A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Technology

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AN ADOPTION OF HALAL FOOD RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING MOBILE RFID/NFC TECHNOLOGY

BY

MOHSEN KHOSRAVI

Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology International Islamic University Malaysia

NOVEMBER 2018

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ABSTRACT

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is the type of wireless technology that enables handheld devices to read the low-priced tags at a short distance without requiring a power source. Since Malaysia is a modern Muslim country and heading towards being a global halal-hub; herein consumer retail industry maintaining halal product integrity is a vital factor which requires to introduce a comprehensive and appropriate tracking and tracing technology to maintain halal product integrity and develop a technological framework that can support the entire Halal Product Supply Chain (HPSC). In the meantime, one of the debated issue with in the halal food industry is detecting fake halal products from genuine ones, therefore, in accordance to this problem Malaysian Muslim authority on halal product Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) introduced and implemented the halal logo as the halal validation on the request of market trading agencies. Also, JAKIM introduced a platform for sending a text message in order to inquire about the halal status of products with “SMS Halal JAKIM” and such that this can be performed by sending SMS or MMS. While this service exposed to be time-consuming and witnessed other internal problems. Thus, this prevailing condition was an indication for a comprehensive study that could address the issues in order to provide complete details about consumer products.

Therefore, this research has used near-field wireless technologies i.e. RFID/NFC in order to validate halal status for the food products by developing a database based on products listed in the JAKIM website. This research introduced a system which is suitable for every user through developing an application for identifying and validating halal products through Android smartphones which are capable to read NFC or external RFID readers. Whereas, existing applications made use of barcodes which can be easily copied instead of using barcodes using RFID/NFC tags minimizes the chances of fraud within the halal industry. In addition, this study compared the usability, efficiency, affordability, security, and customer satisfaction between new application and old systems by collecting data from customers who were asked to use the new application while checking the halal status of the product. Therefore, a paired sample test was performed to assess the differences between the new and existing systems. The results indicated a significant difference between the systems and values for each of the construct were found p<0.5, and the mean difference for usability was found 2.022, efficiency 2.446, affordability 1.830, security 1.956, and for satisfaction 2.00. The values for mean differences revealed that the new system is better than the existing ones in terms of usability, efficiency, affordability, security, and customers satisfaction. Also, this system is an addition into existing systems that are based on product identification techniques using RFID/NFC technologies and this system will help consumers to identify halal products with ease while they are shopping in stores.

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iii

ثحبلا ةصلاخ

ABSTRACT IN ARABIC

لا ةينقت فيرعت با ددترل سلالا ( يكل RFID ةزهجلأا نكتم تيلا ةيكلسلالا ايجولونكتلا نم عون وه )

نأ ابم .ةقاط ردصم لىإ ةجالحا نود ةيرصق ةفاسم ىلع رعسلا ةضفخنم تاملاعلا ةءارق نم ةلوملمحا لسم دلب يازيلام للاح زكرم انهوك ونح هجتتو ثيدح م

ةئزجتلا ةعانص عوضولما اذه في ؛يلماع

لحاو ةيكلاهتسلاا خدإ بلطتي يويح لماع وه للالحا تاجتنلما ةملاس ىلع ظاف

ةلماش عبتت ةينقت لا

ديروت ةلسلس معدي نأ نكيم يجولونكت راطإ ريوطتو للالحا جتنلما ةملاس ىلع ظافحلل ةمئلامو لالحا تاجتنلما ( ل

HPSC .)

ا ىدحإ نإف ،كلذ نوضغ في ةيذغلأا ةعانص في اهثبح َّتم تيلا يااضقل

كا يه للالحا ةيلصلأا تاجتنلما نم ةفيزلما للالحا تاجتنلما فاشت

. ةطلسلا تماق ، ةلكشلما هذله اًقفو و

للالحا جتنملل ةيزيلالما ةيملاسلإا Jabata Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM)

قيبطتو يمدقتب لاعك للالحا راعش

.قوسلا في لوادتلا تلااكو بلط ىلع ًاءانب للالحا نم ققحتلا ةم

مدق كلذكو ت

JAKIM للالحا تاجتنلما ةلاح نع راسفتسلاا لجأ نم ةيصن ةلاسر لاسرلإ ةصنم

" عم SMS Halal JAKIM لاسرإ قيرط نع كلذب مايقلا نكيم ثيبح ، "

SMS وأ

MMS .

ه تضرعت امنيب أ لىإ ةمدلخا هذ

لل ةعيضم نوكت ن .ىرخأ ةيلخاد لكاشم تدهشو تقو

كلذل اذه ناك

دئاسلا عضولا لىإ ةراشإ ةباثبم

ةساردل ةجالحا لجاعت نأ نكيم ةلماش

هذه ليصافت يمدقت لجأ نم يااضقلا

يأ ،لالمجا ةبيرق ةيكلسلا تاينقت ثحبلا اذه مدختسا ،كلذل .ةيكلاهتسلاا تاجتنلما نع ةلماك RFID / NFC لجأ نم

ققحتلا ةدعاق ريوطت للاخ نم ةيئاذغلا تاجتنملل للالحا ةلاح نم

اجتنلما ىلع دمتعت تناايب عقوم في ةجردلما ت

JAKIM لكل اًبسانم اًماظن ثحبلا اذه مدق .

لمعت تيلا ةيكذلا فتاولها برع اهنم ققحتلاو للالحا تاجتنلما ديدحتل قيبطت ريوطت للاخ نم مدختسم ماظنب Android رق ىلع ةرداقلاو

ةءا NFC تئاراق وأ

RFID ةيجرالخا

. تاقيبطتلا نأ ينح في

دوكرابلا مدختست ةيلالحا ابلا مادختسا نم ًلادب ةلوهسب اهخسن نكيم تيلا

تاملاع مادختساف ،دوكر

RFID / NFC هذه تنراق ،كلذ لىإ ةفاضلإبا .للالحا ةعانص لخاد لايتحلاا صرف نم للقت

وهس ةساردلا سلاا ةل

ينب ءلامعلا اضرو ،نملأاو ،فيلاكتلا لمتح ىلع ةردقلاو ،ةيلاعفلاو ،مادخت

نلأاو ةديدلجا تاقيبطتلا مادختسا مهنم بلُط نيذلا ءلامعلا نم تناايبلا عجم للاخ نم ةيمدقلا ةمظ

ا نم ققحتلا ءانثأ ديدلجا قيبطتلا تل ةيجوز ةنيع رابتخا ءارجإ تم ،كلذل .جتنملل للالحا ةلالح

مييق

لاا ميقلاو ةمظنلأا ينب يونعم قرف دوجو لىإ جئاتنلا تراشأ .ةمئاقلاو ةديدلجا ةمظنلأا ينب تافلاتخ

نىُبلا نم ل كل رادقبم

p<0.5 دجوو ،

نأ مادختسلاا ةيناكملإ طسوتلما قرفلا ـل يواسم

2.022

،

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ةيلاعفلاو 2.446

لمحتلا ىلع ةردقلاو ، 1.830

نملأاو ، 1.956

حايترلااو ، 2.00

. ق ترهظأ مي

،مادختسلاا ةلوهس ثيح نم ةيلالحا ةمظنلأا نم لضفأ ديدلجا ماظنلا نأ ةطسوتلما تافلاتخلاا عفلاو ماظنلا اذه دعي ،كلذ لىإ ةفاضلإبا .ءلامعلا اضرو ،نملأاو ،فيلاكتلا لمتح ىلع ةردقلاو ،ةيلا

لأا لىإ ةفاضإ ادختسبا جتنلما فيرعت تاينقت ىلع دمتعت تيلا ةمئاقلا ةمظن

اينقت م ت RFID /

NFC في قوستلا ءانثأ ةلوهسب للالحا تاجتنلما ديدتح ىلع ينكلهتسلما ماظنلا اذه دعاسيسو ،

رجاتلما

.

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APPROVAL PAGE

The thesis of Mohsen Khosravi has been approved by the following:

_____________________________

Asadullah Shah Supervisor

_____________________________

Irwandi Jaswir Internal Examiner

_____________________________

Norliya Ahmad Kassim External Examiner

_____________________________

Abdur Rashid Khan External Examiner

_____________________________

Saim Kayadibi Chairperson

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.

Mohsen Khosravi

Signature ... Date ...

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COPYRIGHT

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH

AN ADOPTION OF HALAL FOOD RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING MOBILE RFID/NFC TECHNOLOGY

I declare that the copyright holders of this thesis are jointly owned by the student and IIUM.

No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below

1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.

2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.

3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries.

By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.

Affirmed by Mohsen Khosravi

……..……….. ………..

Signature Date

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, it is my utmost pleasure to dedicate this work to my dear parents and my family, who granted me the gift of their unwavering belief in my ability to accomplish this goal: thank you for your support and patience.

I wish to express my appreciation and thanks to those who provided their time, effort and support for this project. To the members of my dissertation committee, thank you for sticking with me.

Finally, a special thanks to Professor Asadullah Shah for his continuous support, encouragement and leadership, and for that, I will be grateful forever.

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ...12

2.2 RFID ...13

2.2.1 RFID Tag ...15

2.2.2 Power for Passive RFID Tags ...20

2.2.2.1 Far-Field RFID Tags...20

2.2.2.2 Near-Field RFID Tags ...21

2.2.3 RFID Reader ...22

2.2.4 UHF mobile RFID technology ...24

2.2.5 Mobile RFID’s wireless specification ...25

2.2.6 Applications for RFID ...27

2.3 Near Field Communication ...29

2.3.1 NFC on Cell Phones ...31

2.3.2 NFC Tags ...34

2.3.2.1 NFC tag basics...34

2.3.2.2 NFC tag sort definitions ...35

2.3.2.3 NFC tag operation ...37

2.3.2.4 NFC tag design and manufacture ...37

2.3.2.5 Tag Size ...38

2.3.2.6 Tag Capacity/ Memory Size...39

2.3.2.7 Material onto Which the Tag Is Applied ...39

2.3.2.8 NFC Forum Type (1, 2, 4) ...40

2.3.2.9 The Product (NFC Forum Tag) ...41

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2.3.2.10 Which NFC Tag? ...42

2.3.2.11 How do NFC Tags Work? ...51

2.3.2.12 The Antenna Bit ...52

2.3.2.13 The Bonding Bit ...52

2.3.2.14 Other antenna options ...53

2.3.2.15 Printable NFC Ink ...53

2.3.2.16 Encoding NFC Tags Overview...54

2.3.2.17 The NFC Chip ...55

2.3.2.18 NFC IC Types ...55

2.3.2.19 Choosing your NFC IC ...55

2.3.3 Security Concerns ...60

2.3.4 NFC on Android Device ...61

2.4 Differences Between NFC And RFID ...63

2.5 Food Identification Using RFID And NFC ...65

2.6 Summary ...76

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...77

3.2 Research Framework ...77

3.3 Tag ...78

3.3.1 Encoding Tag ...80

3.4 Identification Process ...81

3.5 Database Development ...83

3.6 Result ...84

3.7 Summary ...84

CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTS ...85

4.2 Database ...85

4.2.1 Database Development Using SQLite ...87

4.3 Encoding Process ...88

4.4 Product Identification Process ...93

4.5 Summary ...98

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS ...99

5.2 Evaluation ...99

5.2.1 Usability ...100

5.2.2 Efficiency ...101

5.2.3 Security ...101

5.2.4 Affordability ...102

5.2.5 Customer Satisfaction ...102

5.3 Results And Discussion ...102

5.3.1 Usability ...104

5.3.2 Efficiency ...105

5.3.3 Security ...107

5.3.4 Affordability ...108

5.3.5 Commercial Viability ...109

5.3.6 Customer satisfaction ...109

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5.3.7 Demographic Data Analysis. ...111

5.3.8 Instrument Reliability ...116

5.3.8.1 Reliability Test for New System (RFID) ...117

5.3.8.2 Reliability Test for Old System (Bar Code)...122

5.4 Descriptive Analysis New System ...128

5.5 Descriptive Analysis Barcode System ...132

5.6 Paired Sample T-Test ...135

5.6 Summary ...148

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ...149

6.1 Conclusion ...149

6.2 Contributions ...150

6.3 Future Works ...152

6.4 Summary ...153

REFERENCES ...154

APPENDIX A: EVALUATION QUESTIONARIES ...170

APPENDIX B: CODING ...172

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 RFID frequency spectrum details. 19

Table 2.2 Applications for radio frequency identification 27 Table 2.3 NFC Forum Type Tag Platforms and related products 41 Table 2.4 Comparison of the different products compatible with the

NFC Forum (Type Tag) Platforms 42

Table 2.5 NFC chips models 56

Table 2.6 Other NFC chips models 57

Table 2.7 Memory size usage in tags 59

Table 2.8 NFC chips memory size 59

Table 2.9 Comparisons between RFID and Barcode 68

Table 2.10 Comparison of current frameworks based on above qualities. 75

Table 3.1 NFC sticker tag specification 80

Table 5.1 Quality characteristics evaluation results in percent

(M:Manager, S: Staff, C:Customer) 103

Table 5.2 Overall percentage 103

Table 5.3 Demographic Details of the Respondent 111

Table 5.4a Reliability Statistics 117

Table 5.4b Summary Item Statistics 117

Table 5.5a Reliability Statistics (Usability) 118

Table 5.5b Summary Item Statistics (Usability) 118

Table 5.5c Item- Total Statistics (Usability) 118

Table 5.6a Reliability Statistics (Efficiency) 119

Table 5.6b Summary Item Statistics (Efficiency) 119

Table 5.6c Item-Total Statistics (Efficiency) 119

Table 5.7a Reliability Statistics (Affordability) 120

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Table 5.7b Summary Item Statistics (Affordability) 120

Table 5.7c Item- Total Statistics (Affordability) 120

Table 5.8a Reliability Statistics (Security) 121

Table 5.8b Summary Item Statistics (Security) 121

Table 5.8c Item- Total Statistics (Security) 121

Table 5.9a Reliability Statistics (Satisfaction) 122

Table 5.9b Summary Item Statistics (Satisfaction) 122

Table 5.9c Item- Total Statistics (Satisfaction) 122

Table 5.10a Reliability Statistics 122

Table 5.10b Summary Item Statistics 123

Table 5.11a Reliability Statistics (Usability) 123

Table 5.11b Summary Item Statistics (Usability) 123

Table 5.11c Item-Total Statistics (Usability) 124

Table 5.12a Reliability Statistics (Efficiency) 124

Table 5.12b Summary Item Statistics (Efficiency) 124

Table 5.12c Item-Total Statistics (Efficiency) 125

Table 5.13a Reliability Statistics (Affordability) 125

Table 5.13b Reliability Statistics (Affordability) 125

Table 5.13c Item-Total Statistics (Affordability) 126

Table 5.14a Reliability Statistics (Security) 126

Table 5.14b Summary Item Statistics (Security) 126

Table 5.14c Item-Total Statistics (Security) 127

Table 5.15a Reliability Statistics (Satisfaction) 127

Table 5.15b Summary Item Statistics (Satisfaction) 127

Table 5.15c Item-Total Statistics (Satisfaction) 128

Table 5.16a Descriptive statistics of measured items of Usability for

RFID NFC system 129

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Table 5.16b Descriptive statistics of measured items of Efficiency for

RFID NFC system 129

Table 5.16c Descriptive statistics of measured items of Efficiency for

RFID NFC system 130

Table 5.16d Descriptive statistics of measured items of Usability for

RFID NFC system 131

Table 5.16e Descriptive statistics of measured items of satisfaction for

RFID NFC system 131

Table 5.17a Descriptive statistics of measured items of Efficiency for old

system 132

Table 5.17b Descriptive statistics of measured items of Efficiency for old

system 133

Table 5.17c Descriptive statistics of measured items of Affordability for

old system 134

Table 5.17d Descriptive statistics of measured items of security for old

system 134

Table 5.17e Descriptive statistics of measured items of security for old

system 135

Table 5.18a Paired Samples Statistics (Usability) 136

Table 5.18b Paired Samples Test (Usability) 136

Table 5.19a Paired Samples Statistics (Efficiency) 137

Table 5.19b Paired Samples Test (Efficiency) 137

Table 5.20a Paired Samples Statistics (Affordability) 138

Table 5.20b Paired Samples Test (Affordability) 138

Table 5.21a Paired Samples Statistics(Security) 139

Table 5.21b Paired Samples Test (Security) 139

Table 5.22a Paired Samples Statistics(Satisfaction) 139

Table 5.22b Paired Samples Test (Satisfaction) 140

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 RFID technology process. 2

Figure 2.1 The mobile device as part of the RFID system 15

Figure 2.2 HF family of passive RFID tags. 18

Figure 2.3 UHF active RFID tags (Wavetrend 2009) 18

Figure 2.4 Far Field RFID Technology. 21

Figure 2.5 Near Field RFID Technology. 22

Figure 2.6 Different formats of RFID readers: handheld, wall mounted,

portal. 23

Figure 2.7 Mobile RFID’s SOC. 25

Figure 2.8 Logo used to identify NFC tags and devices. 32

Figure 2.9 Architecture of NFC integrated in a mobile device. 33

Figure 2.10 Tag construction surface. 43

Figure 2.11 Dry inlay tag. 44

Figure 2.12 Sealed dry inlay tag. 44

Figure 2.13 Wet inlay tag. 45

Figure 2.14 Clear NFC tag 45

Figure 2.15 White NFC tag. 46

Figure 2.16 Printed NFC Tag. 46

Figure 2.17 On-Metal Sticker. 47

Figure 2.18 Reverse On-Metal Sticker 47

Figure 2.19 ScanStrength antenna size. 49

Figure 2.20 On Metal NFC Tags. 50

Figure 2.21 Normal tag and on metal tag comparison. 50

Figure 2.22 NFC tag chip. 51

Figure 2.23 E-Unit and PCB tags surface. 53

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Figure 2.24 Malaysia New Halal Logo 70

Figure 2.25 JAKIM’s E-Halal Portal. 70

Figure 2.26 JAKIM’s Short Messaging Service (SMS) system. 71

Figure 3.1 General research framework 78

Figure 3.2 Passive NFC tag 79

Figure 3.3 TagWriter Android application 81

Figure 3.4 Decoding process. 82

Figure 3.5 Halal status check in Halal Malaysia Official Portal 83 Figure 4.1 Example of one product detail which is stored in Halal

database. 86

Figure 4.2 Example of one product detail which is stored in Halal

database. 87

Figure 4.3 SQLite Database Browser. 88

Figure 4.4 TagWriter application environment. 90

Figure 4.5 Tag writing process. 90

Figure 4.7 Tag writing process 92

Figure 4.9 Scanning process. 93

Figure 4.10 Empty tag message. 95

Figure 4.11 No data found message. 96

Figure 4.12 Halal product information. 97

Figure 5.1 Evaluation results. 105

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Figure 5.14 Evaluation questionnaires. 140

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CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Malaysia is a modern Muslim country heading towards being a global Halal hub; it has been well-known as a successful halal-hub in the world since 1997. Halal is often used in reference to food and drinks, i.e. the food which is allowable for Muslims to eat or drink under Islamic Shariah (law). Halal is based on an Arabic term meaning

“permissible”. In English, it most often referred to like food that is allowed according to Islam law. In the Arabic language, it signifies that anything that is permissible under Islam. The antonym of Halal is ‘Haraam’, which refers to something which is

“prohibited” under Islamic law(Kamali, 2003; HDC, 2015; Ismail & Nasiruddin, 2014). The term halal and haraam will be used strictly to describe food products, meat products, cosmetics, personal care products, food ingredients, beverage and food materials(Tanakinjal et al., 2009). Which foods are halal or which foods are haram, is decided according to the Holy Quran and the Glorious Shari’ah (Kamali, 2010).

In consumer retail industry, keeping up halal item trustworthiness is a fundamental belief, so it is necessary to present a complete and extensive tracking and tracing technology to keep up halal item uprightness and build up an innovative structure that can bolster the whole Halal Product Supply Chain (Bahrudin et al., 2011; Bohari et al.,2013). Information Technology (IT) is supposed to be the best formula to be used to make the world a more helpful and practical place for individuals from a wide range of culture and religions. Nowadays, smart spaces and smartphones are going to lead the world of business.

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RFID refersto Radio Frequency Identification and is a term that portrays an arrangement of ID (Bohn, 2006). RFID depends on putting away and remotely recovering data or information as it comprises of RFID tag, RFID persue and back- end Database (Schwerin &Rosen, 2009).

The mobile RFID empowers business to give new administrations to portable clients by securing administrations and exchanges from the end-client to an organization's current online business and IT frameworks (Ahsan, Shah & Kingston, 2010). RFID innovation has been acknowledged as an execution differentiator for an assortment of business applications, yet its capacity is yet to be completely used. In future, the users ought to have the capacity to utilize his own particular versatile reader gadgets to recognize the things, look for the following thing of intrigue, restrict and explore. Figure 1.1 demonstrates how RFID technology works.

Figure 1.1 RFID technology process.

Source: (Ahsan et al.,2010)

This study focuses on approving halal status for food items by utilizing RFID or Near Field Communication (NFC) innovation to upgrade existing techniques in Malaysia.

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3 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

At the 2007 world halal forum, Malaysia’s former Prime Minister, Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi stated the government’s aim of establishing Malaysia as a global halal hub. Subsequently, a large number of researches was conducted in various fields of study to help pursue the goal of “Malaysia as a global halal hub” (Tan et al. 2012).

One of the controversial issues in the halal food industry is detecting fake halal products from genuine ones. Malaysian Muslim specialist on the halal item, Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) has created and actualized the halal logo as the halal approval dueto the demand of market broker organizations. To check the originality of halal products, customers could either browse JAKIM’s website or call JAKIM’s office via phone.

On the one hand, these methodsare time-consuming but on the other hand,cases misrepresentation and abuse of the halal logo have progressively been accounted by purchasers (Mohamed Syazwan Ab & Mohd Remie Mohd, 2012). To address such issues various studies have been conducted in the halal product identification field.

Whereas no study has focused on various methods including the use of RFID and smartphones for validating halal products. In the Malaysian Halal industry, RFID innovation is viewed as undeveloped since standardized tags are regularly used as programmed identifiers regardless of the presence of web-based interfaces and cell phone applications (Nasir et al. 2011). However, Muslim consumers still face problems in validating halal products.

MyMobiHalal 2.0 is a mobile-based support application for Muslims to identify the Halal status (Junaini & Abdullah, 2008) so that users can send and receive MMS as answers to their queries instead of entering 13-character barcodes in the

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SMS. This study thus discusses the barcode conception and its functions in customer product industry.

Another study has implemented 2-D barcode halal logo detector to identify halal products and UV hologram to spot fake halal logo (Mohd Albakir & Mohd- Mokhtar 2011). The scanned image is decoded and used to match a database.

Prototype hardware as halal detector device has also been designed so that the customer can hold the product in front of it, then the status of the product will appear on the device screen.

Another study proposes a system that would help the consumer to validate halal products through Smartphone barcode captured straightaway on time with the applied halal product alert database system (Kassim et al, 2012). The system is called MyHalal designed to focus on a new database structure which details the company’s information, Halal certificate expiry alert and newapplications technique usingSmartphone without accessing the network. The only operating system that customers need to have is a smartphone with a minimum Android 2.1.

Other researches have implemented RFID technology to identify and validate halal status (Norman et al, 2009). One study states that barcodes, reader and ingredient information by far are not adequate to validate the information claimed by the manufacturer or food producer; instead, a real-time tool is needed to feed users with genuine and validated information to assist user-buying process that is RFID technology. The perception of Malaysian customers was measured, and the result indicates users agreed that a real-time system is required for the information dissemination (Anir et al, 2008).

It is imperative for specialists and makers to give redress data since buyers depend basically on item bundling, including the Halal logo, fixings and producers so

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5

as to approve Halal status (Nasir et al, 2011).While few studies found that 66% of all shoppers had inquiries regarding halal logos showed on nourishment products, the same number are false while 92% of reviewed customers encouraged the authorities to give an option approving framework that uses ongoing strategies. As indicated by this review, just 26% of the respondents selected RFID, however, SMS and scanner tags were viewed as attractive by 48% and 22% of respondents, individually. As narrated in that review, this reaction may have been because of the development of standardized tags, SMS and MMS, and the absence of infiltration of new innovation, for example, RFID. 68% of the respondents additionally emphatically concurred that approving Halal status utilizing RFID ought to be executed, as this would decrease the number of fakes and help Muslim shoppers to effectively approve certified Halal status, and additionally help Malaysia to end up plainly the world's Halal centre point.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The government of Malaysia has set the goal of making “Malaysia as the major halal hub in the world”. In this regard, a large number of researches have been initiated in different fields of studies such as business, management, accounting, electronic, computer science and information technology. Some studies indicate the use of technology is the key factor in approaching this goal such as (Gumbri & Norlida Mohd Noor, 2015; Ismalaili Ismail et al.,2016; Kawata et al.,2018; Pesavento et al.,2016; Guangyao Ran et al., 2016; Razalli, 2018).

In Malaysia, Halal approval is carried out in few ways. One is "Sistem Maklumat Halal" or the Halal Information System overseen by JAKIM that gives data on Halal items. To get to the data, shoppers must have an Internet connection yet no retail location in Malaysia furnishes PCs with Internet connections to the customers.

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Another way is the rise of portable applications, such as, "SMS Halal JAKIM" which is an application which approves halal status on sustenance items by sending instant messages to JAKIM. Customers need to sort in the 13-digit scanner tag numbers. In any case, messaging long numbers is tedious, tiring and typographical blunders may happen. One single error can deliver poor outcomes. Utilizing MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service) could be an answer to this issue. Through this framework, customers don't need to sort in the 13-digit standardized identifications; rather, they utilize cell phone cameras to catch the picture of the scanned tag. This caught picture is then sent to JAKIM for approval. A base, one-megapixel camera is required for pictures to be perceived by the JAKIM server. Be that as it may, sending MMS pictures costs clients more than sending SMS.

Another mobile application, “MyHalal” uses image processing and recognition module from a digital camera (Junaini & Abdullah, 2008). This technology gadget provides camera and barcode readers that could be used to quickly identify and verify the information of the products or the halal status is reliable for the consumers while they are shopping.

The existing systems are relayed on reading and scanning barcodes but the problem with barcodes is that they can be easily copied and make the Halal validation unsafe. To beat these issues, Halal RF Validation is being created with the expectation of helping Muslims approve the Halal status of nourishment items in the most helpful way that is available. Through this framework, Halal status might be resolved in almost no time and without cost. In particular, with the utilization of remarkable recognizable proof numbers that are devoted to each and every item, this application could diminish the quantity of Halal logos impersonation. On the other hand, in

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today’s smart business spaces, RFID and NFC mobile shopping are going to be the trend (Zhu et al.,2005).

1.4 RESEARCH GOAL

The goal of this research is to propose an effective method to recognize and validate the halal status for food products utilizing the RFID technology.

1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

This study is carried out to fulfil the following objectives:

1- To design a database of halal products that are in JAKIM list.

2- To propose a method for halal food validation using RFID technology.

3- To develop halal recognizable proof/approval applications for android advanced mobile phones which are furnished with NFC or outside RFID reader innovation.

4- To evaluate customer satisfaction using proposed halal food detection system.

1.6 RESEARCH SCOPE

The research objectives are achieved by identifying the problem scope which covers the following aspects:

• Development of halal products database which is identified by JAKIM.

• Analysis of RFID technologies and tags to find the efficient and reliable method for development of product identification using this technology.

Kulliyyah o

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Technology

AN ADOPTION OF HALAL FOOD RECOGNITION SYSTEM USING MOBILE RFID/NFC TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT IN ARABIC

DECLARATION

COPYRIGHT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ...12

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...77

CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ...149

LIST OF FIGURES

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

3 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.4 RESEARCH GOAL

1.6 RESEARCH SCOPE