Journal of Management Theory and Practice (JMTP) ISSN: 2716-7089, Volume-1, Issue-3,
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.37231/jmtp.2020.1.3.53 https://journal.unisza.edu.my/jmtp
Covid-19 Perception: A Survey in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Ibrahim Farouq, Zunaidah Sulong*, Nuraddeen Umar sambo
Faculty of Business and Management, UniSZA World Bank Group, Nigeria
Corresponding Author Email: zunaidah@unisza.edu.my
Received: 29th September 2020 Accepted: 11th November 2020 Published: 13th November 2020
Abstract
The primary focus of this study is to examine the psychological perception of individuals towards Covid-19 in Kano metropolitan City of Nigeria, and how it affects their income level. This analysis uses a descriptive quantitative research approach and, as per Sutton, a descriptive analysis produces both primary and secondary data. It was further emphasized that descriptive analysis uses experimental observation to assess and identify what has been observed. In this study, we further use the proportional sampling technique. We conducted the survey in the seven-metropolitan city of Kano State, Nigeria, given their diverse socio-economic status. The estimated total number of populations is 3,999,000. Using the Krejcie-Morgan table, 384 sample size was suggested, however, there was a provision for the unexpected, as such we distributed 400 questionnaires. The findings showed that there were 91.2% respondents who did not perceive Covid-19 pandemic as something to be psychologically worried about. Likewise, 91.1 percent of the respondents have answered not really anxious or feel not comfortable about the issue of Covid-19 pandemic, and lastly, 91.2 percent of the respondents answered not depressed about the situation in any way.
Keywords: Covid-19, Krejcie and Morgan, psychological, perception, Income
OPEN ACCESS INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus infection is a new respiratory virus and yet believed to trigger illness ranging from relatively cold to extreme acute respiratory syndrome (Farouq et al., 2020a; Yin and Wunderink, 2018). The virus is a zoonotic pathogen which could be spread by animal to human and human to human (Lai et al., 2019). Several disease outbreaks erupted in 2002 (SARS), with ~800 fatalities, and by 2012 there was an outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) with 860 casualties (Lai et al., 2019; Bhagavathula and Shehab, 2019).
Roughly eight years after the MERS-CoV plague, the latest outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) broke out in the Wuhan Hubei Province of China. This has grown into a global incidence and a major public health concern (Lai et al., 2019).
On the 30th day of January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a public health emergency of international significance (PHEIC) to be COVID-19 [4].
Amazingly, a staggering number of new confirmed cases were identified worldwide in the first week of March, and COVID-19 identified as a pandemic.
By 12th March 2020, more than 125,000 known cases have been identified in 118 nations and more than 4600 fatalities have been registered (Yin and Wunderink, 2018). COVID-19 travels from human to human diffusion by droplet, feco-oral and close contact and it has a gestation period of 2-14 days
(Yin and Wunderink, 2018). No antiviral therapy or vaccine has been specifically prescribed for COVID-19 to date. The most important method is therefore the use of preventive measures to monitor the infection of COVID-19.
In this study, considering the continuous effort of both the government of Kano state and the Nigerian government as a whole in providing all the necessary guidelines and awareness to cut the spread of Covid-19, coupled with the increasing number of confirmed cases by the day, it is indeed a signal that much has to be done. In this regard, the COVID-19 pandemic gives a unique opportunity to examine the level of awareness and perceptions of people during this World health crisis. This follows that people tends to take the aforementioned issue lightly, and as such, the number of active cases keeps rising by the day. More so, this study takes a survey from the metropolitan city of Kano state of Nigeria and describe how people in the ancient city of Kano are perceiving the current issue of global pandemic (covid-19). We believe this study would serve as a lead to the stake holders and even the front liners in having a clearer understanding of how people from this state are responding to the present situation and what further actions are required to flatten the curve.
RELATED LITERATURE
Many researchers have found that public health is positively linked to economic well-being and development, as
determined by life expectancy, child mortality, and maternal mortality. (Pritchett & Summers, 1996; Bhargava et al., 2001;
Bloom & Sachs, 1998; Cuddington and Hancock, 1994;
Cuddington et al., 1994; Robalino et al., 2002; Haacker, 2004;
WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, 2001).
The intimidation factor influenced the world's approach to SARS – a coronavirus that had not been detected in humans before (Shannon & Willoughby, 2004). It is evident in the COVID-19 response, too. Whole cities in China had closed, and nations impose travel restrictions on people coming from contaminated countries. McKibbin & Sidorenko (2006) investigated four distinct influenza pandemic scenarios. They deemed a "mild" scenario where the pandemic resembles the Hong Kong Flu of 1968-69; a "severe" scenario identical to the Asian flu of 1957; A 'extreme' scenario focusing on the Spanish flu of 1918-1919 (lower probability of the fatality rate) and an 'ultra' scenario comparable to the Spanish flu of 1918- 19, but with an upper-middle prediction of the fatality rate of events. They observed costs ranging from US$ 300 million to US$ 4.4 trillion for the scenarios evaluated.
MATERIAL AND METHODS Scope
The study conducted a survey in the seven-metropolitan city of Kano State, Nigeria, given their diverse socio-economic status. The estimated total number of populations is 3,999,000. Using the Krejcie and Morgan table (Krejcie and Morgan, 1970), a sample size of 384 was suggested, however, there was a provision for the unexpected, as such we distributed 400 questionnaires. Respondents were surveyed through the help of research assistants, using proportion and simple random sampling techniques. While conducting the survey, we distributed the questionnaire based on the proportion of each local government population. Informed consent was taken in to consideration with careful attention to ensure no element of intimidation perceived which might result to a false response.
Study Content
We adapt and adapted the questionnaire from Aljaberi (2020).
The questionnaire comprises of respondents’ futures and their respective perceptions towards Covd-19 pandemic with a scale of 0-3 of (Not at all, Several Days, over half the days, nearly every day and a corresponding Not difficult at all, somewhat difficult, very difficult, extremely difficult). A likert scale (strongly agree - 1 and strongly disagree - 5) was also used to determine the income effect. This survey used three behavioural variables to measure the peoples’ perception of Covid-19 pandemic in the Kano metropolis, (i.e Psychological, Anxiety and Depression). The list of indicators (questions) for each parameter can be viewed in the labels provided by the SPSS file. We provide the Mean of each corresponding perception parameters for the purpose of building further regression model.
The sampling technique used in this study is proportional random sampling design technique that allows the researchers to first of all distinct the entire population of the Kano metropolis into local governments (or strata). The researchers then independently select a random sample from each stratum which was used to collect sample since it is the most effective method and a virtuous choice when distinguished information is needed mainly when the target population for this study has been known as the seven local government in the metropolitan city of Kano state, in Nigeria.
Data analysis
The confidentiality of the research participants' information was protected during the research by keeping the details of the participants discreet and asking the participants to provide truthful answers. Eligible participation was voluntary and not compensated for in this survey. Each participant had received informed consent before participating. The obtained data of the study were with the help of SPSS coded, validated, and analysed in the version 24 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). We used Descriptive analysis to estimate the frequencies and proportions.
In this study, a pilot test was conducted for this research using 50 respondents. The participants were respondents that are not part of this study and their responses were not included in this actual study. Internal consistency of the interval scale measure based on the 50 questionnaires were determined through a Reliability Analysis using Cronbach’s Alpha (α) value. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to identify the underlying dimensions of items and delete items that do not exceed 0.6 of the factors loading cut-off point. This means that items with factor loading below 0.6 are unfit for the research or measurement of constructs in this study (Awang, 2012). The test of internal consistency of items was performed using SPSS software version 23 (Broder, McGrath, &
Cisneros, 2007). Therefore, the pilot test did not only allow the researchers to measure the reliability of scales of the instrument, but to also delete items in the scale whose construct measurement are statistically unreliable (Uma Sekaran, 2006).
Table 1:Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents Elements (n=400) Mean Freq. Percentage
Gender 1.50
Female 201 50.2
Male 199 49.8
Age 2.77
20 to 30 34 8.5
31 to 40 129 32.3
41 to 50
51 to 60 166
38 41.5
9.5
61 above 33 8.3
Marital
Status 1.40
Married 241 60.3
Single 159 39.8
Educational level 3.07
Primary &
Below 13 3.3
High school 92 23.0
Diploma
Bachelor 161
123 40.3
30.8
Masters 11 2.8
PhD 0 0.0
Employment 5.14
Admin Professional Educational Profession Student Health Worker Retired Unemployed Busines
32 1 98 32 39 184 14
0.3 8.0 24.5
8.0 9.8 3.5 46
Heard about
Covid- 19/Corona
Yes No
400 400 100
Location
Nassarawa 97 24.3
Fagge 33 8.2
Kumbotso 48 12.0
Tarauni Gwale Municipal Dala
36 58 60 68
14.5 9.0 15.0 17.0 Table 2: Bartlett & KMO Summary for Psychological Perception
Bartlett & KMO
KMO Sampling Adequacy .921
Bartlett Result Chi-Square 3817.749
Dif 231
P-value .000
Table 3: Bartlett & KMO Summary for Anxiety Bartlett & KMO
KMO Sampling Adequacy .829
Bartlett Result Chi-Square 697.694
Dif 28
P-value .000
Table 4: Bartlett & KMO Summary for Depression Bartlett & KMO
KMO Sampling Adequacy .845
Bartlett Result Chi-Square 831.479
Dif 45
P-value .000
Table 5 Reliability Statistics of Psychological Perception Component Components’
name
N of questions
Cronbach Alpha
1 Intrusion 6 0.838
2 Avoidance 4 0.704
3 Arousal 9 0.905
SIC1, and SIC13 Deleted
Table 6:Reliability Statistics of Anxiety
Component Components’ name N of Items Cronbach's Alpha
1 Anxiety severity 6 0.761
2 Anxiety sensitivity 1
Anxiety4 Deleted
Table 7: Reliability Statistics of Depression:
Component Components’
name
N of Items Cronbach's Alpha
1 Regular 7 0.825
2 Clinical 2 0.701
Depression1 Deleted
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
An aggregate of 400 respondents took part in the survey, 400 of them were able to complete the survey’s questionnaire (100% response), which includes 201 women (50.2%) and 199 (49.8%) men; the participants appear to be mostly below the age of 44 years (41.5%). The majority of participants were
business oriented (n=184, 46%) or students (n=98, 24.5%) and were from Nassarawa (24.3%). Table 1 shows the socio- economic characteristics of the participants. In all the participants, they have agreed to the reality that they in one time or the other had heard about COVID-19 (100%).
As displayed in tables 2, 3 and 4, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) adequacy sampling is excellent considering that all the values are above the required value of 0.6 (Yin and Wunderink, 2018). While, table 5, 6 and 7 observed the internal reliability of the constructs with much consideration on the Cronbach Alpha value for each of the components. Only two items were deleted in Table 5 out of twenty-two items, while one item each were deleted in both the table 6 and 7, out of 8 and 10 items respectively. The values attached to the Cronbach Alpha with respect to all the parameters are above 0.7.
Currently, COVID-19 is now in the forefront of all the topics being discussed in the academia, media houses and even in the midst of general public, specifically among residents that sees the whole issue as a conspiracy theory. With the current increasing number of COVID-19 transmission in Kano State and Nigeria as a whole, it is increasing the tensions for everyone, this is because while some are seeing it from the perspective that a second wave might hit the country harder, on the other hand, many people are concerned about how government is closing down their businesses since they don’t even believe in the reality of the situation on ground. One crucial question here regarding how uninformed people are these days concerning the Covid-19 pandemic and how deadly it could be in this time of public health crisis. To that effect, we examined the psychological perceptions of Kano people towards COVID-19 global epidemic.
Psychological perceptions of COVID-19 differ across different classes of people. Our study showed that Kano people have inadequate awareness about COVID-19 which is contributing to the nonchalant attitude towards COVID-19 transmission.
We as well found that the situation has affected their income level drastically. Thus, the study gives a crucial contribution as it extracts information about the perception and the level of awareness in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic and how it affects the income of individuals.
The results of this study indicate that there are substantial knowledge gaps here between volume of information regarding COVID-19 and the level of thought amongst people, to be precise the transmission routes and its incubation period.
In general, many people were not well aware that the COVID- 19 distribution chain could be broken if all the appropriate steps and instructions were consciously followed. This is troubling because the rise in COVID-19 is internationally devastating and a large number of tools are being made available to raise awareness. And as such, our findings have been troubling. Greater support from the competent authorities is required to assimilate the knowledge of COVID- 19.
Perceptions about COVID-19
Seven metropolitan local government areas were selected in Kano State, Nigeria. The estimated aggregate number of populations is 3,999,000 (World Health Organization, 2020).
Using the Krejcie and Morgan table of UNCTAD (2020) with confidence level of 95%, three hundred and eighty-four
samples were given, but as we make provision for the unexpected due to the responds rate (Economics, 2020), four hundred sample questionnaires were distributed. The respondents were selected in proportion to their local government population and a simple random sampling technique was also applied in choosing the respondents.
Moreover, the data for this survey was collected through face- to-face method of questionnaire administration.
Among the 400 respondents, there were 91.2% respondents who did not perceive Covid-19 pandemic as something to be psychologically worried about. Their response indicates how un-serious they psychologically perceive the whole issue of Covid-19 pandemic, in fact given the high percentage scores of nonchalant attitudes towards the pandemic might definitely undermine the fight against the current situation of the global pandemic.
Likewise, 91.1 percent of the respondents have answered not really anxious or feel not comfortable about the issue of Covid- 19 pandemic. Considering the high number of percentages claiming not to really worry about the situation is as well alarming and troublesome. Similarly, 91.2 percent of the respondents answered not depressed about the situation in any way. Meanwhile, about 60 percent strongly agreed that the pandemic affected their income drastically.
CONCLUSION
In this study, we examined the psychological perception of Kano people in relation to Covid-19 pandemic through a survey conducted in the metropolitan City of Kano, sampling the seven metropolitan Local government areas, been the most hit clusters in the City. Our findings bring us to the conclusion that majority of the people does not really believe in the existence of the so called Covid-19 Pandemic, rather perceived it as a political and conspiracy theory. In this regard, we however, highlights in the study, the origin of the outbreak and how it turned out to be a global pandemic and the damage it can course. Even though, majority of the people were concerned about their income, but at the same time it is worth noting that poverty destroys individuals, but the outbreak of COVID-19 indicates to be deadlier than the usual poverty.
Meanwhile, poor public health system in the state and the country as a whole may aggravate the situation. Far more spending on public health and growth needs to be made. This study shows the potential costs which can be averted through collaborative government investment in public health across the nation. We have known about this crucial policy activity for decades, but policymakers tend to disregard empirical evidence on the function of public health in enhancing quality of life and as an engine of economic growth, it has to be treated with extreme care.
The designed to contain the transmission and contraction of COVID-19 outbreak would involve a multidisciplinary strategy and cooperation from all stakeholders, including significant reductions in rates of uncertainty, fear rates and spread of disease, the main channels by which the economic consequences manifest. Notably, much as in periods of war, when a nation's defence expenditure dramatically rises, likewise the state needs to consider increasing its spending in the health sector as well as the corresponding information sharing, thereby creating the needed awareness to fight the pandemic collectively.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the analysis mentioned above, it is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic has now become a significant concern not just for this state, but Nigeria and the World at large.
Nigeria and other parts of the world differ significantly in socio- economic conditions. Accordingly, solutions to this issue should be adapted to the socio-economic realities of the states, where their people mainly live in rural areas with less access to essential fundamental social services and insufficient access to information. With this, we make suggestions as follows:
The issue of awareness must not be taken lightly, therefore, media houses and relevant authorities should take the campaign of Covid-19 out to people and the same time government must show its commitment in the fight against the transmission, that would surely help in breaking the transmission chain. In view of the uncertainties about the population transmission of COVID-19 and the unavoidable logistical difficulties of diagnosis and treatment as well as tracking patients in the region, it is recommended that surveillance activities concentrate on the level of health care facilities.
The first essential step is to establish a case description. Any individual with early onset cough, temperature and difficulty breathing may be considered a potential case of COVID-19, especially if they had recent travel history or interacted with COVID-19 patient. The outpatient department or the Accident
& Emergency Centres may need to decide on whether to accept the patient to the medical facility or encourage the patient to stay at home. At the outpatient level, frontline agents will have to register the average number of cases suspected with the virus, even if they have not been admitted.
There should be a registry for those on admission to the health care facility. Essential information which includes the date the patient was admitted; whether is a suspected case or a confirmed one; the statistics and clinical records (along with TB or HIV) and NCD position; the clinical services of the facility such as extra oxygen, opioid treatment, high dependence or critical care and mechanical ventilators.
Following the patient results, discharged patients (absconding included) and mortality rate, along with the corresponding dates of every recorded cases, will be key attributes. The registers could be on electronic database or on sheets. The TB area officials or other frontline TB expertise with experience of handling such cases of recording and reporting medical details of TB patients should be considered for the job, in order to handle these records. These same agents stand a chance to execute local data entries and could be able to efficiently work for COVID-19 records. The work may be handled in two ways.
Firstly, a cross-sectional statistic of a) new cases on admission (suspected cases and affirmed ones) regular deaths and newly deaths within 24-hours timeframe, and b) total cases on admission and aggregate mortality. Secondly, there should be month to month group-wise results review measured one month later (death cases or recovered cases) in all the cases enrolled within the month — this implies that most of the patients will stay in the hospital for not more than one month.
The Nigerian government working to mitigate the risk of COVID-19 pandemic should consider the socio-economic situation of the people. In such mitigation policies to break the chain of the transmission without taking in to account the negative impact on the economy and the social status of the people as a whole, it could result to another problems and pave way for other potential unsafe circumstances which could lead to economic and social instability.
In addition, COVID-19 pandemic is fast translating in to global economic crisis of the recent times. It is evident that the world is now faced with financial issues, as well as the demand and supply problem (Shkeer and Awang, 2019; Farouq et al., 2020b; Farouq et al., 2020c). The issue of demand is a composite of declining revenues, mixed feelings (health uncertainty) and the vaccine unavailability could negatively affect private spending, mostly in the service sector, usually having the most significant effect on the tourists and entertainments, more especially in relation to major gatherings and food services to public.
The working hours are limited along with the fair of potential retrenchments would also reduce household spending, thereby increasing economic instability for many that do not have access to the free healthcare system. While, for the issue of supply, an unexpected closure of operations by the industries in the most areas that are affected would disrupts the world supply. This interruption would lead to a widespread closure of firms as a result of insufficient intermediary inputs, that affects areas with even less confirmed cases, which through the multiplier effect, the aggregate demand would be severely affected (Shkeer and Awang, 2019).
In view of the above instances and postulations, all efforts to mitigate and break the spread chain of the virus must take in to account the dangers posed by the three primary economic factors: the financial sector, the demand of the economy, and supply of the economy, which significantly affects the ordinary Nigerian.
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APPENDIX 1
Table Specification
Subject Economics
Specific subject
area Health Economics
Type of data The raw data is made available in the SPSS format (sav). However, the data are provided in tables
How data were
acquired Through questionnaire. The questionnaire is incorporated in this data article.
Data format Raw Clean Analysed Descriptive Parameters for data
collection Samples were collected from the residence of Nassarawa, Fagge, Kumbotso, Tarauni, Gwale, Dala and KMC in Kano State of Nigeria. Through the proportional and simple random sampling techniques.
Description of data collection
The questionnaire assessing their behavioural perception in relation to Covid-19 was made.
Data source location
Nassarawa, Fagge, Kumbotso, Tarauni, Gwale, Dala and Municipal, Kano State of Nigeria.
Data accessibility With the article
Raw data was deposited in the Mendeley repository as Data on the psychological perception of people towards Covid-19 pandemic.
URL:https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/s8xj73wtgw/draft?a=6716b3d3-28da-42ab-900a-5e02e83162d5
APPENDIX 2
Descriptive Statistics
Item Statement: N Mean Std. Dev. Variance Percentage
Psychological perception 0-1 2-5
PS2 I had trouble staying asleep
400 4.41 .647 .418 95.8 4.2
PS3 things kept making me think about Corona-
virus 400 4.39 .565 .319 96.6 3.4
PS4 I felt irritable and angry
400 4.30 .713 .508 91.2 8.8
PS5 I stopped allowing myself to get frustrated when I thought about or was notified of Covid-19
400 4.26 .703 .494 91.7 8.3
PS6 I often think about Covid-19 even when I did
not want to 400 4.35 .651 .424 94.5 5.5
94.5PS7 I often feel as if Covid-19 had not happened
or was not real 400 4.29 .676 .457 92.5 7.5
PS8 I often avoid Covid-19 reminders
400 4.15 .720 .519 85.2 14.2
PS9 Reminders of Covid-19 made me to have physical reactions, like sweating, trouble breathing, nausea, or a pounding heart.
400 4.18 .719 .517 88.5 11.5
PS10 Pictures about Corona-virus popped into my
mind 400 4.38 .614 .377 94.5 5.5
PS11 I was jumpy and easily startled
400 4.29 .767 .588 89.7 10.3
PS12 I tried not to think about Corona-virus
400 4.29 .824 .680 89.8 10.2
PS14 My feelings about Corona-virus were kind of
numb 400 4.29 .689 .475 91.2 8.8
PS15 I felt or acted like I was back at that time
400 4.28 .792 .627 88 12.0
PS16 I had trouble falling asleep
400 4.19 .836 .699 87 13.0
PS17 I had waves of strong feelings about
Corona-virus 400 4.21 .753 .567 88.5 11.5
PS18 I tried to remove Corona-virus from my
memory 400 4.26 .712 .507 90.7 9.3
PS19 I had trouble concentrating
400 4.35 .735 .540 90.2 9.8
PS20 I had dreams about Corona-virus
400 4.27 .723 .522 91.7 8.3
PS21 I felt watchful and on-guard
400 4.27 .697 .486 91.8 8.2
PS22 I tried not to talk about it
400 4.37 .666 .444 94.2 5.8
Total Percentage
91.2 8.8
Anxiety 0-1 2-3
AX1 Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge 400
4.28 .789 .622 90.2 9.8
AX2 Not being able to stop or control tension 400
4.30 .701 .491 92.5 7.5
AX3 Too much stress about different things 400
4.39 .670 .448 91.7 8.3
AX5 Being so restless that it's hard to sit calm 400
4.32 .709 .503 89.7 10.3
AX6 Becoming easily annoyed or irritable 400
4.33 .629 .396 91.7 8.3
AX7 I often feel afraid as if something awful
might happen 400
4.37 .648 .420 91.8 8.2
AX8 How difficult has Covid-19 made it to work, study, take care of things at home, or get along with other people?
400 4.35 .670 .449 90.0 10.0
Total Percentage
91.1% 8.9%
Depression 0-1 2-3 DP2 Feeling down, depressed or hopeless 400
4.28 .740 .548 87.8 12.2
DP3 Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or
sleeping too much 400
4.38 .657 .432 91.7 8.3
DP4 Feeling tired or having little energy 400
4.35 .655 .429 92.0 8.0
DP5 Poor appetite or overeating 400
4.30 .661 .437 91.2 8.8
DP6 Feeling terrible about yourself or like you are a loser or have let off yourself or your relatives
400 4.28 .792 .627 87.5 12.5
DP7 Trouble with dwelling on items like reading
the papers or watching TV 400
4.42 .632 .400 94.0 6.0
DP8 Walking or speaking too slowly may have been heard by other people. Or, on the contrary, being so fidgety or impatient that you've driven a lot more than normal
400
4.40 .653 .426 93.2 6.8
DP9 Thoughts that you'd be happier dead or in
some way harming yourself 400
4.34 .697 .486 92.2 7.8
DP10 If you sorted out any concerns, how difficult was it for you to manage your job, fix things at house, get on well with others?
400
4.35 .703 .494 91.0 9.0
Total Percentage
91.2% 8.8%
APPENDIX 3
