often the underlying issues in most of the malnutrition cases. When the income is low, the family cannot provide sufficient food for its members (Cheah

et

at,

2007). Furthermore, many of the mothers were full .. time housewives and did not make any additional income. Thus, the responsibility of earning money for the family was left to their husbands (Cheah

et at,

2007). The serious concerns about food and nutrition for many poor people in developing countries was raised in early 2008 where a sharp increase in food prices over the past couple of years. The current situation is uncommon because it is not just a few but nearly all major food and feed commodities that are seeing a "concurrence of the hike in world prices" (FAO, 2008). The consequences of the food price crisis on households' food consumptions are most acutely felt in low income Food Defidt Countries (UFDCs) where a 50% rise in staple food prices causes a 21% increase in total food expenditure, from 50-60% of household income.

Increases in rice prices are also affecting Malaysia where annual consumption is 2.27 million tannes, of which only 1.63 million tonnes is produced locally while the

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remaining 27% is imported from Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, India, cambodia, Australia, China and United States. Prices have risen 10 to 20 % and shortages have been reported in several areas (Wan Ali, 20OS). On the other hand, the Flour Millers Association of Malaysia increased the price for both high and medium protein flour and this was followed by the Malaysian Bakery, Biscuit, Confectionery and Moo Merchants Association decision to increase the price for various types of noodles from RMO.20 to RMO.70. The price of ground rice also rose by RM22 for a 50 kilogram bag, while the price of other items like com flour, sago flour, tapioca flour and high carbohydrate wheat flour has been fluctuating. Increasing costs for plastic packaging, petrol and cooking oil also influenced the price of noodles (Wan Ali, 2008). While inflation in Malaysia remains low compared to neighbouring countries, higher prices are still having a serious impact on the living standards of lower-paid workers and the rural poor (Wan Ali, 2008).

Diet plays a major role in a person's everyday life (Lew

et al.,

2005). Principles of moderation and variety of food habit can help maintain and improves health (NCCFN, 1999). Overeating, nibbling and irregular meals which are poor food habits may lead to weight gain while skipping meals may not necessarily lead

to

weight loss as you may overeat at the next meal (NCCFN, 1999). A rapid transition has generated marked changes in lifestyles, occupational patterns and dietary habits amongst Malaysians (Ismail, 2002). Changes in dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles are known to be associated with changes in health and increased prevalence of chronic diseases In the population (Ismail, 2002). The poor diets of the low income population were accompanied by higher level of smoking, higher alcohol intake and lower physical activities compared with the general population (Nelson

et

aI., 2007).

Although Nelson's observations were made in the United Kingdom, Similar observations can also be made in the Malaysian population, with the exception of alcohol consumption among devout Muslims.

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Food security means having access at all times to enough food that is both sufficiently varied and culturally appropriate to sustain an active and healthy life (Nelson

et aI.,

^2007). For example, household food insecurity that leads to

malnutrition is influenced by such factors as health, education, employment, food availability and affordability (MOH, 200Sa). The national level food availability data indicates that there is suffidency in the supply of major food commodities for the population. Positive growth rates have been recorded for the production of rice, vegetables, fish, poultry and fruits. Notwithstanding the favourable food security sibJation at the national level, there are indications that food security at the household level remains a problem in certain population groups, especially among the poor

(MOH, 2005). With the effects of food price rises, which peaked around September 2008, it has been calculated that in many countries the hours of work needed to feed a household of five increased by around 10-20% during 2008 (SCN, 2009).

Previous research has suggested that foods which are beneficial to health may be more expensive, and more difficult to obtain, in deprived compared with more affluent areas, and that this may help to explain the greater adherence to healthy eating guidelines consistently reported in more affluent areas of the UK. Foods cheaper in poorer areas tended towards the high-fat, high-sugar types, the consumption of which current dietary guidelines suggest need to be reduced. These findings point to the need for more systematic, empirical, large-scale studies of variations in food price and availability, and their public health consequences (Cummin and MaCintyre, 2002).

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1.1 Objectives

This study has three objectives:

1. To compare between the Malaysian Food Pyramid recommended servings per day and the habitual food intak.es of subjects in low income households in Kg.

Tebobon.

2. To study the correlation between nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and dietary habits of subjects in low income household in Kg. Tebobon.

3. To study the meal patterns of subjects in low income households in Kg. Tebobon.

1.2 Hypothesis

1. Subjects in low income households in Kg. Tebobon fulfilled the recommended intak.e per day for fruits and vegetables group only.

2. There is a correfation between KAP and habitual dietary intak.e of subjects in low income households in Kg.Tebobon.

3. Subjects in low Income households tend to eat more home prepared food and taking three meals per day.

1.3 Importance of the study

There is a need to improve the quality of dietary habit of low income households in order to prevent malnutrition and its consequences. For this, data is required. To date, there is no study on impact of food prices increased on dietary habits of low income households In Malaysia. Most studies done were on nutritional assessment of children in rural area and estate workers. In addition, most of the studies emphasized on nutrient intake but not the dietary habit. Therefore it will be benefidal to the low income household if the impact of food prices increased can be stud'ied in order to ensure good dietary habits among them. The connection between dietary habits and KAP Is worth investigate.

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CHAPTER 2

UTERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Food price Increases

Price rises are hitting Malaysia besides Asian countries. (Wan Ali, 2008). The consequences of food prices Increases causes household alter spending patterns and reduce expenditures on durable goods relative to food and other essential item (FAC, 2009). With low incomes, the poor are less able to purchase food especially where prices on domestic market are still continuously high (FAO, 2009). Food expenditure also tends to shift towards cheaper, calorie-rich, energy dense foods such as grains, and away from more expensive protein and nutrient-rich food such an meat, dairy products, or fruits and vegetable (FAO, 2009). Malnutrition which affects labour productivity and lowering children's cognitive potential occurred by substituting more nutritious foods for less nutrition items or simply eating less (FAO, 2009).

Experience from previous financial crisis in Asia and Africa shows that, poor households tend to save on food costs and cut down on staple food consumption.

However, these coping strategies affect the diversity and quality and then the quantity and safety of diets, with mother usually be the first to make such sacrifices (SCN, 2009). Ismail (2002) Identifies income and population growth, coupled with changes in urbanization lifestyle have increased the demand for food and induced changes in food habits, food purchasing and consumption patterns.

2.1.1 Consumer PrIca Index (CPI)

Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2009) defined CPI as the percentage change through time in the cost of purchasing a constant 'basket' of goods and services representing the average pattern of purchases made by a particular population group

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in a specified time period. The consumer price index for each region measures price changes from one time period to another within the specific region. The index point change is calculated by dividing consumer price index (CPI) with the less previous index. While the percentage change is the index point different divided by the previous index multiplied by one hundred (DSM, 2009).

Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Sabah has tited an increment between Jan- Aug 2008 to Jan-Aug 2009. The food items which had highest increased in their percentage of change were rice, bread and other cereal. Meat was the second highest food item which result in percentage of change. As compared

to

fruits, vegetables which also placed in the second tier of Malaysian Food Guide Pyramid did not show a significant In percentage of change. This is happened most likely because Sabah's people consumed vegetables from their own plantation. Such food item which does not showed high percentage of changes are mil~ cheese, egg, and the food grouped at the tip of the Malaysian Food Pyramid. For instance, in 2008 the percentage of price increment of food group based on carbohydrate like rice, bread and other cereal has inaeased to 12.8% (DSM, 2008). Table 2.1 shows the percentage change for the average index number in Sabah between periods Jan-Aug 2008 to Jan-Aug 2009 for selected food items.

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Table 2.1: Percentage change for ltIe average index number in Sabah between periods lan-Aug 2008 to lan-Aug 2009 for selectad food items.

Food items

Rice, bread and other cereals Meat

Ash and seafood Milk, cheese and egg

Oil and fat Fruits Vegetable

Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and sweeteners

Percentage change (%) 14.1

11.1 3.4 0.6 0.7 5.8 1.7 0.8

SOurce: Department of statistics, Malaysia (2009) 2.2 Poverty line inmme

Malaysia's Poverty Une Income (PU) was substantially updated in 2005 and It was made up of two components which are the food PU and the non food PU (Malaysia, 2006). For each household, the PU is defined separately for its household income survey as based on the size, demographic, composition and its location as in state and stratum. A household is regard as poor if its income is less than Its own PU which means it lacks the resources to meet the basic needs of the individual members (Malaysia, 2006). The poverty line income for Sabah has increased to RM960 for low- income and RM480 for hard core low-income poverty for a family of five with per capita poverty line would be RM192 (DSW, 2008). Table 2.2 shows the Poverty line Income (PU) of Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak from 1970 to 2007.

In addition, Japan Bank for International Cooperation (2001) defined Malaysia's poverty line as a measurement of absolute poverty. PU is based on the gross monthly household income required to meet basic needs, induding food and nonfood

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Cheah W.L., Wan Manan W.M., Zabidin-H Z.A.M.H., Chang K.H., 2007. A qualitative study on malnutrition in children from the perspectives of healthy workers in Tumpat, Kelantan. Hal J Nutr 13: 19-28

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1-19

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