Development of the four-cylinder moving mesh model for A 1.6 litre four-stroke direct-injection engine

$EVELOPMENTOFTHE&OURCYLINDER-OVING-ESH-ODELFORALITRE&OURSTROKE

$IRECTINJECTION%NGINE

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4HE DESIGN OF A MODERN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE REQUIRES THE USE OF ADVANCED ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT TOOLS TO CARRY OUT AN INDEPTH INVESTIGATION ON INTERNAL COMBUSTION PROCESS AND COMPUTATIONALmUIDDYNAMICS#&$ SIMULATIONBYUSINGHIGHPERFORMANCECOMPUTERS)NTHISWORKTHE ALGORITHMFORMOVINGORDEFORMEDMESHFORALITREFOURCYLINDERFOURSTROKEDIRECTINJECTIONENGINE HASBEENDEVELOPED4HISTYPEOFMESHISREQUIREDFORTRANSIENTSIMULATIONOFmUIDmOWANDCOMBUSTION PROCESSINSIDETHECOMBUSTIONCHAMBEROFANINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE4HISMESHDEFORMSWITHTHE MOVEMENTOFINTAKEANDEXHAUSTVALVESASWELLASPISTON(ENCETHEPURPOSEOFTHEWORKISTOVERIFYTHE MOVINGMESHALGORITHMANDTOESTABLISHTHECORRECTMESHCONlGURATIONATANYCRANKANGLE4HESIMULATION COVERSTHEFULLENGINECYCLECONSISTINGOFINTAKECOMPRESSIONPOWERANDEXHAUSTSTROKESANDTHEORDER OFPISTONMOTIONISSETACCORDINGTOTHElRINGORDEROFTHESELECTEDENGINE4HEALGORITHMESTABLISHED DElNESEVENTSINWHICHANYOFTHEDESIGNATEDENGINECOMPONENTMOVESINTERMSOFTIMEANDDURATION OFOCCURRENCE4HEVERIlCATIONOFTHEALGORITHMWASPERFORMEDFORTHEWHOLEFOURSTROKECYCLEOF² CRANKANGLESWHERETHEPOSITIONSOFTHEINTAKEVALVEEXHAUSTVALVECYLINDERANDPISTONWEREUPDATED ACCORDINGLYWITHRESPECTTOCRANKANGLE4HElNALISEDALGORITHMANDMESHCANBEUSEDTOSIMULATETHE INCYLINDERmUIDmOWANDINTERNALCOMBUSTIONPROCESSFORTHEFULLENGINECYCLE

+EYWORDS #OMPUTATIONAL mUID DYNAMICS MOVING MESH DIRECTINJECTION FOURSTROKE CYCLE INTERNAL COMBUSTIONENGINE

!"342!+

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)TISWELLKNOWNTHATRECIPROCATINGENGINESCAN PRODUCE MANY COMPLEX CHARACTERISTICS AND PHENOMENAWHICHPERHAPSMORECOMPLEXTHAN ANY OTHER MECHANICAL DEVICES %VEN THOUGH THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION )# TECHNOLOGY HAS DEVELOPED TREMENDOUSLY OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES THERE ARE STILL AREAS OF IMPROVEMENT WHICHCANBEEXPLORED7ITHSTRINGENTREGULATIONS ANDEMISSIONCONTROLPOLICIESSTIFFCOMPETITION AMONG CAR MANUFACTURERS AND INCREASING CUSTOMERSDEMANDSAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERSHAVE BEENSTRIVEDTODESIGNINCREASINGLYSOPHISTICATED SOLUTIONSINORDERTOACHIEVEBETTERPERFORMANCE ANDCLEANERENGINES4OCOPEWITHTHEDEMANDS CONTROL OVER COMBUSTION PROCESS IS A POPULAR APPROACHUSEDBYMANYRESEARCHERSNOWADAYS (OWEVERDUETOTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHE)#PROCESS ITSELFCAREFULSTUDYHASTOBECONDUCTEDONANY NEWINNOVATIONINTRODUCEDONTHEENGINEINORDER TOMAKESURETHATTHEENGINEISMARKETABLE .OWADAYSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAN)#ENGINE REQUIRESTHEUSEOFADVANCEDANALYSISANDTOOLS SUCH AS COMPUTERAIDED DESIGN #!$ AND COMPUTERAIDED ENGINEERING #!% SOFTWARE )N ADDITION TO THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK CARRIED OUT ON ENGINE TEST RIGS NUMERICAL SIMULATION VIA #!% SOFTWARE SUCH AS COMPUTATIONAL mUID DYNAMICS #&$ SOFTWARE CAN BE USED TO ANALYSEANDTOOPTIMISETHEENGINE)NORDERTO ACCURATELYSIMULATETHE)#PROCESSTHEMESHHAS TOBECREATEDINSUCHAWAYTHATITCANDEFORM ACCORDING TO SEVERAL MOVING COMPONENTS THAT FORMTHECOMBUSTIONCHAMBERNAMELYTHEPISTON CROWNANDTHEINTAKEANDEXHAUSTVALVES)NTHIS CASEBOUNDARIESOFTHECOMPUTATIONALDOMAIN HAVE TO BE ALLOWED TO MOVE WHICH EVENTUALLY SHRINKOREXPANDTHEmUIDVOLUMEINACCORDANCE TOCRANKANGLE

)N FLUID FLOW CALCULATIONS THE UTILISATION OF MOVING COORDINATES IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL ESPECIALLY IN FLOWS WITH MOVING BOUNDARIES AS OCCURRED IN )# ENGINE4HE SOLUTION OF SUCH PROBLEMS IS BEST CARRIED OUT THROUGH THE CONSERVATION EQUATIONS IN A NON%ULERIAN COORDINATEFRAME$UETOTHEMOVEMENTOFTHE COORDINATE SYSTEM AN ADDITIONAL EQUATION IS REQUIRED TO BE SATISFIED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THEOTHERCONSERVATIONEQUATIONS4HISEQUATION RELATES THE CHANGE OF THE ELEMENTARY CONTROL VOLUMETOTHECOORDINATEFRAMEVELOCITYANDIS CALLEDlRSTLYBY4RULIOAND4RIGGER ASTHE SPACECONSERVATIONLAW4HEYHAVEINCLUDEDTHE SPACECONSERVATIONLAWEQUATIONTOGETHERWITH THE MASS MOMENTUM AND ENERGY TRANSPORT EQUATIONS IN THEIR FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS ON MOVING MESHES AND USED IT FOR ONEDIMENSIONAL mOW CALCULATIONS (OWEVER THE NECESSITY OF SOLVING THIS EQUATION SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE OTHER CONSERVATION WAS NOT RECOGNIZED UNTIL IT WAS REDISCOVERED BY4HOMAS AND ,OMBARD AND$EMIRDäIC 4RULIOAND4RIGGER AND 4HOMAS AND ,OMBARD USED THE SPACE CONSERVATION LAW EQUATION WITH A lNITE DIFFERENCE SOLUTION METHOD7ARSI ALSO RECOGNISETHESPACECONSERVATIONLAWEQUATIONS AS THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION FOR NONSTEADY COORDINATES4HECONCEPTOFMOVINGMESHWITH THEINTEGRATIONOFlNITEVOLUMEFORMULATIONAS IMPLEMENTEDINTHE#&$CALCULATIONMETHODHAS BEENINTRODUCEDBY$EMIRDäICAND0ERIC 3IMULATIONOF)#PROCESSESHADBEENATTEMPTED BY A NUMBER OF RESEARCHERS $EMIRDäIC AND -UZAFERIJA PRESENTEDANUMERICALMETHOD FOR FLOW PREDICTIONS IN AN AIRCOOLED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE BY USING UNSTRUCTURED MOVINGMESHESWITHCELLSOFARBITRARYTOPOLOGY 4HE DEVELOPED NUMERICAL METHOD HAS BEEN

TESTED FOR ANY APPLICATION IN mUID mOW STRESS ANALYSIS AND HEAT TRANSFER #HEN ET AL PERFORMED CALCULATIONS OF THE FULL INTAKE AND COMPRESSION STROKES AND PRESENTED SOME COMPARISONS WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA (OWEVERTHEIRRESULTSSHOWEDTHATTHETURBULENT VELOCITYISUNDERPREDICTEDDUETOLIMITATIONIN THESTANDARDKεMODEL(YUNETAL ALSO CARRIED OUT THE #&$ SIMULATION USING +)6!

WHERETHESHAPEOFCOMBUSTIONCHAMBERSWIRL INTENSITY AND INJECTION TIMING WERE MODIlED FOR THE ,0' DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE IN ORDER TO STUDYTHEEFFECTOFDIFFERENTTYPEOFCOMBUSTION CHAMBERBYUSINGVARIOUSPISTONCROWNS2IFAIET AL HASUTILISEDTHEARBITRARY,AGRANGIAN

%ULERIAN!,% METHODTOACCOUNTTHEPROBLEM INTHEDEFORMABLEmUIDDOMAINSANDTHEBROUGHT CASESTUDYWASEXHAUSTANDINTAKESTROKEOFAN EXAMPLEOFINTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE

!BD!LLA HAD PERFORMED A STUDY ON A FOURSTROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE CYLINDER PRESSURE FOR THE WHOLE FOURSTROKE CYCLE VIA EMPIRICAL FORMULATION AND THE RESULT OBTAINED WAS INLINE WITH THE

EXPERIMENTALRESULT4HEMOVINGMESHAPPROACH HADBEENUTILISEDBY#HOIETAL TOSIMULATE THECOMBUSTIONPROCESSINASPARKIGNITIONENGINE INORDERTOPREDICTOXIDATIONVELOCITYOFUNBURNED HYDROCARBON INSIDE COMBUSTION CHAMBER )N ADDITION9ASAR HAS DEVELOPED A NEW IGNITION MODEL BY EMPLOYING THE !,% METHOD INCORPORATED INSIDE +)6!6 CODE TO SIMULATE ENGINECOMBUSTIONANDmUIDmOW,ATELY0AYRI ETAL CARRIEDOUT#&$SIMULATIONONTHEIN CYLINDERmOWFORADIRECTINJECTION$IESELENGINE FORINTAKEANDCOMPRESSIONSTROKEUSINGVARIOUS COMBUSTION CHAMBERS AND VALIDATED THEIR NUMERICALRESULTWITHTHEEXPERIMENTALWORK 3INCE THE SUCCESS AND ACCURACY OF A #&$

SIMULATIONISMUCHDEPENDENTONTHEGEOMETRY OF COMPUTATIONAL DOMAIN AS WELL AS THE RIGHT BOUNDARYCONDITIONSANDFORMULATIONOBTAINING THEACTUALMESHISOFHIGHIMPORTANCE4HISHASTO BEACCOMPLISHEDPRIORTO#&$SIMULATIONWHICHIS INCYLINDERmUIDmOWANDCOMBUSTIONSIMULATION

!PART FROM THE DEFORMED COMPUTATIONAL DOMAINTHENATUREOFSUCHPROBLEMISUNSTEADY OR TRANSIENT COMPRESSIBLE HIGHLY TURBULENT 4!",%3PECIlCATIONOFTHEENGINEMODEL

%NGINE0ARAMETER 6ALUE

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#RANKANGLESTARTŽ#! Ž

#RANKANGLESTOPŽ#! Ž

)NTAKEVALVEOPENŽ#! Ž"4$#

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-AXIMUMINTAKEVALVEMM

-AXIMUMEXHAUSTVALVEMM

6ALVELIFTPERIODICITYDEG Ž

CHEMICALLY REACTING DUE TO COMBUSTION OF AIR FUELMIXTUREANDMULTIPHASEINTHECASEOFLIQUID FUELS

4HEREFORE THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORK IS TO DEVELOP AN ALGORITHM WHICH CAN ACCURATELY ESTABLISHTHEMESHREQUIREDFOR#&$SIMULATION DURING THE TIME MARCHING PROCESS FOR A FOUR STROKE DIRECTINJECTION ENGINE USING GASEOUS FUEL IE COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS #.' 4HIS ALGORITHMCANALSOACTASACOORDINATORFORTHE

#&$SIMULATIONASITREMAPSmOWVARIABLESFROM THEMESHINTHEPREVIOUSTIMESTEPTOANEWMESH

SOTHATTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTRANSIENTTERMSINTHE mOW FORMULATION CAN BE ACCURATELY MODELLED 4HISWORKISANEXTENSIONTOTHEWORKCARRIEDOUT BY+URNIAWANETAL WHOCONCENTRATETHE DEVELOPMENT OF HALFENGINE MODEL (OWEVER FOR FULL COMBUSTION SIMULATION HALF MODEL IS NOT SUFFICIENT SINCE IT CANNOT SIMULATE THE PRESENCE OF SWIRL AND TUMBLE FLOWS AND ANY UNSYMMETRICALBEHAVIOUROFINCYLINDERmUIDmOW ANDCOMBUSTIONPROCESS

-/$%,'%.%2!4)/.!.$30%#)&)#!4)/.

)NTHISPAPERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMOVINGMESH FOR A LITRE FOURCYLINDER FOURSTROKE DIRECT INJECTION AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE WAS PRESENTED 4HESPECIlCATIONOFTHESELECTEDENGINEMODEL

ISPRESENTEDIN4ABLE

4HEREARETHREETYPESOFPISTONUSEDIETHE mAT PISTON THE HOMOGENEOUS PISTON AND THE STRATIFIED PISTON4HEY HAVE DIFFERENT CROWN GEOMETRYTHATINmUENCESTHECOMPRESSIONRATIO OFTHEENGINE4HEUSEOFPLATPISTONRESULTSINA COMPRESSIONRATIOOFWHILSTTHEOTHERTWO TYPESLEADTOACOMPRESSIONRATIOOFWHICHIS MOREAPPROPRIATEFOR#.'FUEL&ORTHEPURPOSEOF DEMONSTRATINGTHEALGORITHMONLYTHEmATPISTON ISSHOWNINTHISPAPERANDTHEGEOMETRYOFTHE ONECYLINDERMODELISDEPICTEDIN&IGURE

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)N GENERAL THE MESH CAN BE SUBJECTED TO TRANSLATIONANDROTATIONORCANBEDISTORTEDIN ANYPRESCRIBEDACTIONBYSPECIFYINGTIMEVARYING POSITIONSFORSOMEORALLOFTHECELLVERTICES4HIS TYPE OF MESH MOVEMENT WHICH IS SOMETIMES REFERREDTOASARBITRARY,AGRANGIAN%ULERIANARE ABLETOACCOMMODATEAWIDERANGEOFMOVING MESHANDBOUNDARYPROBLEMSSUCHASTHETYPE OF#&$SIMULATIONUNDERCONSIDERATION

4HE ALGORITHM IS WRITTEN IN THE FORM OF THE 34!2#$^4-COMMANDORMACROLANGUAGESINCE THE SIMULATION WILL LATER BE EXECUTED BY USING THE34!2#$SOFTWAREWHICHISACOMMERCIAL#&$

CODETYPICALLYUSEDINTHEAUTOMOTIVElELD!FTER ESTABLISHINGTHISMOVINGMESHALGORITHMANALYSIS

&)'52%4HEGEOMETRYOFTHEENGINEMODEL

ANDINVESTIGATIONONAIRFUELCHARACTERISTICSFUEL INJECTIONANDIGNITIONTIMINGmAMEPROPAGATION COMBUSTION PROCESSES EXHAUST EMISSION AND KNOCKDETECTIONCANBEPERFORMED

)NTHISTYPEOFMESHPROBLEMASMENTIONED PREVIOUSLY AN ADDITIONAL EQUATION CALLED THE SPACECONSERVATIONLAWISSOLVEDFORTHEMOVING COORDINATEVELOCITYCOMPONENTSTOGETHERWITH THEMASSANDMOMENTUMEQUATIONSSOTHATTHE CHANGEINCELLVOLUMEISRELATEDTOTHECOORDINATE FRAME VELOCITY4HE SIMULTANEOUS SATISFACTION OF THE SPACE CONSERVATION LAW AND ALL OTHER EQUATIONSOFmUIDMOTIONFACILITATETHEGENERAL OPERATION OF MOVING MESH -ESH MOVEMENT INCLUDESTHEARBITRARYMOTIONOFTHECELLVERTICES WHICHNEEDTOBEHANDLEDCAREFULLYBYWORKING FROM THE OUTSET WITH THE GENERAL FORMS OF THE GOVERNINGDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSINANARBITRARY MOVING COORDINATE FRAME4HE DEVELOPMENT AND SOLUTION OF THE DISCRETISED FORMS OF THESE EQUATIONS ARE SOLVED DIRECTLY WITHIN THE lNITE VOLUME FRAMEWORK PROVIDED THAT APPROPRIATE MEASURES ARE TAKEN TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE TO THESPACECONSERVATIONLAWASAPARTOFTHE0)3/

ALGORITHM$EMIRDäICAND0ERIC

4HE SET OF EQUATIONS DESCRIBING THE CONSERVATION OF SPACE MASS MOMENTUM AND ENERGY IN A MOVING COORDINATE FRAME CAN BE MENTIONEDRESPECTIVELYAS7ARSI$EMIRDäIC AND0ERIC

1 0

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g tu g v_r u

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g tu g v v v T_r S_v u

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WHERE√G IS THE DETERMINANT OF THE METRIC TENSOR V IS THE VELOCITY VECTOR V_GIS THE GRID VELOCITYV_RVnV_GISTHEmUIDVELOCITYRELATIVETO THEMOVINGCOORDINATESYSTEMGRID ANDφISA SCALARQUANTITYTEMPERATURECONCENTRATIONETC 4HETERMSONTHERIGHTHANDSIDESOFEQUATIONS AND REPRESENT SOURCES OR SINKS 4 AND Q ARETHESTRESSTENSORANDTHESCALARmUXVECTOR RESPECTIVELYGIVENBY

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WHERE P IS THE PRESSURE› IS THE DYNAMIC VISCOSITY)ISTHEUNITTENSOR$ISTHEDEFORMATION RATETENSORTHESYMMETRICPARTOFTHEVELOCITY GRADIENT ANDΓ_φISTHEDIFFUSIVITYOFφ

%QUATION COULD BE USED TO CALCULATE THE CHANGEINCELLVOLUMEδ6FORAGIVENGRIDVELOCITY V_G4HISAPPROACHISRELATIVELYPRACTICALWHENTHE GRID VELOCITY IS DESCRIBED BELOW &URTHERMORE IN MOST PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS FOR EXAMPLE IN CYLINDER mOW AND mOW AROUND MOVING VALVES THEGRIDPOSITIONATEACHTIMELEVELISPRESCRIBED ANDTHECHANGEINTHECELLVOLUMEASWELLASTHE SURFACEVECTORSAREGIVENORKNOWNQUANTITIES )NORDERTODEALWITHTHElNITEVOLUMEMETHOD FOR#&$CALCULATION%QUATIONISINTEGRATEDOVER ANARBITRARYCONTROLVOLUMECELL ANDTIMEWITH THE AID OF THE 'AUSSS DIVERGENCE THEOREM TO OBTAINTHEBELOWEQUATIONAS

WHEREδ6 6^N n 6^O IS THE CHANGE OF THE CELL VOLUME DURINGΔT 3 IS THE SURFACE OF THE CONTROL VOLUME D3 IS THE SURFACE VECTOR AND SUPERSCRIPTS@NAND@ODENOTETHENEWANDOLD TIMELEVELSRESPECTIVELY&ORTHE#ARTESIANVELOCITY COMPONENTSANDARBITRARYQUADRILATERALCONTROL VOLUME AS SHOWN IN &IGURE EQUATION ARE DERIVEDTOBECOMEASFOLLOWS

IEWNS

WHERE V_GI U_G V_GI IS THE CELL FACE VELOCITY AND3_I3_X3_YIISTHECELLFACEVECTOR)NORDERTO SATISFYTHESPACECONSERVATIONLAWTHEDElNITION OFTHEGRIDVELOCITIESSHOULDBEMADESOTHATTHE RATEOFCHANGEOFTHECELLVOLUMEOBTAINEDFROM THESPACECONSERVATIONLAWδ6_3#, ΔTISEXACTLY EQUALTOITSACTUALORGEOMETRICALRATEOFCHANGE δ6_' ΔTWHICHISSTATEDINTHEEQUATIONAS DV_G yDV_SCL

4HIS SPACE CONSERVATION LAW CONCEPT AND METHODWILLBEAPPLIEDTOACOMPLICATEDTHREE DIMENSIONALCASEINAREALINTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINEMODEL

4HE TYPICAL FLUID FLOW FOR THE APPLICATION OF MOVING MESHES IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEREQUIRESALARGEVARIATIONINTHESOLUTION DOMAINSIZE)TCANBEMENTIONEDTHATIFTHETOTAL NUMBEROFCELLSINTHESOLUTIONDOMAINREMAINS lXEDATCERTAINTIMESTEPSTHECELLSPACINGINSIDE THE SOLUTION DOMAIN POSSIBLE TO BECOME TOO DENSEATSOMESTAGESOFTHESOLUTIONANDMAYBE TOO SPARSE AT OTHERS4HIS CIRCUMSTANCE IS NOT FAVOURABLETOBEAPPLIEDINTHE#&$SIMULATION FORTHEREASONSASFOLLOWS

A 4HE TIME STEP REQUIRED TO OBTAIN A TEMPORALLYACCURATESOLUTIONISDEPENDENT ONTHEMESH#OURANTNUMBER(ENCETHE UNNECESSARILYSMALLTIMESTEPSWILLPERHAPS BE NECESSARY IF THE SMALLER CELLS ARE GENERATED DURING THE TRANSIENT PROCESS WHICHWILL LEADTO LONGERCOMPUTATIONAL TIMES

B 4HE NUMERICAL INSTABILITY PROBLEMS ASSOCIATEDWITHLARGEASPECTRATIOSMIGHT BEOCCURREDDURINGUNSTEADYCALCULATION 4HOSEPOTENTIALPROBLEMSCANBEOVERCOMEBY

ENABLINGCELLSTOBEREMOVEDORADDEDDURINGTHE TIME MARCHING PROCESS4HEREFORE THE AVERAGE CELLSIZECANREMAINAPPROXIMATELYTHESAME 4HEGENERALPRINCIPLEINREMOVALCELLSISTHAT THEMESHCAUSESTWOORMOREOPPOSINGPAIRSOF CELL FACES TO BECOME COINCIDENT AT A SPECIlED TIME STEP THEREBY CAUSING ALL OTHER FACES TO COLLAPSETOLINESORPOINTSANDTHUSMAKINGTHE CELLDISAPPEAR/NTHEOTHERHANDTHEOPPOSITE PROCESSISUSEDFORCELLADDITION4HESEPROCESSES COULDBEPERFORMEDONAMOREORLESSARBITRARY SELECTIONOFINDIVIDUALCELLSORAGROUPOFCELLS (OWEVER IN ORDER TO SIMPLIFY ADDITION AND REMOVALOFCELLSITCANBEAPPLIEDTOCELLLAYERS IE ASSEMBLIES OF SINGLECELL THICKNESS4HIS IS ILLUSTRATED IN &IGURE WHICH SHOWS EXPANSION ANDCOMPRESSIONOFAMESHWITHINTHECYLINDER AND THE INTAKE PORT OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

)NTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEMOVINGMESHFOR ENGINETHECELLSHOULDHAVEITSPREFERABLESHAPE TOMOVEANDSQUEEZEWITHINTHELAYERSOFSOLUTION

&)'52%#ONTROLVOLUMEANDLABELLINGSCHEME S_n

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Volume

DOMAIN4HECELLSHAPESOTHERTHANHEXAHEDRAL CELLSMAYBEDIFlCULTTOIDENTIFYLAYERSBELONGED TO THOSE CELLS4HERE ARE SOME REQUIREMENTS WHICHARETOBECONSIDEREDINORDERTODEVELOP THEMOVINGMESHFORAN)#ENGINEMODELWHICH ARELISTEDASFOLLOWS#$!DAPCO'ROUP A 4HECELLSFORMINGTHEOUTERPERIPHERYOF

THELAYERMUSTLIEADJACENTTOBOUNDARIES WHICHMAYBEOFANYTYPEOFCELLSSHAPES B 4HE FACES WHICH COLLAPSE MUST BE

QUADRILATERALS BUT THOSE THAT FORM THE UPPERANDLOWERSURFACEOFTHELAYERMAY BEOFANYSTANDARDSHAPEQUADRILATERALOR TRIANGULAR

C %ITHER THE UPPER OR LOWER SURFACE OF A LAYER MAY COINCIDE IN WHOLE OR PART WITH A BOUNDARY BUT NOT BOTH SURFACES SIMULTANEOUSLY

D 0OLYHEDRAL CELLS CAN ONLY BE COLLAPSED IF THEY HAVE BEEN FORMED BY EXTRUDING ANOTHERCELLINTHEDIRECTIONOFCOLLAPSE E ,AYERS MAY BE ADDED ONLY IF THEY WERE

PREVIOUSLYREMOVEDANDTHEYSHOULDBE REINSERTED IN REVERSE ORDER OF REMOVAL

!LTHOUGH THIS MAY APPEAR RESTRICTIVE IT SHOULDBEREITERATEDSOTHATTHEREMOVAL PROCESS MAY BE PERFORMED PRIOR TO THE STARTOFAmUIDSCALCULATION

F 7HENTHECELLLAYERSARERESTOREDTHEYWILL REACQUIRETHEBOUNDARIESTHEYHADWHEN THEREWEREREMOVED

G ,AYERS NEXT TO AN ARBITRARY INTERFACE OR REGIONOFEMBEDDEDRElNEMENTMAYNOT BEREMOVED

4HE CELL REMOVAL PROCESS IS ACCOMPLISHED PRESENTLY WITH THE AID OF THE GENERAL MESH MOTIONPROCEDURE4HISALLOWSTHEFACESOFACELL TOBEMOVEDINSUCHAWAYASTOSHRINKITSVOLUME TOZEROONWHICHITCANBEREMOVEDANDTHENTHE MESHWILLARRANGEBYITSELF!TTHESAMETIMETHE MASSMOMENTUMANDENERGYASSOCIATEDWITHTHE CELLSINTHELAYERTOBEREMOVEDAREADDEDTOTHE CELLSINTHENEIGHBOURINGLAYERINAVOLUMETRICALLY CONSERVATIVEMANNER

4HE CELL ADDITION PROCESS IS OPERATED IN SIMILAR BUT REVERSE WAY4HE DIFFERENCE IS THAT IT IS NECESSARY TO INITIALIZE THE VARIABLES OF THE

&)'52%-OVINGMESHFOR#&$SIMULATIONINTHE)#ENGINE A 0ISTONATTOPDEADCENTREˆMOSTCELLLAYERS

DEACTIVATED

C 0ISTONATBOTTOMDEADCENTREˆMOSTCELLLAYERS ACTIVATED

NEWLY CREATED GRID NODE4HIS IS CARRIED OUT BY APPROPRIATE MAPPING AND INTERPOLATION TECHNIQUES IE THE INITIAL FIELD VALUES IN THE ADDEDLAYERAREOBTAINEDBYINTERPOLATIONFROM NEIGHBOURING LIVE CELLS (ERE CONSERVATION IS ASSUREDBYENSURINGTHEZEROVOLUMEOFADDED CELLLAYER

"OTH THE REMOVAL AND ADDITION PROCEDURES ARE PERFORMED WITHOUT SACRIlCING THE IMPLICIT

METHODWHICHISTHEPREFERREDSOLUTIONSTRATEGY FORTRANSIENTANALYSIS4HEGENERALPROCEDUREFOR THEWHOLEPROCESSISILLUSTRATEDIN&IGURE '2)$!.$%6%.43#/$%'%.%2!4)/.

)N ORDER TO BUILD AND DEVELOP THE MOVING MESHFORANYPARTICULARAPPLICATIONTHEEVENTS SHOULD BE PROVIDED AND CREATED IN THE FORM OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE INSIDE THE 34!2#$

&)'52%&LOWCHARTFORDEVELOPINGMOVINGMESHALGORITHM Develop the IC engine model (surface mesh)

with the CAD software e.g. CATIA

Export the model to the grid generator software STAR-CD

Develop and generate the preferred mesh for moving mesh simulation

Identify and develop the sequence events according to the crank angle and strokes occured in the IC engine

model to perform the moving mesh simulation

Write the macro programming language (scripts) inside STAR-CD based on the events declaration done.

Write and execute the grid activation command to move out the vertices position consistent with the events declaration

Examine, check and verify the developed moving mesh by accomplishing the mesh preview run

SOFTWARE SO THAT THE MESH MOVEMENT CAN BE DONEBYDISTORTINGANDEXTRUDINGTHEVERTICESOF THECELLLAYERSOFTHEENGINEMODEL)NTHISCASE EVENTS DECLARATION IS REQUIRED TO GENERATE THE TIME STEPS FOR EVERY ENGINE STROKES4HEN THE GRID ACTIVATION COMMAND IS EXECUTED TO MOVE THEVERTICESPOSITIONWITHINTHEMESHGEOMETRY BASEDONTHEEVENTSDECLARED#HANGESINMESH GEOMETRYCANBESPECIlEDINTHE89AND:AXIS EITHERBY34!2#$OUTPUTCOMMANDORTHROUGH CUSTOMISED CODING IN USER SUBROUTINES )N THE

USER SUBROUTINE THE GEOMETRY OF THE MODEL CAN BE VARIED BY DElNING THE COORDINATES OF THEVERTEXASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEORDEGREECRANK ANGLE

!SIMPLEMOVINGMESHISILLUSTRATEDIN&IGURE ANDTHESTEPSAND34!2#$COMMANDSCRIPTS REQUIRED TO PERFORM THIS PROCESS ARE AS STATED BELOW

4HEBELOWALGORITHMFORMSTHEBASICCONCEPTS OF DEVELOPING MOVING MESH FOR THE ENGINE MODELWHICHINVOLVESINITIALISINGANDDECLARING

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