Konsep Asas Geologi Sekitaran

STAG 3073 Environmental Geology

Dr. Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob Program Geologi

ukm

Konsep Asas Geologi Sekitaran

Konsep asas Geologi Sekitaran (Coates, 1981)

• 1. Manusia adalah agen perubahan geologi

• 2. Bumi adalah unik

• 3. Bumi adalah sistem kepada sistem

• 4. Bumi adalah sistem tertutup

• 5. Proses geologi dan aktiviti manusia beroperasi dalam skala masa yang berbeza

• 6. Risiko dicirikan oleh hubungan manusia-planet

• 7. Kita amat bergantung kepada sumber bumi

• 8. Sumber bumi adalah terhad

• 9. Sumber bumi boleh diurus secara “mapan”

• 10. Pengurusan alam sekitar bermakna mengurus sikap manusia – education

• 11. Pemuliharaan dan penjagaan adalah sebahagian

• 1. Masalah utama alam sekitar akibat dari penambahan penduduk

• 2. Bumi adalah sistem tertutup

• 3. Bumi adalah habitat yang paling sesuai untuk kita dan sumber bumi adalah terhad

• 4. Proses fizikal bumi merubah landskap sepanjang masa geologi. Magnitud dan kekerapan proses ini bergantung

kepada faktor perubahan samada secara tabii/buatan

• 5.Proses bumi adalah merbahaya kepada manusia.

Bencana ini perlu dikenalpasti dan dielak dan kesan LAPAN KONSEP ASAS GEOLOGI SEKITARAN

(Keller, E.A. 1992 )

Konsep asas geologi sekitaran (samb.)

• 6. Perancangan guna-tanah dan guna-air mesti

dipertingkatkan supaya seimbang di antara pertimbangan ekonomi dan variable yang kurang jelas/nyata spt aestetika (i.e. nilai; kecantikan)

• 7. Kesan guna-tanah adalah berbentuk kumulatif; dgn itu kita ada tangggung jawab kepada generasi yang akan datang

• 8. Komponen penting untuk alam sekitar ialah faktor

geologi, pemahaman alam sekitar memerlukan pengetahuan yang luas tentang sains bumi dan disiplin yang berkaitan.

Fundamental concepts of Environmental Geology

(Keller, EA. 2000, eight edition)

• 1. Population growth

• The number one environmental problem is increase in human population.

• 2. Sustainability

• Sustainability is the environmental objective

• 3. Systems

• Understanding the earth‟s systems and their changes is critical to solving environmental problems.

• The earth itself is an open system with respect to energy,

• 4. Limitation of resources

• The earth is the only suitable habitat we have, and its resources are limited

• 5. Uniformitarianism

• The physical processes modifying our landscape today have operated throughout much of geologic time. However, the magnitude and frequency of these processes are subject to natural and artificial induced change

• 6. Hazardous earth processes

• There have always been earth processes that are hazardous to people. These natural hazards must be recognized and avoided where possible and their threat to human life and property minimized.

• 7. Geology as a basic environmental science

• The fundamental component of every person‟s environment is the geologic component, and understanding our

environment requires broad-based comprehension and appreciation of the earth sciences and related disciplines.

• 8. Our obligation to the future

• The effects of land use tend to be cumulative, and therefore

1. Population growth

• Gareth Harden :

• Population increases; impact increases; more resources are needed.

• Problems:-

• Pollution of ground and surface waters;

• hazardous waste;

• exposure of people and human structures to natural hazards.

Total environmental impact of population = product of impact per person x the population

World population

• World population

• 1830 – 1930: Human

population doubled from 1B-2B

• 2007: 6.6 billion

• 2010 : 6.9 billion people on earth;

• Malaysia (27 M)

• Population bomb:

exponential growth-very dynamic process

• Human population

increases 1.4% annually (Growth rate)

Exponential “J” shape

200 million lives

BOM POPULASI

• The present population is already over the comfortable carrying capacity for the planet.

• The role of education is paramount; greatest hope for population control

• Pessimistic scientists:

• Population growth will take care of itself thru disease and catastrophes (famine lack of food) ; WAR

• Optimistic scientists:

• Hope we will find better ways to control the population of the world within the limits of our available resources,

1. Population growth (cont…)

BUBONIC PLAGUE (BLACK DEATH)

A disease spread by rats that causes fever, swellings on the body and usually death

25-30m

Bacterial disease plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis

1340

One family, one child policy in China

control the population of the world

ONE CHILD POLICY POPULATION

POLICY

?

• The World Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable development in 1987:

“Sustainable Development is a form of progress that ensures human development and that „meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”

2. Pembangunan Mapan

Sustainability

+ Respecting the limits of environment, resources

& biodiversity

+ Sustainable economy (opportunity for all) + Polluter pays principle + Efficient resourceuse + tax (landfill tax; waste tax) + new tax structure to

encourage population control and wise use of resources + Policy based on strong

scientific evidence + good governance + ensuring a strong, healthy & just society +Sistem sosial,

perundangan, politik dan pelajaran

Lestari / Mapan / Mampan / Sustainability

Sustainable Development

• 2 pendapat : (1) Environmentalist

Perlu jaga alam sekitar agar generasi akan datang tiada masalah dengan

kemusnahan yg berlaku

– Cth: Ozon layer dan kepupusan spesies

(2) Economists

Generasi akan datang akan mewarisi kekayaan yang dihasilkan dari penggunaan sumber sekarang ini

£10 a slice (RM50)

Contoh

1. Tinggal di Seremban, memandu kereta NAZA RIA seorang diri dan bekerja di UKM Bangi.

Merokok semasa memandu. Memakan makanan yang ditanam dengan

menggunakan bahan kimia pesticide 2. Tinggal di Bandar Baru Bangi, menaiki

basikal ke tempat kerja di UKM Bangi dan

tidak merokok. Memakan makanan yang

ditanam sendiri secara organik

Contoh

1. Tinggal di Seremban, memandu kereta NAZA RIA seorang diri dan bekerja di UKM Bangi.

Merokok semasa memandu. Memakan makanan yang ditanam dengan

menggunakan bahan kimia pesticide 2. Tinggal di Bandar Baru Bangi, menaiki

basikal ke tempat kerja di UKM Bangi dan

tidak merokok. Memakan makanan yang

ditanam sendiri secara organik

• A system:

– Any defined part of the universe that we select for study

• Eg. A planet; a volcano; an ocean basin, river

• The Earth as a system

– A system with 4 parts

• Atmosphere (air); hydrosphere (water); biosphere (life); lithosphere (rock,soil); others:-

humanosphere; oxysphere; cryosphere

• Responsible for the surface features of the earth

• Any change in magnitude/frequency of processes in one part causes changes in the other parts.

3. Systems

Mountain uplift

2. Precipitation (affect local hydrosphere)

Ocean 1 * Steeper slope (affect

lithosphere)

*erosion

*rate/types of sediments Produced – types of rocks

created wind

Prinsip Kesatuan Alam Sekitar / Principle of environmental unity

3. Biosphere – types of

animals/plants with new

environment

(Everything affects everything else)

atmosphere

• Earth is not static; rather, it is dynamic

• Material and energy are constantly changing

• OPEN system

• True with respect to energy

– earth receives energy from the sun and radiates energy back into space

• Exchange of matter

– Meteors fall to earth, and small amount of earth material escapes into space as gas

• Earth‟s material is recycled within the system

• CLOSED system

3. Systems (cont…)

• FEEDBACK -- system response

– Two types of feedback

• NEGATIVE feedback: inducing the system to approach steady state (GOOD)

– Eg. Erosion to river system  steady state

• POSITIVE feedback: vicious cycle

– Eg. Offroad vehicle use  high erosion rate

3. Systems (cont…)

+ve?

-ve?

Growth Rate

• Exponential growth (slow to fast)

• 2 important measures:

– (1) the Growth Rate (%)

– (2) Doubling time

Doubling time

• Time for the quantity of whatever is being measured to double

Rule of thumb: 70 ÷ growth rate

• Example, given Canada's net population

growth of 0.9% in the year 2006 (population 33 m), what is the doubling time?

• dividing 70 by 0.9 gives an approximate doubling time of 78 years.

• Thus if the growth rate remains constant, Canada's population will double from its current 33 million to 66 million by 2084.

YEAR POPULATION

1 60,000

2 66,000

3 72,600

4 79860

5 87846

6 96630

7 106294

8 116923

% of growth Rate = 10%

per year

Doubling time = 70/n

= 70/10 = 7 tahun

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Series2

Doubling Time (7 years)

Doubling time = 70 / n n = growth rate (%)

(cancel out)

Example

Let us say that a certain population has 28 births and 8 deaths per 1,000 people in that population for a certain year.

How fast is that population growing or shrinking for that year?

Annual Rate of Population Change

= 28 - 8 = 2 % 10

The population is growing at 2% per year (Growth Rate)

Malaysia

• Population (2009): 28.3 million.

Annual growth rate: 2.0%.

• Berapa tahun jumlah populasi Malaysia akan berganda menjadi 56 Juta

orang??

Doubling time = 70 / 2 = 35 tahun

• Predicting changes in systems

– INPUT OUTPUT ANALYSIS

• Method for analyzing change in open systems

• 3 types of change:--

• INPUT = OUTPUT

– Steady state; not net change occurs – EG: (1) University students

(2) Incoming solar radiation = outgoing radiation

• INPUT<OUTPUT

– Use of resources such as fossil fuels or groundwater – Fuel or water completely used up

• INPUT>OUTPUT

– The stock will increase

– Buildup of heavy metals in lakes – Pollution of soil and water

3. Systems (cont…)

Dynamics of environmental component (Box model)

(Sink)

(Source) @ soil erosion

@ Sea floor sediment

Flux

Flux = pergerakan bahan dalam pool/reservoir

3. Systems (cont…)

• AVERAGE RESIDENCE TIME (ART)

– is a measure of the time it takes for the total stock or supply of the material to be cycled through a system.

– ART = Total size of the stock

the average rate transfer through the system

– Example:

• If a reservoir holds 100 million cubic meters (m³) of water and both the average input and output are 1m³/sec.

ART = 100 million m³ 1m³/sec

= 100 million seconds (3.2 yrs)

Size of stock/pool

average rate of transfer through the system

Residence time?

Rate of transfer?

Masa purata yang diambil oleh bahan-bahan untuk bergerak dalam satu kitaran sistem

4. Limitation of resources

• Two fundamental truths

– 1. the earth is indeed the only place to live that is now accessible to us

– 2. our resources are

limited, and while some

resources are renewable,

many are not.

• Two major views on natural resources

– 1. Finding resources is not so much a problem as is finding ways to use them (i.e. easy to find new resources)

• Efficient and intelligent use of materials

– Use lightweight material to build a car – New technology to save fuel

• We know more about extracting minerals than we did in the past

– Find new resources faster

– Mining lower grade of minerals

• Recycling of resources can help us meet the needs of the future.

Old computer into gold

Video: Recycling old computers

– 2. A finite

resources cannot support an exponential growth of people forever. And we are in a resource crisis due to:--

• Improvements in medical technology contributing to over population

• Ever increasing gross national product based on obsolescence (design not to last long) and waste.

• The finite nature of the minerals

• Increased risk of damage to the environment as a result of overpopulation, waste, deforestation,

burning of fossil fuels, overuse of resources (water, energy, soil, minerals, animals, forests)

Sumber

• Sumber mineral tak pernah habis tetapi

menyusut nilai ekonominya “economically depleted”

• Kos mengekstrak dan penggunaan mineral yang tinggal melebihi nilai ekonomi mineral berkenaan.

•Economically depleted = apabila 80%

dari kandungan mineral tersebut telah diekstrak keluar dan digunakan.

•Kos bertambah untuk mengeluarkan dan memproses mineral yang masih tinggal (20%)

Ada 6 pilihan untuk mengatasi masalah sumber:-- 1) Cari lagi (Carigali atau galicari)

“petronas carigali”

2) Recycle atau Reuse 3) Waste less

4) Use less (Reduce)

5) Cari bahan/teknologi ganti

– sinthesis bahan – alternative

6) Tunggu berjuta-juta tahun untuk mendapatkan sumber yang baru

styrene-butadiene rubbers (S-SBR)

Konsep 3R

• Reduce

• Reuse

• Recycle

2 R Concept 1. Reduce 2. Reuse

4 R Concept 1. Reduce

2. Reuse ^{+ Refuse}

Recycling

Ingot – solid piece of metal shaped like a brick

5. Uniformitarianism

• The “present is the key to the past”

• James Hutton (1785)

• GAIA Hypothesis

• Fundamental concept of earth sciences

• The process that we observe today also operated in the past

Glacier valley

• Examples:

• Glacier valley

•

Gaia Hypothesis

• 1785 James Hutton “the father of geology” said “Planet earth is a super organism”

– Circulation of earth’s water = blood – Ocean (heart of earth); forest (lung)

• 1970: James Lovelock introduced the Gaia hypothesis

– Gaia (Greek goddess of the land) – the earth is one super-organism

which can act to self regulate

5. Uniformitarianism

• The “present is the key to the future”

• The effects of human activity on natural earth processes (eg. Flooding)

• Increase OR decrease the frequency &

magnitude

• Use the past and present to predict the future

• Eg: recent mudflow deposits on the area proposed for housing development.

5. Uniformitarianism

• Effect of human activity may be very pronounced in a local area

• Erosion:

– Construction site or cut slope is higher than a total erosion in the jungle/forest/agriculture area

– Eg: 1 year cutslope = many years jungle

6. Hazardous earth processes

• Earth processes hazardous to people

• Must be recognized and avoided

• Reduce threat to human life and

property

6. Hazardous earth processes

• Conflict between human vs nature

• Earth processes cause loss of life/property damage

• Flooding; earthquakes; volcanic; landslides;

mudflows

• Earth scientists

– identified potentially hazardous processes

– make info available to planners/decision makers – avoiding/minimizing the threat to human

life/property

Mount St. Helens

"Vancouver! Vancouver!

This is it!"^[

30-year-old volcanologist David A. Johnston

Mount St Helen (May 18, 1980)

Hazard map of volcanic eruption

Kenalpasti kawasan berisiko dan maklumkan kepada orang ramai /

Houses on fault, whose fault is it?

7. Geology as a basic environmental science

• All geology can be considered environmental

• Be aware of contribution from other fields:

– Biology, chemistry, env law, architecture, and engineering, economic, etc.

• Strong interdisciplinary interest

• Most projects are complex

• Physical; biological; human use & interest

• Physical factors -- geography; geologic processes;

hydrologic processes; rock and soil types; climatology

• Biologic factors – nature of plant and animal; changes in biologic condition

• Human use and interest factors – land use, economics, aesthetics

Example

• The planning, construction, and operation of sanitary landfill site:--

– Physical factors:

• Physical location, topographic;

• Soil type & hydrologic condition – Biologic processes:

• Decay of organic refuse;

• contamination of biologic realm;

– Human interests:

• Good engineering practice

• Compliance with laws and regulations

8. Our obligation to the future

• Prehistoric people: minimum impact

• Hunted Game !!!

• “Memburu dan kadang-kadang diburu”

• Use of fire; agriculture; population increase; need more food; cut more trees (+ve feedback); waste problem

• The effects of land use tend to be

cumulative, and therefore we have an obligation to those who follow us

(sustainable development).

8. Our obligation to the future

• Human activity remove soil or rock more than any other earth processes

– Mountain building; river transport;

glasiers

– “Human activity is the most

siginificant process shaping the planet”

• Land use or Land abuse or Land misuse

– Mining

– Land clearance for development

– “one generation of people replaces another, but productive soils destroyed are seldom

TAMAT