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NOOR FARIZA BINTIMOHD FAWZI

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGI MARA

SHAHALAM 2009

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ii

DECLARATION

'I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged."

NOOR FARIZA BINTI MOHD FAWZI 23rd NOVEMBER 2009 2006844417

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TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION CERTIFICATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT

PAGE ii Hi iv v vi vii

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 2

1.3 OBJECTIVE 3 1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 MANGOSTEEN 5 2.2 ANTIOXIDANT IN MANGOSTEEN 7

2.2.1 a-Mangostin 12 2.2.2 p-Mangostin 13 2.2.3 y-Mangostin 13 2.3 METHOD OF EXTRACTION ANTIOXIDANT FROM

FRUIT 14 2.3.1 Solvent Extraction 14

2.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction (MAS) 15

2.3.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) 17

2.3.4 Soxhlet Extraction 19

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vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to give thanks to ALLAH S.W.T for his guidance and I would like to convey my gratitude towards my supervisor, Puan Nor Roslina bt. Rosli, for her guidance, encouragement, consideration and her patience she has had with me throughout this project. I would also like to thank to my lecturer, Puan Siti Wahidah bt.

Puasa for her help and ideas in completing this project report. Apart from that, I would like to express my gratitude to En. Mustafa as the lab assistant for his valuable time as well as the use of his labs. My most sincere appreciation goes out to my parents who have disciplined and nurtured me throughout life to give me the strength and tools to achieving any goals I may set for myself. Without all these people, this thesis would not have been the same as presented here.

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The purpose of this study is to extract xanthones from mangosteen peel using different type of solvents which are ethanol, methanol and acetone and different concentration of solvents used (50%, 70% and 90%) with different time of extraction process and the peak obtained from analytical method which is reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) of these sample was compared. The results will show which solvent is the best solvent and at what concentration should the solvent be used and for how long it will take to extract xanthone from mangosteen peel. The relative retention time (RRT) obtained from high performance liquid chromatograms shows that a- mangostin was satisfactorily separated from other xanthones and the retention time for all the samples run were in the range of 5 to 7.5 minutes. The objectives of this study has been achieved and results of quantitative high performance liquid chromatographic analysis had proved that ethanol recovered highest amounts of a-mangostin and extraction of xanthone using high concentration of solvent will yield higher content of antioxidant from the fruits peel. Besides that, the result also shows that increasing the concentration of the solvent and longer extraction time will increase the yield of the a- mangostin from the sample.

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