THE INFLUENCE OF WELL-BEING AND AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE AMONG

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THE INFLUENCE OF WELL-BEING AND AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE AMONG

ACADEMICIANS

SIVAKANTHAN AIL OULAGA NATHAN

MASTER OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITI UT ARA MALAYSIA

THE INFLUENCE OF WELL-BEING AND AFFECTIVE

COMMITMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE AMONG ACADEMICIANS

By

SIV AKANTHAN AIL OULAGA NATHAN

Thesis Submitted to

School of Business Management, Collage of Business,

Universiti Utara Malaysia,

In partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Master in Human Resource Management

Pusat Pengajlan Pengurusan Pernlagaan

SCHOOL Of BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Unlversltl Utara Malaysia

PERAKUAN KERJA KERTAS PENYELIDIKAN (Certification of Research Paper)

Saya, mengaku bertandatangan, memperakukan bahawa (I, the undersigned, certified that)

SIVAKANTHAN AIL OULAGA NATHAN (823235)

Calon untuk ljazah Sarjana (Candidate for the degree of)

MASTER OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

telah mengemukakan kertas penyelidikan yang bertajuk (has presented his/her research paper of the following title)

THE INFLUENCE OF WELL-BEING AND AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE AMONG ACADEMICIANS

Seperti yang tercatat di muka surat tajuk dan kulit kertas penyelidikan ( as it appears on the title page and front cover of the research paper)

Bahawa kertas penyelidikan tersebut boleh diterima dari segi bentuk serta kandungan dan meliputi bidang ilmu dengan memuaskan.

(that the research paper acceptable in the form and content and that a satisfactory knowledge of the field is covered by the research paper).

Nama Penyelia (Name of SupeNisor)

T andatangan (Signature)

Tarikh

PROF. MADYA DR. JOHANIM BT. JOHARI

18 DISEMBER 2018

PERMISSION TO USE

In presenting this project paper in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from Universiti Utara Malaysia, I agree that the University Library make a freely available for inspection, I further agree that permission for copying of this project in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by my supervisor or, in her absence by the Dean of School of Business. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this project paper or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be given to me and to Universiti Utara Malaysia for any scholarly use which made of any material from my project paper.

Request for permission to copy or make other use of materials in this project paper, in whole or in part should be addressed to:

Dean of School of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia

06100 Sintok Kedah Darul Aman

ABSTRAK

Kajian ini mengkaji pengaruh enam dimensi kesejahteraan iaitu kesejahteraan psikologi, kesejahteraan emosi, kesejahteraan sosial, kesejahteraan fizikal, kesejahteraan rohani dan kesejahteraan intelektual serta komitrnen afektif terhadap prestasi kerja dalam kalangan ahli akademik di institusi pengaj ian tinggi Malaysia.

Prestasi kerja diukur dengan menggabungkan prestasi tugas dan prestasi kontekstual.

Sejumlah 291 ahli akademik Universiti Utara Malaysia menyertai kajian ini. Analisis regresi dilakukan untuk menguji hipotesis penyelidikan. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa lima dimensi kesejahteraan (iaitu psikologi, emosi, sosial, fizikal dan intelektual) mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan dan positif terhadap prestasi kerja. Selain itu, komitmen afektif juga didapati mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan dan positif terhadap prestasi kerja. Waiau bagaimanapun, kesejahteraan rohani didapati tidak mempengaruhi prestasi kerja. Perbincangan kajian menjelaskan hasil dapatan kajian. Di samping itu, kajian inijuga membincangkan implikasi teoretikal dan praktikal, limitasi kajian, cadangan penyelidikan akan datang, serta kesimpluan kajian.

Kata kunci: Kesejahteraan, Kesejahteraan Psikologi, Kesejahteraan Emosi, Kesejahteraan Sosial, Kesejahteraan Fizikal, Kesejahteraan Rohani, Kesejahteraan Intelektual, Komitmen Afektif, Prestasi Kerja

ABSTRACT

This study examined the influence of six dimensions of well-being, which are psychological well-being, emotional well-being, social welt-being, physical well-being, spiritual well-being and intellectual well-being as well as affective commitment on job performance among academicians in Malaysia higher educational institutions. Job performance was measured by integrating task performance and contextual performance. A total of 291 Universiti Utara Malaysia academicians participated in this study. Regression analysis was performed to test the research hypotheses. The results of this findings revealed that five dimensions of well-being (i.e. psychological, emotional, social, physical and intellectual) have a significant and positive influence on job performance. Similarly, affective commitment was found to have a significant and positive influence on job performance. However, spiritual well-being had not impacted job performance significantly. Discussions elaborated on the research findings.

Additionally, this study also discussed theoretical and practical implications, limitations of the study, directions for future research, and conclusion.

Keywords: Well-Being, Psychological Welt-Being, Emotional Welt-Being, Social Well-Being, Physical Well-Being, Spiritual Well-Being, Intellectual Well-Being Affective Commitment, Job Performance

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to convey my gratitude to God for giving me the strength, health, motivation to complete this research paper. My highest respect and thanks to my parents, siblings, and friends for giving me morale support and encouragement during the process of preparing this paper. Meanwhile, I would like to be to take the opportunity to express greatest gratitude and thank you to my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Johanim Johari for the invaluable knowledge, efforts and time in providing me with the proper guidance, assistance, and effortless support throughout the entire process. Dr. Johanim, has been a good mentor by guiding me in order to complete my literature review. I also thank all the lecturers, college mates, and my friends who have created an environment of support and encouragements. I would like to address a special thanks to the respondents who have contributed significantly by participating in the study and answering the questionnaires.

In a nutshell, I would like express thousands of heartfelt thanks to each and every single person who supported and as:,isted me directly and indirectly in completing this research paper.

Thank you very much.

Permission to Use Abstrak

Abstract

Acknowledgement Table of Content List of Tables List of Figures

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of Study 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Research Objectives 1.5 Scope of Study 1.6 Significance of Study 1.7 Definition of Key Terms

1.7. l Academician 1.7. l Dependent Variable 1.7.2 Independent Variable

l.7.2.1 Well-being

l.7.2.2 Affective Commitment 1.8 Organization of the Thesis

1.9 Summary

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

I II III IV V VIII IX

I 5 8 8 8 9 10 I I 11 I I I 1 13 14 15

2.0 Introduction 16

2.1 Job Performance 16

2.1.1 Definition and conceptualization of job performance 16

2.1.2 Job Performance Model 19

2.1.3 Previous Studies on Malaysia Academician's Job Performance 20

2.2 Well-being 22

2.2.1 Definition and conceptualization Background of Well-being 22

2.2.2 Dimensions of Well-being 24

2.3 Affective Commitment 27

2.4 Underlying Theories 29

2.4.1 Broaden-and-Build Theory 29

2.5 Hypotheses Development 31

2.5.1 Well-being and job performance 32

2.5. l. l Psychological Well-being and Job Performance 32 2.5.1.2 Emotional Well-being and Job Performance 33 2.5. l .3 Social Well-being and Job Performance 34 2.5.1.4 Physical Well-being and Job Performance 35 2.5.1.5 Spiritual Well-being and Job Performance 36 2.5.1.6 Intellectual Well-being and Job Performance 38

V

2.5.2 Affective Commitment and Job Performance 2.6 Theoretical Framework

2.7 Chapter Summary

CHAPTERTHREE:METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction

3.1 Research Design and Unit of Analysis 3.2 Population and Sample

3 .3 Measurement and Instrument 3.4 Data Collection Procedures 3.5 Pilot Test

3.6 Data Analysis Techniques 3.7 Chapter Summary

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.0 Introduction

4.1 Data Screening 4.2 Profile of Respondents 4.3 Reliability Analysis 4.4 Descriptive Analysis 4.5 Correlation Analysis 4.6 Regression Analysis 4.7 Summary of Hypotheses 4.8 Chapter Summary

39 40 41

42 42 43 46 52 53 55 56

57 57 57 60 61 62 64 65 66

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.0 Introduction 68

5.1 Recapitalization of the Research Results 68

5.2 Theoretical and Practical Implications 74

5.3 Limitation of the Study 75

5.4 Recommendation for Future Research 76

5.5 Conclusion 76

REFERENCES 78

APPENDICES 91

Appendix A Questionnaire 91

Appendix B Frequency Distribution of Respondent's Profile 99 Appendix C Descriptive Statistics of Variables (Reliability, Mean 107

and Standard Deviation)

Appendix D Pearson Correlation 109

Appendix E Multiple Regression 110

LIST OFT ABLES

Table 3.1 Summary of Population and Sample Size Table 3 .2 Description of Survey' s Section

Table 3.3 Operational Definition and Instrument of Variables Table 3.4 Pilot Test Result/ Reliability Test Result

Table 4.1 Frequencies Distribution of Respondents' Demographic Table 4.2 Reliability Coefficients for Variables

Table 4.3 Descriptive Analysis of the Variable Table 4.4 Correlation of the Variables

Table 4.5 Multiple Regression Analysis result Table 4.6 Summary of the Hypotheses Testing

VII

PAGE 45 48 48 55 59 61 62 63 64 66

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Research Framework

PAGE 40

1.0 Introduction

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, problem statement of this study, research questions, research objectives, scope of study, significance of the study and operational definition of the key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

Education is very utmost element in all the nations and has a vital influence on human's life.

Any nation's development, improvement and achievement are ensured by education of that country. Therefore, education plays important role in nation's success, firming the social and development for raising the standard (Peril & Promise, 2000). This shows that an educated and developed community can be produced from education together with raise human life standard. An uneducated people cannot improve their mind and achieve success, because lack of knowledge to expand their standard of life. Even a well civilized society come from educated people. Moreover, society give recognition and respects to an individual who gained education and therefore it is undeniable that education is utmost aspect in human life.

'Good and bad' or 'right and wrong' can be classified much better by the educated people compare to uneducated one in their daily life.

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THE EFFECT OF WELL-BEING AND AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE AMONG ACADEMICIANS

Dear Participant,

Thank you for agreeing to participate in this research.

I am SIVAKANTHAN S/0 OULAGA NATHAN a Master in Human Resource Management student, College of Business (COB), Universiti Utara Malaysia. I am are currently conducting a study about effect of well-being and affective commitment on job performance among academics in higher learning institutions in Malaysia.

Therefore, we would appreciate if you could answer all of the questions carefully as the information you provide will influence the accuracy and success of this research . It will take less than 15 minutes to complete the questionnaire. Please note that responses gathered will be treated with the strictest confidence and will be used for academic purposes only.

If you have any questions regarding this research, you may forward them to us at the contact details below.

Thank you for your time and cooperation in answering this questionnaire.

SIVAKANTHAN S/0 OU LAGANA THAN

MASTER OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF BUSINESS

UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA 06010 SINTOK, KEDAH.

EMAIL: shivakanthan.sk@gmail.com

91

PERSONAL INFORMATION

This part contains a few demographic information pertaining to yourself. Please tick

( ✓ )in

the box or write your response in the space provided.

1. Gender:

□ Male □

^Female

2. Age (years) :

D

^{24 & below}

D

^25-34

D

^35-44

D

^45-54

D

55 & Above

3. Nationality:

□

^Malaysian

□

Others, please specify: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. Marital status:

□

^Single

□

^Married

□

Divorced / Separated / Widowed

5. Highest academic qualification:

D

Bachelor Degree

D

^{Doctoral Degree}

n

Master Degree

D

Others, please specify _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6. Position:

D

^Tutor

D

^Professor

D

Lecturer

D

Senior Lecturer

D

Associate Professor

D

Others, please specify _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7. Type of employment:

□ Permanent □contract D

Others, please specify _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8. Length of service in academic field:

Less than 3 years 12 - 15 years 24 - 27 years

4-7 years 16-19 years 28-31 years

8 -11 years 20- 23 years More than 32 years

SECTION ONE

INSTRUCTIONS: With reference to yourself, please indicate to what extend you agree to the following statements on well-being. Please indicate your choice by circling the number in the scale given.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree agree

1.

I am always optimistic about my future.

1 2

3

4 5

2.

There have been times when I felt inferior to most

1 2 3 4

5 of the people I knew.

3.

Members of my family come to me for support.

1 2 3 4 5 4.

My physical health has restricted me in the past. 1

2 3 4

⁵ 5. I believe that there is a real purpose for my life. 1

2

3

4 5 6.

I will always seek out activities that challenge me to

1 2

3 4 5

think and reason.

7. I rarely count on good things happening to me.

2 3

4

5

8. In general, I feel confident about my abilities. 1

2

3

4

5

9.

Sometimes I wonder if my family will really be there

1 2 3 4

⁵

for me when I am in need.

10. My body seems to resist physical illness very well. 1

2 3 4 5

11. Life does not hold much future promise for me.

1 2 3 4

5

12.

I avoid activities which require me to concentrate. 1

2

3

4 5

13. I always look on the bright side of things.

1 2 3 4 5

14. I sometimes think I am a worthless individual.

1 2

3

4 5

15. My friends know they can always confide in me and

1 2

3

4

5

ask me for advice.

16.

My physical health is excellent.

1 2 3 4

5

17. Sometimes I don't understand what life is all about. 1

2 3 4 5

93

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree agree

18. Generally, I feel pleased with the amount of 1 2 3 4 5 intellectual stimulation I receive in my daily life.

19. In the past, I have expected the best. 1 2 3 4 5

20. I am uncertain about my ability to do things well in 1 2 3 4

5

the future.

21 . My family has been available to support me in the 1 2 3 4

5

past.

22. Compared to people I know, my past physical 1 2 3 4 5

health has been excellent.

23. I feel a sense of mission about my future. 1 2 3 4

5

24. The amount of information that I process in a 1 2 3 4

5

typical day is just about right for me (i.e., not too

m uch and not too little).

25. In the past, I hardly ever expected things to go my 1 2 3 4

5

way.

26. I will always be secure with who I am. 1 2 3 4 5

27. In the past, I have not always had friends with 1 2

3

4 5

whom I could share my joys and sorrows.

28. I expect to always be physically healthy. 1 2

3

4

5

29. I have felt in the past that my life was m eaningless. 1 2

3

4

5

30. In the past, I have generally found intellectual 1 2

3

4

5

challenges to be vital to my overall well-being .

31. Things will not work out the way I want them to in 1 2

3

4 5 the future.

32. In the past, I have felt sure of myself among 1 2 3 4

5

strangers.

33. My friends will be there for me when I need help. 1 2 3 4

5

34. I expect my physical health to get worse . 1 2 3 4

5

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree agree

35. It seems that my life has always had purpose. 1 2 3 4 5 36. My life has often seemed void of positive mental 1 2 3 4 5

stimulation.

SECTION TWO

INSTRUCTIONS: With reference to yourself, please indicate to what extend you agree to the following statements on affective commitment. Please indicate your choice by circling the number in the scale given.

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree agree

1. I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career i 2 3 4 5 with this organization.

2. I enjoy discussing my organization with people outside 1 2 3 4 5 it.

3. I rea lly feel as if this organization 's problems are my 1 2 3 4 5 own.

4. I think that I could easily become as attached to 1 2

3

4 5 another organizations as I am to this one.

5. I do not feel like 'part of the family' at my organization. 1 2 3 4 5 6. I do not feel 'emotionally attached; to this organization. 1 2 3 4 5 7. This organization has a great deal of personal 1 2 3 4 5

meaning for me.

8. I do not feel a strong sense of belonging to m y 1 2 3 4 5 organization.

95

SECTION THREE

INSTRUCTIONS: Please indicate how you personally feel about your job performance. Please circle your answer in the scale given.

Insufficient Somewhat Moderate Good Very

insufficient good

1. How do you rate the quality of your 1 2 3 4

5

own work in the past three months?

Much worse worse Average Better Much

better

2. Compared to last year, I judge the 1 2 3 4 5

quality of my work in the past three months to be ...

Never Seldom Sometimes Frequently Often

3. How often was the quality of your 1 2 3 4 5

work below what it should have been in the past three months?

Insufficient Somewhat Moderate Good Very

insufficient good

4. How do you rate the quantity of 1 2 3 4

5

your own work in the past three months?

Much worse worse Average Better Much

better

5. Compared to last year, I judge the 1 2 3 4 5

quantity of my work in the last three months to be ...

Never Seldom Sometimes Frequently Often

6. How often was the quantity of your 1 2 3 4 5

work less than it should have been

in the past three months?

7. I managed to plan my work so that 1 2 3 4 5 it was done on time.

8. I worked towards the end result of 1 2 3 4 5

my work.

9. I kept in mind the results that I had 1 2 3 4 5

to achieve in my work.

10. I had trouble setting priorities in my 1 2 3 4 5

work.

11. I was able to separate main issues 1 2 3 4 5

from side issues at work.

12. I was able to perform my work well 1 2 3 4 5

with minimal time and effort.

13. It took me longer to complete my 2 3 4 5

work tasks than intended.

14. I was able to meet my 2 3 4

5

appointments.

15. I was able to fulfill my 1 2 3 4 5

responsibilities.

16. Collaboration with others went 1 2 3 4 5

well.

17. Others understood me well, when I 2 3 4 5

told them something.

18. I understood others well, when 1 2 3 4 5

they told me something.

19. Communication with others led to 1 2 3 4 5

the desired result.

20. I came up with creative ideas at 1 2 3 4

5

work.

97

Seldom Sometimes Frequently Often Always

21. I took the initiative when 1 2 3 4 5

something had to be organized.

22. I started new tasks myself, when 1 2 3 4 5

my old ones were finished.

23. I asked for help when needed . 1 2 3 4 5

24. I was open to critic ism of my work. 1 2 3 4 5

25. I tried to learn from the feedback I 1 2 3 4 5

got from others on my work.

26. I took on challenging work tasks, 1 2 3 4 5

when available.

27. I think customers/clients/patients 1 2 3 4 5

were satisfied with my work.

28. I took into account the wishes of 1 2 3 4 5

the customers/clients/patients were satisfied in my work.

THANK YOU FOR SPARING YOUR VALUABLE TIME TO COMPLETE THIS SURVEY

(i

School of Business Managent (HRM), College of Business Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah.

APPENDIX B - FREQUENCIES DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS PROFILE

L Gender

Frequency

Valid male -- 13)

160

Total 291

200

150

~ C:

G) ::I C" 100 LL f

so

a ,50 1.00

Percent Valid Percent

45.0 45.0

55.0 55.0

100.0 100.0

Gender

1.50

Gender

99

2.00

Cumulative Percent 45.0

100.0

250

2. Age

Frequency

Valid 24 & below 27

25-34 153

35-44 96

45-54 13

55 & above 2

Total 291

200 - + - - - -

150 -+

~ C:

Cl) :s

O" 100 LL

e

so 1--- - - + - - - 1 - - -

Q ' - - - ' - - -

.00 1.00 2.00

Percent 9.3

52.6

33.0

4.5

.7

100.0

Age

3.00 4.00

Age

Valid Percent 9.3

52.6

33.0

4.5

.7

100.0

5.00

Cumulative Percent

6.00

9.3

61.9

94.8

99.3

100.0

Mean= 2.35 Std. Dev." .738 N=291

3. Nationality

Valid

>,

(.)

C

G) ::s

0"

G)

...

LL

Malaysian

Arab

China

--

_Pakistan

-·

^-

-

--- --

Total

300 -

200- - - - ' - - - -

100

.00 1.00

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

280 96.2 96.2

4 1.4 1.4

2 .7 .7

5 1.7 1.7

291 100.0 100.0

Nationality + -

2.00 3.00 4.00

Nationality

101

Cumulative Percent

5.00

96.2

97.6

98.3

100.0

Mean= 1.08 Std. Dev. = .436 N = 291

4. Marital status

Frequency Percent

Valid single 101 34.7

married 186 63.9

divorced/separated/widowed 4 1.4

Total 291 100.0

Marital status

200 - + - _ __.,

1501--_ _ . . ; . . . - - - i

>,

I,,)

C:

G)

::J r:T 100

G)

...

LL

50

0 .so ^{1.00 1.50 2.00}

Marital status

2.50

Valid Percent 34.7

63.9

1.4

100.0

3.00

Cumulative Percent

3.50

34.7

98.6

100.0

Mean= 1.67 Std. Dev.• .501 N: 291

5. Highest Academic Qualification

Frequency

Valid bachelor degree 22

master degree 39

doctoral degree 230

Percent 7.6

13.4

79.0

Valid Percent 7.6

13.4

79.0

Cumulative Percent

7.6

21.0

100.0

- -· - -- - - - -

>,

0 C

4)

:J tT

Q)

...

u.

Tot~l 291 100.0 100.0

Highest Academic Qualification

250

150 t

100

50

t----+---1--- --- ----1- - ---+

0

.50 1.00 1 .so ^{2.00 2.50 3.00}

Highest Academic Qualification

103

3.50

Mean= 2.7' Std. Dev.=

N= 291

6. Position

Valid

~ C :::, II)

tutor

lecturer

senior lecturer

- - -

associate professor professor

-

-_Total

- -

150 -

Frequency 18

70

187

9

7

291

U 1001 -- + - - - , - - - a l - - LL ~

so l -- + - - - 4 - ---,

0 ~---'--___,J

.00 1.00 2.00 3.00

Position Percent

6.2'

24.1

64.3

3. l

2.4

100.0

Position

4.00

Valid Percent 6.2

24.1

64.3

3.1

2.4

100.0

5.00

Cumulative Percent

6.00

6.2

30.2

94.5

97.6

100.0

Mean~ 2.71 Sid. Dell. - .r:n N ^s 291

7. Type of employment

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Valid permanent 267 91.8 91.8

contract 24 8.2 8.2

Total 291 100.0 100.0

Type of employement

300 - - 1 - - - e - - - + - - - + - - -

>-

0 C: 4)

::, O"

...

4) LL

200

0 .so 1.00 1.50 2.00

Type of employement

Cumulative Percent 91.8

100.0

-+ -

^Meenstd. Dev.• .276 ^•1.08 N• 291

2.50

8. Length of service in academic field

Valid. > 3 years

>-_u

C

G)

::J

-4-7years

8-1 lyears 12-15years

- - -

16-l 9years

-

20-23years 24-27years 28-3 I years

>32 years Total

601 - - - + - - - -

t1' 40 _ __,__ _ _ _

...

G)

LL

20 ~ - - t - - - -

0 '---'---

.00 2.00

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

16 5.5 5.5

71 24.4 24.4

49 16.8 16.8

51 17.5 17.5

34 11.7 11.7

31 10.7 10.7

30 10.3 10.3

7 2.4 2.4

2 .7 .7

291 100.0 100.0

Length of service in academic field

4.00 6.00 8.00

Length of service In academic field

Cumulative Percent

10.00

5.5 29.9 46.7 64.3 75.9 86.6 96.9 99.3 l00.0

Mean• 3.95 Std. Dev.• 1.917 N c 291

APPENDIX C: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Me~n Psycho1ogical 291 3.00 5.00 4.0745 .42412

Mean Emotional 291 3.00 5.00 4.0601 .41211

Mean social 291 2.50 5.00 3.9221 .46035

Mean Physical 291 2.33 5.00 3.9702 .48922

...

- --

Mean Spiritual 291 2.17 5.00 3.8677 .45123

--

--

Mean Intellectual 291 2.83 5.00 4.1598 .39797

- --

^{- ~}

Mean Affective Commitment 291 2.25 5.00 3.9437 .50536

--- ---

Mean Job Performance 291 2.46 5.00 4.0284 .46699

Valid N (list wise) 291

107