SAFETY COMPLIANCE AMONG HEALTHCARE STUDENTS IN ALLIED HEALTH COLLEGE, KUALA
LUMPUR
By
MALARVZELLY A/P MUNANDY
Thesis Submitted to
Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia,
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Master of Science (Occupational Safety & Health Managemen
i
i
PERMISSION TO USE
In presenting this dissertation/project paper in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Post Graduate degree from the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), I agree that the Library of this university may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying this project paper in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by my supervisor(s) or in their absence, by the Dean of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business where I did my project paper.
It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this project paper or parts of it for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the UUM in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my dissertation/project paper. Request for permission to copy or to make other use of materials in this dissertation/project paper in whole or in part should be addressed to:
Dean of Othman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia
06010 UUM Sintok Kedah Darul Aman.
ii
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine safety compliance among healthcare students during their placement in hospital settings. The independent variables were represented by safety knowledge, safety training and safety motivation. Safety compliance was set as dependent variable. A total of 98 students participated in this study by answering survey questionnaire. Data was collected through 19 items questionnaires on a five-point Likert and another 7 items were demographic questions.
Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple regressions). The finding from this study showed that safety knowledge and safety motivation have a significant relationship with safety compliance while safety training not influencing safety compliance among students in this research. Based on multiple regression result, 44% of the safety compliance is explained by the factors studied. This study would like to suggest an academic team to enhance healthcare student’s safety compliance during training placement in hospital settings. This study will give an idea for academic team to formulate new strategies and improve the enforcement of OSH among healthcare students during their practical session.
Keywords: Safety Knowledge, Safety training, Safety motivation, Safety Compliance and Healthcare students.
iii ABSTRAK
Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kepatuhan keselamatan dikalangan pelajar penjagaan kesihatan semasa praktikal di persekitaran hospital. Pembolehubah bebas adalah mewakili pengetahuan keselamatan, latihan keselamatan dan motivasi keselamatan. Kepatuhan keselamatan telah ditentukan sebagai pembolehubah bergantung. Sebanyak 98 orang pelajar telah mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini dengan menjawab soal selidik. Data dikumpul melalui 19 item soal selidik pada 5 skala Likert dan 7 item adalah soalan demografi. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif (min dan sisihan piawai) dan statistik inferential (korelasi dan regresi berganda). Hasil daripada kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa pengetahuan keselamatan dan motivasi keselamatan mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kepatuhan keselamatan manakala latihan keselamatan tidak mempengaruhi kepatuhan keselamatan di kalangan pelajar dalam kajian ini. Berdasarkan kepada keputusan regresi berganda, 44% kepatuhan keselamatan diterangkan oleh faktor- faktor yang dikaji. Kajian ini ingin memberi cadangan kepada kumpulan akademik untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan keselamatan pelajar penjagaan kesihatan semasa mejalani praktikal di persekitaran hospital. Kajian ini akan memberikan idea kepada kumpulan aakademik untuk merangka strategi baru untuk penambahbaikan dan meningkatkan penguatkuasaan OSH dikalangan pelajar penjagaan kesihatan semasa sesi praktikal.
Keywords: Pengetahuan keselamatan, Latihan keselamatan, Motivasi keselamatan, Kepatuhan Keselamatan dan Pelajar penjagaan kesihatan.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to Pn. Norizan Hj Azizan who had agreed to be my supervisor and advisor. Their knowledge and guidance have greatly helped me at all steps in the process of preparing and submitting this research paper. Without their comments and untiring advice, this thesis would not have been completed successfully.
A special thanks goes to my parents, Mr Munandy and Mrs. Malikka and my beloved husband, Mr Thurairaj, and my other family members for their endless patience, greatest support and understanding while I go through this challenging and difficult journey. My sincere gratitude also goes to my friends Ms Sumathi and Ms Gnana Jothy, who have given me motivation, advice and support in preparing and submitting this research paper.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere and utmost appreciation to my other lecturers and UUM staffs whom have inputted me valuable knowledge during my studies and also not forgetting to all those involved in making this paper a reality.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
PERMISSION TO USE iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLE viii
LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background of the study 1-5 1.3 Problem Statement 6-10 1.4 Research question 10
1.5 Research objective 11
1.6 Scope of study 11
1.7 Significance of study 12
1.8 Definition of Key Terms 13-15 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 16
2.1.2 An overview of Relevant Legislation 16-17 2.1.3 Theory of Hypothesis 17
2.1.4 Empirical evidence on safety compliance 18
2 2 Safety Compliance 19-21
vi
2.3 Safety Knowledge 23
2.4 Safety Training 23-26
2.5 Safety Motivation 26-28
2.6 Research Framework/Theoretical framework 29
2.7 Development of hypotheses 30
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Research Design 31
3.2.1 Source of data 32
3.2.2 Unit of analysis 32
3.3 Population 32
3.4 Sample size 33
3.5 Sampling technique 34
3.6 Operational Definition and Measurements 35
3.6.1 Safety compliance 35
3.6.2 Safety knowledge 36
3.6.3 Safety training 36
3.6.4 Safety motivation 36
3.7 Measurements and Instrumentation 37-39
3.8 Pilot test 39
3.9 Data Collection Procedure 40
3.10 Technique of Data Analysis and Hypothesis Testing 41
3.11 Descriptive Analysis 42
3.11.1 Reliability test 42
3.11.2 Correlation analysis 43
3.11.3 Multiple regression analysis 44
vii
3.12 Chapter Summary 44
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 Rate of response 45
4.3 Respondents’ Demographic Background 46
4.4 Data screening 47
4.4.1 Reliability Analysis 48
4.4.2 Descriptive Analysis of Variables 49
4.5 Correlation Analysis 50
4.6 Hypothesis testing 51-53
4.7 Summary of findings 54
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Recap of the study 55
5.3 Discussion of the finding 56
5.3.1 Relationship between safety knowledge and safety compliance 56 5.3.2 Relationship between safety training and safety compliance 57 5.3.3 Relationship between safety motivation and safety compliance 58
5.4 Implication of study 59
5.4.1 Theoretical Implication 59
5.4.2 Managerial Implication 59-61
5.5 Limitations 62
5.6 Conclusion 63
viii
References 64-70
Appendices
ix
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 1.1 Distribution of year and students infected with infectious 10
disease and sharp injury incidents. Table 3.1: Items of the independent variables 38
Table 3.2 Items of the dependent Variable 38
Table 3.3 Summary of Pilot Test Result 40
Table 4.1 Rate of Response 46
Table 4.2 Demographic Background of the Respondents 46
Table 4.3 Reliability measure: Comparison of Original, Pilot and 48
Current Studies for Independent and Dependent Variables Table 4.4 Description of items for variables 49
Table 4.5 Pearson correlations analysis 51 Table 4.6 Multiple Regression Analysis 53
Table 4.7 Summary of findings 54
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Research Framework shows the linkage between 29 independent variable and dependent variables
Figure 3.1 Table for determining sample of known population 36
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter explains about background of study, problem statement as well as the research objectives and research questions. Other than that, this chapter also explains about scope of the study, significance of study, definition of the key terms and the organization of the thesis.
1.2 Background of the Study
Every year organizational accidents and injuries kills millions of workers and caused huge amount of property damages (Zhou & Jiang, 2015). Occupational safety and Health (OSH) has developed to improve the safety of employees at working environment.
According to Neal & Griffin (2010), safety compliance refer to employees adhering safety procedures and carrying out work in a safe manner. The consequences of safety compliance have been established by numerous accident and incident investigations.
Lack of compliance regarding rules, procedures and regulation in industries identified as a contributing factor to occurrence of accidents.
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SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA Dear Sir / Madam:
I am pleased to inform you that I am currently conducting a survey entitled ‘‘Safety knowledge, Safety Training and Safety Motivation towards Safety Compliance among healthcare students”. The study intends to examine the relationship between safety knowledge, safety training and safety motivation towards safety compliance among healthcare students behavior in Allied Health College.
Hence, I would be very grateful if you could answer all of the questions in the survey.
The survey should take about 30 minutes to complete. Please answer all questions and return the completed questionnaires promptly.
Please note that your response is private and confidential. Individual respondents will not be identified in any data or reports. If you have any enquires about the survey, kindly contact me at via email at malarzely@gmail.com.
Thank you very much for considering your involvement, time and cooperation in this survey.
Yours sincerely,
Malarvzelly Munandy
School of Business Management College of Business,
Universiti Utara Malaysia 06010 Sintok,
Keda
PART I: DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS /SOALAN DEMOGRAFI
The following questions deals with the basic information about yourself. Please tick (/) in the appropriate box.
1) Age
18 - 24 25 – 34 35 - 44
2) Gender
Male Female 3) Race
Malay Chinese Indian Others (please specify):
4) Highest education level
SPM STPM DIPLOMA BACHELOR MASTER
/ DEGREE
5) Currently in year :
1 2 3
6) Do you experience any accidents in hospital during training?
Yes No
7. Do you experience any microbial infection in hospital during training?
Yes No
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ke pa da se si ap a ya ng su da h m e m bu at P E M B A Y A R A N un tu k G A T H E RI N
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pa da se si ap a ya ng su da h m e m bu at P E M B A Y A R A N un tu k G A T H k e p a d a se si a p a ya n g su d a h m e m b
k e p a d a se si a p a ya n g su d a h m e m b ke pa da se si ap a ya ng su da h m e m bu at P
e p a d a se si a p a ya n g su d a h m e m b u ke
pa da se si ap a ya ng su da h m
ke pa da se si ap a ya ng su da h m
Rating Scale
Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree
1 2 3 4 5
PART 2: SAFETY COMPLIANCE
Please tick (/) in the appropriate box to indicate your level of agreement for each statement below.
Item Statement Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Agree
1. I use all necessary safety equipment’s to maintain safety at all times.
1 2 3 4 5
2. I carry out my work in a
safe manner. 1 2 3 4 5
3. I follow correct safety rules and procedures while carrying out my job.
1 2 3 4 5
4. I ensure the highest levels of safety when I carry out my job.
1 2 3 4 5
PART 3: SAFETY KNOWLEDGE
Please tick (/) in the appropriate box to indicate your level of agreement for each statement below.
Item Statement Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Agree 1. I know how to perform my
job in a safe manner. 1 2 3 4 5
2. I know how to use safety equipments and standard work procedure.
1 2 3 4 5
3. I know how to maintain or improve workplace health and safety.
1 2 3 4 5
4. I Know how to reduce the risk of accidents and incidents in the workplace.
1 2 3 4 5
5. I know what are the hazards associated with my job and the necessary precautions to be taken while doing my job.
1 2 3 4 5
PART 4: SAFETY TRAINING
Please tick (/) in the appropriate box to indicate your level of agreement for each statement below.
Item Statement Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Agree 1. My company gives
comprehensive training to the employee in workplace health and safety issues.
1 2 3 4 5
2. Newly recruits are trained adequately to learn safety rules and procedures.
1 2 3 4 5
3. Safety issues are given high priority in training programs.
1 2 3 4 5
4. Management encourage the workers to attend safety training programs.
1 2 3 4 5
5. Safety training given to me is adequate to enable to me to assess hazards in workplace.
1 2 3 4 5
PART 5: SAFETY MOTIVATION
Please tick (/) in the appropriate box to indicate your level of agreement for each statement below.
Item Statement Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Agree 1. I feel that it is important
to maintain safety at all times.
1 2 3 4 5
2. I believe that safety at workplace is a very important issue.
1 2 3 4 5
3. I feel that it is necessary to put efforts to reduce accidents and incidents at workplace.
1 2 3 4 5
4. I feel that it is important to encourage others to use safe practices.
1 2 3 4 5
5. I feel that it is important to promote safety programs.
1 2 3 4 5
<THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND PARTICIPATION>
Appendix B: Reliability analyze
a) Reliability analyze for pilot study
Item-Total Statistics
Scale Mean if Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Corrected Item- Total Correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if Item
Deleted
Safety Knowledge 13.1500 2.320 .765 .786
Safety training 13.2767 1.505 .761 .809
Safety motivation 12.6833 2.362 .749 .793
Safety compliance 13.0800 2.313 .614 .833
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases
Valid 30 100.0
Excludeda 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics Cronbach's
Alpha
N of Items
.846 4
b) Reliability analyze for current study
Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if
Item Deleted
Scale Variance if Item Deleted
Corrected Item- Total Correlation
Cronbach's Alpha if Item
Deleted
SC 13.0735 1.997 .614 .794
SK 13.1449 2.009 .731 .752
SM 12.6633 2.027 .719 .757
ST 13.1653 1.572 .624 .820
Appendix Appendix C: Mean and Standard Deviation for all variables
Appendix D : Correlation Analyze
Correlations
SK ST SM SC
SK
Pearson Correlation 1 .570** .636** .633**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 98 98 98 98
ST
Pearson Correlation .570** 1 .610** .442**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 98 98 98 98
SM
Pearson Correlation .636** .610** 1 .555**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 98 98 98 98
SC
Pearson Correlation .633** .442** .555** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 98 98 98 98
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Item Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
SC 4.2755 .52819 98
SK 4.2041 .46660 98
SM 4.6857 .46396 98
ST 4.1837 .71200 98
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1 .663a .440 .422 .40158
a. Predictors: (Constant), SM, SK, ST
ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 11.903 3 3.968 24.603 .000b
Residual 15.159 94 .161
Total 27.061 97
a. Dependent Variable: SC
b. Predictors: (Constant), SM, SK, ST
