THE EFFECTS THAT INFLUENCED TOURS AND SATISFACTION OF UNREGULATED ECOSYSTEM IN KAMPUNG SUNGAI MELAYU, JOHOR

Tekspenuh

(1)By. MUHAMAD NOR FIRDAUS BIN MUHAMMAD MOHAMAD AFIFUDDIN BIN MOHD NOOR DANISH KUMAR A/L MUNASAMY SITI NUR IZZATI BIN ISMAIL. (H18A0239) (H18A0215) (H18A0093) (H18A0093). Bachelor of Entrepreneurship (Tourism) With Honours A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Entrepreneurship (Tourism) with Honours. Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Wellness UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA KELANTAN. 2020. FYP FHPK. THE EFFECTS THAT INFLUENCED TOURS AND SATISFACTION OF UNREGULATED ECOSYSTEM IN KAMPUNG SUNGAI MELAYU, JOHOR.

(2) The success and final result of this study necessitated a great deal of guidance and assistance from a large number of individuals, and we were immensely fortunate to have received this during the course of our research. First and foremost, we want to thank our advisor, Dr. Suchi binti Hassan, for her unwavering support of our study and research, as well as her patience, inspiration, enthusiasm, and vast knowledge. We are extremely thankful that we were able to complete this analysis within Dr. Suchi's timeframe. Without the effort and cooperation of our group members, this study will not be completed. Group member’s Muhamad Nor Firdaus Bin Muhammad, Mohamad Afifuddin Bin Mohd Noor, Danish Kumar A/L Munasamy and Siti Nur Izzati Bt Ismail. Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to all parties involved in completing this study. i. FYP FHPK. ACKNOWLEDGED.

(3) OPEN ACCESS. I agree that my report is to be made immediately available as hardcopy or online open access (full text). CONFIDENTIAL. (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*. RESTRICTED. (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done)*. I acknowledge that Universiti Malaysia Kelantan reserves the right as follow. The report is the property of Universiti Malaysia Kelantan The library of Universiti Malaysia Kelantan has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only The library has the right to make copies of the report for academic exchange. Certified by firdaus. Aziah. _________________________. __________________________. Signature. Signature of Supervisor. Group Representative: Muhamad Nor Firdaus Bin Muhammad. Name: Puan Nurul Aziah Bt Ahmad. Date: 20 May 2021. Date: 14 June 2021. Note: *If the report is CONFIDENTIAL OR RESTRICTED, please attach the letter from the organization stating the period and reasons for confidentiality and restriction. ii. FYP FHPK. DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work embodied in this report is the result of the original research and has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution.

(4) ACKNOWLEDGED ...................................................................................................................... i DECLARATION........................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENT............................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................... 1 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................... 3 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................... 6 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................. 7 1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................ 7 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 8 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS .................................................................................................... 9 1.9 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 12 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT ...................................................................................... 12 2.3 VISITOR RULES AND MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 16 2.4 INCREASING OF AWARENESS ..................................................................................... 23 2.5 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................. 28 2.6 UNDERPINNING THEORY ............................................................................................. 29 2.7 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 32 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 32 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 32 3.3 POPULATION .................................................................................................................... 34 3.4 SAMPLE SIZE.................................................................................................................. 34 3.5 SAMPLING METHOD ...................................................................................................... 35 iii. FYP FHPK. TABLE OF CONTENT.

(5) 3.7 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS ........................................................................................... 37 3.8 ANALYSIS DATA ............................................................................................................. 39 3.9 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................... 44 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 44 4.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENT ........................................... 44 4.3 RESULTS OF DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 47 4.4 RESULTS OF REALIBILITY ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 51 4.5 RESULTS OF INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 55 4.6 FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 59 4.7 DISCUSSION ON RESEARCH OBJECTIVE .................................................................. 60 4.8 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 62 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 63 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 63 5.2 RECAPITULATION OF THE FINDINGS ........................................................................ 63 5.3 LIMITATION ..................................................................................................................... 67 5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 69 5.5 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 71 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 74 APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE........................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX 2: SPSS OUTPUT .................................................................................................. 82 APPENDIX 3 : TURNITIN PPTA II ........................................................................................ 91. iv. FYP FHPK. 3.6 DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................................................ 36.

(6) Tables. Tittle. Pages. 2.1. Description of Various Key Program. 14. 2.2. Types of Official Visitors to Protected Areas. 19. 3.1. Table Krejcie and Morgan ( 1970 ). 35. 3.2. Rules of Thumb of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient Size. 41. 3.3. Spearmen’s Rho Correclation. 42. 4.1. Number of Respondent Demographic. 45. 4.2. Descriptive Statistic Community Involvement. 47. 4.3. Descriptive Statistic Visitor Rules and Management. 48. 4.4. Descriptive Statistic Increasing Awareness. 49. 4.5. Descriptive Statistic Tour and Satisfaction. 50. 4.6. Rules of Thumb of Cronbach’s Alpha Coeficient Size. 51. 4.7. Result of Reliability Coefficient Alpha for the Pilot Test. 52. 4.8. Result of Reliability Coeeficient Alpha for The Independent Variables and Dependent Variables. 53. 4.9. Strength Interval of Correlation Coefficient. 55. 4.10. Correlation Coefficient for Community Involvement factor among tourist who visit Kampung Sungai Melayu. 4.11. 56. Correlation Coefficient for Visitor Rules and Management factor with Tour and Satisfaction among tourist towards travel destination in Kampung Sungai Melayu. 4.12. 57. Correlation Coefficient for Increasing Awareness and Tour and Satisfaction among tourist towards travel destination in Kampung Sungai Melayu. 58. v. FYP FHPK. LIST OF TABLES.

(7) Figures. Title. Pages. 2.1. Relationship of CBC, CB-PES and PES. 15. 2.2. Research Framework for the study. 28. 4.1. Correlation Between Community Involvement, Visitor Rules and Management, Increasing Awareness towards Tour and Satisfaction. 59. vi. FYP FHPK. LIST OF FIGURES.

(8) According to the Johor National Park (JNP) sources, Eco Tourism Kampung Sungai Melayu, has been proclaimed by government of Malaysia as the second national park in the peninsular Malaysia on 1993 and also the second largest of national park after Taman Negara National Park (TNNP). The objective of this research is to identify the relevance of community involvement, visitor rules and management and increasing of awareness towards tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. The purpose of this research is to find out the best effect that influence tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Based on the research objectives that have been developed earlier, two research question are constructed to meet the objectives. These research question are what is the relationship between community involvement, visitor rules and management and increasing of awareness towards tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor and what is the best effect in influencing tour and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. The primary research data will be collected through a structured questionnaire and SPSS software will be used for analysis process. Therefore, the research will find out the most important factor which is visitor rules and management on how to development Eco Tourism in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Key words: eco-tourism, unregulated ecosystem, tours and satisfaction. vii. FYP FHPK. ABSTRACT.

(9) Menurut sumber Taman Negara Johor (JNP), Eko Pelancongan Kampung Sungai Melayu, telah diisytiharkan oleh kerajaan Malaysia sebagai taman nasional kedua di semenanjung Malaysia pada tahun 1993 dan juga taman nasional kedua terbesar setelah Taman Negara Taman Negara (TNNP). Objektif penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti perkaitan penglibatan masyarakat, peraturan dan pengurusan pengunjung dan peningkatan kesedaran terhadap lawatan dan kepuasan ekosistem yang tidak terkawal di Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Tujuan penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengetahui kesan terbaik yang mempengaruhi lawatan dan kepuasan ekosistem yang tidak terkawal di Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Berdasarkan objektif kajian yang telah dikembangkan sebelumnya, dua persoalan kajian dibina untuk memenuhi objektif. Persoalan kajian ini adalah apakah hubungan antara penglibatan masyarakat, peraturan dan pengurusan pengunjung dan peningkatan kesedaran terhadap lawatan dan kepuasan ekosistem yang tidak terkawal di Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor dan apakah kesan terbaik dalam mempengaruhi lawatan dan kepuasan ekosistem yang tidak terkawal di Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Data penyelidikan utama akan dikumpulkan melalui soal selidik berstruktur dan perisian SPSS akan digunakan untuk proses analisis. Oleh itu, penyelidikan akan mengetahui faktor terpenting mengenai bagaimana pembangunan Eko Pelancongan di Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Kata kunci: pelancongan eko, ekosistem yang tidak terkawal, lawatan dan kepuasan. viii. FYP FHPK. ABSTRAK.

(10) 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces this analysis and contains seven important pieces that introduced the background of the study, problem statement, research questions, research objectives as well as scope of study. This is followed by definition of terms and summary. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY According to the Johor National Park (JNP) sources, Eco Tourism Kampung Sungai Melayu, has been proclaimed by government of Malaysia as the second national park in the peninsular Malaysia on 1993 and also the second largest of national park after Taman Negara National Park (TNNP). It cover an area of approximately 49,000 hectares and this Eco Tourism Kampung Sungai Melayu was managed by Johor national park Corporation (JNPC). National park means that the A protected landform or ocean that has been identified to protect habitats' ecosystem services for current and coming years millennia by prohibiting extraction or profession that is incompatible with the area's designation goals and providing a base for divine, science, academic, leisure, and guest possibilities, all of which should be ecologically and ethnically consistent. (IUCN,1994). Kampung Sungai Melayu national park was one of from another ecotourism places that we can found in Malaysia which is located at borders of northern part of the state of Johor and also of southern part of the state of Pahang. This park which famous with uniqueness of flora and fauna, with rocks that are formed from millions of years ago. The park is mainly made up of flush green 1. FYP FHPK. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.

(11) Jungle paths, a visit to the orang asli ( Jakun tribe ) village, rubber tube rafting, and night safari ( foot or by 4x4) are among the most popular activities. There are also a few magnificent lakes and river cruises. Before he renewed the meaning of tourism industry in 1983, Mexican architect Hector Ceballos-lascurain came up with one of the first meaning of ecotourism (1993), To enjoy and respect nature as concerned ride for the ecosystem and excursions to largely undisturbed natural regions, the historical context, publicizing preservation, having a less tourist effect, and promoting social and cultural activity that is advantageous engagement to regional inhabitants. Ecotourism sector has been growing rapidly over that last decades especially in West Country as compared to Asian. Ecotourism field, since the mid-1980s, Jafari mass tourism has arisen and grown with allied notions also including tourism development and suitable tourist activities as part of a wider reaction to perceived biodiversity, ecological, and social challenges, and societal implications of traditional laissez-faire mass travel (2001). Followed by TIES (2004), the main purpose of this ecotourism field is to increase tourism while and through environmental conservation and preservation with their main principal are to minimize the impact, produce natural and social consciousness, offer superb customer service and hosts, offer specific budgetary advantages for preservation, provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people, and attempt to enhance understanding of the host nations' political, environmental, and social cultures,. 2. FYP FHPK. tropical plants with all sort of varieties. The park also has a few attraction to the visitor and the.

(12) immigration policies including a drop in demand between tourists, the tourism industry has been experiencing. Our country is also experiencing the effect. Malaysia has reported losses of as much as RM3.37 billion. Recently, one of the agency of the Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Malaysia (MOTAC), Tourism Malaysia conducted a survey to learn about perception of domestic tourism after the MCO, Survey on Domestic Travel in Malaysia after MCO. What make interested is 50.9% respondent believed travelling after the MCO was safer, 84.2% believed Covid-19 influenced their attitude to travel and 71.3% chose Malaysia as a tourist destination than abroad. The Covid-19 pandemic has taught Malaysians to live different lives from before. New normal practices make those who like and want to travel again, to be more careful. Every place that is visited needs to practice Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) that can give them confidence to go out on the go. A new normal is also identified where domestic tourists prefer to travel in smaller groups either alone, or with spouses or families. Besides that, they will also choose to stay in a hotel or resort that can give confidence especially in terms of hygiene preservation according to established procedures. The safety and hygiene practiced since the MCO and the MCO have indirectly trained us to be more disciplined, but it has become a continuous practice and become a better culture than ever before. 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT This research studied about the effects that influenced tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystems in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Kampung Sungai Melayu national park was one 3. FYP FHPK. Consequently, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major effect on the Result in significant.

(13) northern part of the state of Johor and also of southern part of the state of Pahang. This park which famous with uniqueness of flora and fauna. It’s unique ecosystem and village lifestyle offer unique experience near the city. You can enjoy boat tour, bird watching and crab catching, if you are into nature. The first effects is about Community Involvement. Community involvement in tourism development and World Heritage Site (WHS) conservation organisation is critical to the long-term viability of tourist sites. in Malaysia. Rural residents carry an important function in revitalising and maintaining the environment. tourism development. Public participation varies from participation at the highest level of judgement methods relating to economic activity and departure point promotion at the lowest rate. What shape the participation of the community ultimately takes depends on the situation of the destinations. This research attempts to review the current literature on community participation with regard to rural tourism destinations, synthesizing the current literature through a systematic review. The second effects is visitor rules and management. In recreational and protected areas, visitor management is an important tool because growing levels of usage can have a negative effect on both the quality of recreational activity and natural resources. Cautious and cautious management is important to meet the demands of both nature and tourists. Tourism planners need to track visitor numbers, recreational activities and behaviour and consider aspirations and motivations in order to maintain protected areas within appropriate ecological and social carrying capacity.. 4. FYP FHPK. of from another ecotourism places that we can found in Malaysia which is located at borders of.

(14) study has been taken to sustainability of ecotourism in Kampung Sungai Melayu national park. In recreational and protected areas, visitor management is an important tool because growing levels of usage can have a negative effect on both the quality of recreational activity and natural resources. Prudent and cautious management is important to meet the demands of both nature and tourists. Tourism planners need to track visitor numbers, recreational activities and behaviour and consider aspirations and motivations in order to maintain protected areas within appropriate ecological and social carrying capacity. Other than that, the others effects encourage this research is the increasing of awareness towards the essentials of preserve and conserve the ecosystem and biological of national park. Data on temporal and spatial fish landings was also sourced from the Johor State Fisheries Department and Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia (LKIM). Fishing villages and fishing jetties within the impact zone is reported. Besides artisanal fisheries, data on recreational fisheries is also provided. According to the department of wildlife and national park (DWNP 2003) the authority was give peninsular Malaysia to protect and manage the national parks and preserving wildlife sanctuaries and wildlife for their biological resources. Besides that, recreation and tourism activities are highly recommended in parks. Developing and managing the tourism and recreation opportunities, national parks also pay an important role. Complex situation will happened through the development and growth of tourism in national parks.. 5. FYP FHPK. The capability toward sustainable tourism in national park moreover there is no literature or.

(15) outcomes while minimizing the negative impacts is the most effective way to encourage ecotourism. (Weaver, 1999). In tourism sectors, sustainable development has been addressed extensively since such growth can meet the needs of visitors, provide opportunities to boost economic growth, protect physical places, and improve the quality of life of residents while improving potential opportunities through the coexistence of tourism development and environmental quality of Eagle at el (2002). Beside the tourism, jobs and incomes opportunities will increase to local people provide to local employees to improve and learn new skills and in the same time, it can improve their living standards and facilities around the neighbour communities. Bushell and Eagles (2007) consider that financial support for conservation also will increase by tourism. However, growth of tourism in national park also has the potential to change the natural ecosystems and can shrink visitor satisfaction from their recreational activities. The negative impacts of visitor activities include wildlife disturbance, ecological degradation, loss of biodiversity, habitat fragmentation and isolation and visitor’s experience will decline. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the research objectives that have been developed earlier, two research question are constructed to meet the objectives. These research question are:. 6. FYP FHPK. Adhering to the theory of sustainable growth and seeking to increase the possibility of positive.

(16) and increasing of awareness towards tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor? b) What is the best effect that influencing tour and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor? 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to determine the factors that influence the sustainability tourism of ecotourism in Malaysia. To be more specific, there are two research objectives that will be highlighted in this study. These objectives are as follows: i.. To identify the relevance of community involvement, visitor rules and management and increasing of awareness towards tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor?. ii.. To propose the best effect that influence tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor?. 1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY The main purpose to conduct this study is to identify the effect tourist’s satisfaction or behaviour in ecotourism. In addition, this study will give benefit to the entrepreneur and local community who want to be in this sector because they can know how to attract international or local tourist’s to come and visit the ecotourism places because of the understanding of tourist’s satisfaction. Ecotourism industries are something that need specifics research and development to 7. FYP FHPK. a) What is the relationship between community involvement, visitor rules and management.

(17) to the tourists who visit that place. This research will be beneficial to researchers who want to develop research regarding tourist satisfaction or make it as their literature review. At the same time, it can give the benefit to local community especially in economy. The local community can provide the variety of facilities to the tourists like homestays, chalet, resort, and Eco lodge to stay. From the positive impact of support sustainability of ecotourism indirectly it also can attract more tourist join the activities. The increasing of visitors also will affect the level of awareness visitors and make them more responsible to the environmental 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY There are a few limitations happen during the completion of this study. The constraints are those elements of design or methodology that have influenced or affected the application or interpretation of the results of our research. Our research is in Malaysia in Kampung Sungai Melayu Johor. Residents in Kampung Sungai Melayu consisted of 841 residents. Therefore, the findings for this study could not be generalized to the residents in other villages in the state of Johor in particular. Time for our study is very limited and only enough to make a study in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Due to the current situation of post covid 19 and the time frame for distributing the questionnaire, the convenience sampling method is used to obtain a sufficient number of samples within the allotted time. However, convenience sampling methods have some drawbacks. Among them are an inability to generalize the results of the survey to the population as a whole. Next is 8. FYP FHPK. make sure the ecotourism places not only preserves and conserves of flora and fauna, but also safe.

(18) be biased results, due to the reasons why some people choose to take part and some do not. 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS The terms included in this research study are tours, satisfaction, unregulated and ecosystem. Below is the definition of each of the term: 1.8.1 TOURS Tours is a planned visit to several places in a country or area made for a special purpose, such as one made by a politician, sports team, or group of performers (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020). 1.8.2 SATISFACTION During the thirteenth century, the expression happiness first appeared in English. The word satisfaction itself is derived from the Latin satis (enough meaning) and the Latin ending-faction (to do/make from the Latin facere). Early use based on happiness being a kind of release from doing wrong. Later citings of the word emphasise satisfaction as a “release from uncertainty” (The Oxford Library of Words and Phrases, 1993). Modern use of the word has tended to be much wider, and satisfaction is clearly correlated with other terms such as satisfaction (sufficient), satisfaction (pleased or satisfied) and satisfaction (enough). 1.8.3 UNREGULATED Unregulated is lacking definite structure or organization; "an unstructured situation with no one in authority"; "a neighborhood gang with a relatively unstructured system"; "children in an. 9. FYP FHPK. the possibility of under- or over-representation of the population. Convenience sampling also will.

(19) Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014). 1.8.4 ECOTOURISM The term ecotourism is surrounded by confusion (Cater 1994). It has been defined by Blangy and Wood (1993: 32) as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people”. However, it is contended here that, regardless of definition, ecotourism is an instigator of change. The introduction of visitors to areas previously seldom visited by outsiders would eventually put new demands on the environment associated with new players, new events and new facilities. This will include forging new relationships between people and the environment, people with different lifestyles, and a wide range of forces for change and prosperity. From global to local, these powers operate on a range of scales forces act a diversity of scales from global to local. 1.8.5 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT Community involvement refers as individuals and groups can play a complete role in decisionmaking, such as municipal decision-making, and therefore impact the decisions that affect their lives. It is also about the empowerment of the community, such as access to relevant information and advice, (2020, December). Community involvement.Community involvement - Appropedia: The sustainability wiki.. 10. FYP FHPK. unstructured environment often feel insecure"; "unstructured inkblots". (Collins English.

(20) Rules refer to any law, declarations or instructions that should be followed while doing anything properly. With respect to legal policies, however, this word cannot be used. Regulations thus clarify general rules or standards to be followed in order to do anything in the most desired way.. Upen. (2019, February). While regulations means a standard statement or a statute concerning a legal policy or procedure. In other words, it means legal rules to carry out a specific piece of legislation. Upen (2019) 1.8.7 INCREASING AWARENESS Awareness is the state of knowing something, such as the awareness that the sun comes up every morning. (Vocabulary Dictionary, n.d.) 1.9 CONCLUSION The main purpose of introduction is to give a description of the problem that will be addressed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the eeffects that influenced tours and ssatisfaction of unregulated ecosystems in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. This chapter explains on how the unregulated ecosystems in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. Three effects that have been identifies will give an impact towards tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystems in Kampung Melayu, Johor namely visitor rules and management, community involvement and increasing awareness. At the end of the chapter, it also provides information regarding the terms use and significant of the study.. 11. FYP FHPK. 1.8.6 VISITOR RULES AND MANAGEMENT.

(21) 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter endeavours to delve into the critical and rigorous reviews of literature related to the topic as well as variables of the study. Thus, it provides an even better understanding and analysis of the literature that seeks to identify relevant effects affecting community involvement, visitor rules and management and increasing of awareness. Identification of relevant factors were aimed at formulating a conceptual framework of the unregulated ecosystem. For that purpose, this chapter provides a comprehensive review of past studies and literature that are relevant to this study. Apart from that, related underpinning theories appropriate for the focus of this study were also discussed. Finally, this chapter leads to the formation of a conceptual framework to be used in this study and to answer the first research objective. 2.2 COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT Corporate community engagement initiatives may provide a medium for your business to highlight products, employee competencies, and the values of your organization. While you are improving your culture, it also one of the ways to encourage networking and skill building among workers. Corporate citizenship had been used by many companies to enhance the community relationships, it doesn’t only improve the culture of the workplace that deepening the commitment feeling among employee, but it also will be able to create an enduring relationships within the 12. FYP FHPK. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.

(22) also to communities that involved too. In Latin America, Payment for Environmental Services (PES) initiatives have become widely common as a method to promote the conservation and regeneration of degraded lands as a result of community involvement. Community-based PES (CB-PES) projects should be explicitly customized so that solve obstacles that broader, global services pose in the form of enhancing regional efficiency also retaining local engagement. The insufficient proof, however, the CB-PES increases ecological performance with combined proof for results in equity and economic efficiency. There is also broad heterogeneity in the degree of group participation in CB-PES. In some cases, additional measures could be needed to strengthen land rights and systemic capability to promote citizen participation in CB-PES. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) systems have been used for enable property administators who work for their accounts in decision-making for the importance of ecosystem services (ES) (Daily and Matson, 2008; Jack et al., 2008; Wunder et al., 2008; de Groot et al., 2010; Braat and de Groot, 2012; Sattler et al., 2013).. 13. FYP FHPK. communities that doing a business together; a quality that not only beneficial to the companies but.

(23) TERM Community. DEFINITION Public participation is really the influence of many of the society’s one where you work and a organization to give meaningful, significant improvement. Sample Social development along with in and finance funds, voluntary. work. day. of,. sustaining. profitless. connections, much more. The economic case about the engagement of commercial entities is not really stable.. Community-Based Conservation (CBC). Programs that aim to enhance resource security through multi-level contact with local governments, resource consumers and organizations (Armitage, 2005). Such projects connect conservation to sustainability priorities (Berkes, 2004) and whether make actual interaction among people or pass environmental authority to people. (Brooks et al., 2013). Consist of Communitydefined programs.. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Programs that have resources to adopt conservation strategies for land owners or managers that would increase the provision of ecosystem services. Community-Based Payments for Ecosystem Services. Local PES programs that participate in policy planning. (CB-PES). and execution by communities, resource consumers and organizations.. As reported by Dougill et al, (2012), the Web of Science searched for published literature on CB-PES in September 2018. The Network of Science is an interprofessional academic website widely included with analyses of intellectual education. In order to catch multiple words used to characterize PES and group engagement, they used the following Boolean search technique. Large variation often occurs in the degree of party involvement with CB-PES. 14. FYP FHPK. Table 2.1: Description of various key program.

(24) structural ability to improve social privileges participation with CB-PES. 38 papers, the one we reviewed later on to remove theoretical papers, the papers to let know the formation of advance CB-PES initiatives, with based articles the engagement in leading PES structures, and resulted in the earlier filtering process. The leading systems were removed to target the research on mainly CB-PES, the one identified as native projects, afterward Dougill et al (2012). The elimination stage leftover 16 peer-reviewed papers to farther study, 12 though in this, enough in studies, addressed 10 different CBPES structures and four of which examined a wider range of cases. The papers did not sort by the time of publishing, considering the relatively limited specimen size. Essays written in the middle of year 2007 and 2018 were included in the final survey. We used the philosophical structure for each paper as a basis for collecting knowledge for further study.. Community-Based Payments for Ecosystem Services (CB-PES). COMMUNITY-BASED CONSERVATION (CBC). Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). Figure 2.1: Relationship of CBC, CB-PES and PES. 15. FYP FHPK. In certain cases, add on measures probably essential for enhancing land ownership and.

(25) Visitor management at all levels of a destination can be seen as a part of destination management. It involves a wide range of stakeholders. Tourism Destination Visitor Management offers insight into essential principles such as visitor experience, quality of service, the use of metrics and structures, and perception. It also discusses current concerns, including the social and political implications of visitor management, surveillance, theft and virtual reality implementation. Visitor management plays a vital role in maintaining the environmental quality of protected areas, providing opportunities for funding and industry and enabling visitors to obtain positive interactions from their visit. Visitor management can be achieved in two main ways: 1. By a park agency managing destinations for example parks and by directly managing visitors which is through user fees or it can be indirectly achieved by. 2. A park agency that partners with the tourism industry to preserve the park and provide tourists with quality experiences, as well as generating revenue for the park. Visitor management strategies will concentrate on the management of current and occurring park visits at levels that require some sort of intervention. In particular, this is the case in some developing countries, where protected areas also rely on income from tourism and the number of visitors may be too low to provide even a small portion of the income needed to run the park. Managers have at their disposal a wide array of strategies to manage the impacts of park tourism. Their preference would be dictated by any constraints imposed on them by legislation or agency policy, but by the feasibility and appropriateness of the management plan and the consequences of 16. FYP FHPK. 2.3 VISITOR RULES AND MANAGEMENT.

(26) are described below. Broadly speaking there are four strategic approaches which can be used to reduce the negative impacts of visitors on protected areas: 1. Managing the supply of tourism or visitor opportunities for example by increasing the space available or the time available to accommodate more use. 2. Managing the demand for visitation for example through restrictions of length of stay, the total number or type of use. 3. Managing the resource capabilities to handle use for example through hardening the site or specific locations or developing facilities. 4. Managing the impact of use for example reducing the negative impact of use by modifying the type of use, or dispersing or concentrating use. There are several distinct categories of visitors that visit to the protected areas. Those people can either be the official visitors to the selected national park; researchers that involved working within the strict nature reserve; groups of volunteers that assisting together in the national park work program; people that are from the educational groups interested in learning about especial natural heritage or regarding cultural heritage; or it also can be individuals that have carried out their business within a protected area, which it can included contractors and or shop owners. The most important part is, the tourists along with the recreationists are also among the visitors. In this chapter, we discuss briefly the varieties of visitor protected area managers who may need to 17. FYP FHPK. resources. The main features of these strategies to control, influence and mitigate visitors’ impacts.

(27) tourism and its administration in this chapter. Tourism and leisure are basic features of most conservation areas for tourists, depending on the type of protected area of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and are largest sources to local and national economies. We describe a management framework for the development of a range of leisure opportunities within reserves, the providing of tourist services and facilities, and management responses to tourist influences as effect of training and development of protected areas for visitors. In order to build sustainable nature protection and the preservation of natural resources and cultural values, protected areas have been set aside for visitor types. Managers, as they usually have special needs, need to adjust to and fulfill the needs of authorized guests to the conservation area. Specific support systems, such as access, transport, equipment, security and specific needs for management, may be provided. In conjunction to such 'official usage' by native and rural populations and protected area organizations taking responsibility for management and conservation, tourist use of protected areas, including tourism, allows managers to secure, conserve and admire the qualities for which a protected area is created. A cultural aspect is the usage of protected areas and a variety of forms of use are deemed acceptable. Six types of protected areas are recognized by the IUCN, whose management goals help determine the intent of each reserve. In particular, this helps to define the modes of tourist usage that are most desirable for a given protected area. Like, tourism is probably a unique aspect 18. FYP FHPK. address and handle issues relevant to such use by tourists. We, therefore, give a perspective on.

(28) the conservation of heritage. A wide variety of applications are used in tourism itself.. Table 2.2: types of official visitors to protected areas Visitors Community members responsible for a protected area. Purpose of visit Both elements for the maintenance of a societypreserved zone also domestic land protection. Local community members, indigenous peoples or. The socialist generation either individual tribal nor. private operators involved in a protected area. typical regional travel business including an approved , permitted. stable. utilization. (is. between). for. environmental assets via a native as well as preserve population zone either a specific safe zone. It could involve reindeer herding, fishing and hunting (with negotiated fish catching levels) or individual limits to hunters. Protected area manager. Scheduling, monitoring, analysis, danger analysis, reaction. to. incidents,. law. enforcement,. visitor. management Protected area worker. Implementation of the job program like contagious creature management such as going to hunt, seed treatment, smoke detection, as well as landslide susceptibility preservation,. Protected area contractor. Delegated job policy introduced on the side of agency of safe region. Military personnel. Delegated policy to preserve tools for heritage protection. Community service personnel. Officials from agencies that have an official function within the protected region, such as police, fire brigade or ambulance. 19. FYP FHPK. of IUCN Category II safe zones, although this was related also to main goals of some placess for.

(29) increased substantially. National parks and other protected public property have attracted visitors and recreationists for their natural, esthetic, cultural, geographical, technological and recreational characteristics. In addition to their role in protecting natural resources, national parks make important social and economic benefits to the local, regional and national economies. (Ferreira & Harmse 2014; NPS, 2015a; O’Brien, 1999; Runte, 1987). Against the context of the success of protected area experiences, rising demand for park visits and the resulting need for funding and services have created new planning and management problems. The growth of park infrastructure, amenities and programs has always had a detrimental effect on natural and cultural resources and visitor enjoyment (Ferreira & Harmse, 2014; Newsome, Milewski, Phillips, & Annear, 2002; Wilson, Nielsen, & Buultjens, 2009). National parks' two main aims are to achieve resource preservation while supplying the public with enjoyment (NPS, 2015a). However, factors such as air and water pollution, congestion, overcrowding, development impacts on the periphery, unethical business practices, and stakeholder conflicts have hindered preserving the attractive characteristics of national parks. (Freemuth, 1991; Jamal & Stronza, 2009; McCool, 2009; Plummer & Fennell, 2009; Sax, 1980; Tourtellot, 2005). In the form of exogenous barriers, such as political interference and interventions, conflicts of interest between separate parties and inadequate regulations, there are barriers to integrated sustainable tourism growth (Soteriou & Coccossis, 2010). In theory and practice, especially in the management of national parks, sustainable tourism development has gained traction in the face of such challenges. 20. FYP FHPK. The demand for visits to national parks and publicly owned land (protected areas) has.

(30) protection is the overriding purpose of any protected area. Tourism will, where applicable, assist protected areas in supporting programs in order to achieve this objective. This section describes the growing necessity conservation areas to step beyond conventional funding sources to meet their conservation objectives and how tourism revenue can be generated by protected areas. It illustrates the variety of available strategies and how they are implemented, and provides professionals with global samples and perspectives. It stresses that tourism is one of the choices open to protected area authorities in the variety of potential funding mechanisms. In producing and controlling revenues from the supply of tourism industry, there are several variables discussed. Then, analyses are options for raising revenue directly from visitors at site level, alongside budget methods that produce higher productivity benefits for conservation areas, potentially minimize their spending commitments. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the broader economic benefits of tourism. Decreased levels of support for conservation of biodiversity and preservation of the environment are a universal concern (UNEPWCMC & IUCN, 2016). Protected area authorities are continually lacking adequate funding to sustain optimal conservation response plans, and most governments do not completely finance conservation lands (Buckley, 2003b; Eagles, et al., 2012; Mitchell, et al., 2013; Weaver & Lawton, 2017). Numerous conservation areas still rely greatly on the allocation of financial resources budgets (Bovarnick, et al., 2010), and safe area expenses are under pressure even in developed countries as governments decrease funding to balance national accounts. (Parks Forum, 2012). As a consequence, conservation areas programs are constantly 21. FYP FHPK. In addition, to gain environmental benefits, it controls tourism sales and costs. Biodiversity.

(31) (Watson, et al., 2014). As the sustainable conservation funding climate is dominated by government and conventional charitable sources, at least a doubling of this figure, associated with a twenty-tothirty-fold increase in the amount of private-sector sustainability contributions, is essential to accomplish conservation objectives. Tourism is only one of a number of revenue-generating market-based alternatives, which does not automatically have concrete environmental benefits. Diversification of funding streams is important in order to ensure that finances for conservation areas are cushioned from external disruptions, such as the financial crisis or other incidents that prevent paying tourists. Collaborating with the tourism sector in partnership is very necessary, and a basis for safe management teams partnering with the tourism sector and the possible advantages has been identified. The main purpose of this study was to include a set of tools and recommendations for the management of protected areas to assist them in taking care of the long a period ecological status of conservation areas tourist destinations as a mechanism for the protection of wildlife and heritage and, consequently, the genuinely sustainable use of tourists. To conclude, the use of tourism and the authorized usage conservation areas is an important part of preserving protected areas. Popular forms of traveler use, together with consequences for managing such use, have been established for the six specific groups of IUCN protected areas.. 22. FYP FHPK. under initiatives to maintain existing private cash flow, as well as to establish and enhance profits..

(32) elements of tourism development have been established. 2.4 INCREASING OF AWARENESS The idea of ecosystem services (ES) has become an important concept for addressing environmental issues and supporting sustainable growth, generally described as the rewards nature offers to people (MEA 2005, Díaz et al. 2015). The ES idea is now expanding into local management domains, e.g., protected areas, watershed councils, or urban planning, following its popularity in the science and political spheres (Grêt-Regamey et al. 2017). One of the challenges for managers is to incorporate this principle in ways that are relevant to local stakeholders and helpful in fostering sustainable social-ecological system management (SES). Since SES is complex and multicoloured, polycentric governance is now recognised as essential, a number of collaboration mechanisms are integrated, relying not only on marketplace and state-based processes, but also on collective action mechanisms involving relevant communities (Ostrom et al. 1994, Agrawal and Ostrom 2001, Folke et al. 2002, Meinzen-Dick et al. 2004, Ostrom 2010). And yet, governance instruments currently derived from ES thinking depend predominantly on market instruments (e.g., carbon markets, mitigation banks) and state-based instruments (e.g., subsidies), or programmes that hybridise both (Fletcher and Breitling 2012, ShapiroGarza 2013). Comparatively, collective action-based ES governance is seldom discussed, whether theoretically or empirically (Muradian et al. 2010, Stallman 2011, Muradian 2013, Kerr et al. 2014).. 23. FYP FHPK. Tourism is probably the single best use of conservation areas, and in these specific areas, several.

(33) and collectivism. We propose that an ES lens be used to highlight social interdependencies between individuals in order to focus on actual or future collective behaviour among them. In order to improve people's awareness of their shared inter - dependencies, this framework may also lead to the promotion, framing or enrichment of collective action in forms that take account of the variety and complexity of ecosystem functions underlying environmental factors. In our opinion, this theoretical proposal should lead to accompanying changes towards more sustainable SES. Agro-ecological changes in the agricultural SES are one of its possible areas of application. Agro ecology, described as agriculture based on biodiversity, actually requires socio-technical innovations that use, provide and sustain ES related to ecosystem functions not just occurring at the land and plant level, but also at the level of the landscape (Duru et al. 2015). Therefore, the agro-ecological transition involves cooperation among the numerous land users and managers that form these social development. Climate change understanding. The level of understanding was operationalized as the degree to which the farmers had climate change-related knowledge and possible implications. People's level of adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change depends on their level of understanding. But in a study on 'Support for Climate Change Policies,' Dietz, Dan and Shwom stated that very few people, i.e. only 9 percent, had a lot of climate change awareness (Dietz, Dan and Shwom, 2007). Thus, this low degree of understanding has delayed the community's capacity for adaptation and made them more vulnerable to climate change. It was found in the current study that almost 38 percent of respondents had learned about climate change. 24. FYP FHPK. We fix this gap when we propose a perceptual process structure that combines ES thought.

(34) fifth of them said that increased deforestation, heavy use of transport and use of oil-based motor boats for fishing and communication in the region were major factors for climate change. Approximately 48 and 29 percent of respondents described the use of chemical fertilisers in crop production and changing land use practises as climate change causes, respectively. Interestingly, 29 percent of them believed that it was because of God's will, and one-fifth of them believed that aircraft launch led to disruption of earth movements, which further led to climate change. The results showed the perception of the respondents that human actions disrupted the ecological equilibrium and there was climate change as a result. This recognition offers an impetus for dialogue to be coordinated for action towards ecological redress and a desire to take benign action to reduce and mitigate the negative effects of climate change. Although you already have a marketing plan to benefit your company as a whole, you should not neglect the value of delivering individual marketing packages to your agency. These are some of the definite fire approaches to build your appointments every month is to educate people of the individual tours and events you market as a company. The following tips help us to increase consciousness of personal visits and events that we provide:i.. Establish travel packages which are vary and unexpected. Tourist to your place with just about any competitor you have will schedule a trip to explore. the greatest sights in your neighborhood. You need to brand yourself as the company that offers 25. FYP FHPK. Above two-thirds of them attributed industrialization to climate change, while about three-.

(35) a spin on that as well, instead. Try developing several other trips for instance which target a specific participants. One of our customers, through their boating of St. Helena Island Prison in Queensland, Cat O 'Nine Tails did it better enough. Their tour guides are talented actors who combine education with entertainment, bringing to life the colonial era. Recognize what makes you look professional in your field. Show your clients that rather than just giving them the same tour or activity they might carry anywhere; you can do more. ii.. Use your brand marketing materials You want your corporate brand and logo to remember people. Do you even have a brand which. is specifically specified for your kit? In all travel and tour content, no matter whether in a planned printing magazine advertising or yourself designing a web promoting sales, you must have the name of the company, icon also with phrase. Try to have a special (and catchy) name for each tour and activity you offer. By marketing your business overall when concentrating over a specific trip, you will meet several clients checking on your some other offerings include considering some various option. iii.. Setting goal and perform on it. Leave visitors understand what else could assume from the journey also check on they are satisfied with what you are promising them about! This can promote recommendation from friends and families, where it is the more reliable method to develop alertness. With every travel and event 26. FYP FHPK. the most exclusive and knowledgeable tours in the region in order to stand out. Think about putting.

(36) willing to encounter. Furthermore, combine images even link your website to a video clip. This helps potential customers to get a fast preview of what they will find on holiday, but it is important that you hold up on your assurances. Basically, in order to win their loyalty, you have to make commitments to your clients, but just make assurances that you will keep them. You'd easy for being ready to get over to the finish in case you promise tourists a dolphin sighting on your dolphin watching excursion. Your customers will eventually feel disappointed if you don't and that will impact negatively on your company. iv.. Using online platforms for marketing.. Support your social media pages for specific journeys and events. Every day, you must load up your social media accounts with regular and relevant updates. Rather than sharing a certain commercial each day or sharing the general status on social media account, make the effort for advertise the various attractions also trip service you sell. Did anyone notice that we are offering a Haunted Mansions city tour? If you would like to find where almost all the spirits and goblins stay hereabouts, inspect the guided visit at 7 pm. It will provide visibility into the business on weeknights while marketing your services as well. v.. Develop deals including promotions at varying periods for some of the tours. Discount offers are going to persuade consumers to keep track about what you've got to sell with a fair discount. Make deals on this trip also advertise them personally in case you had any difficult period in managing the sailing adventures throughout May. It will allow you to improve 27. FYP FHPK. that you encourage, give us some brief yet enjoyable overview about what the common tourist can.

(37) want to book other vacation trips with your company. The trip and travel activities should be like diverse as perhaps the customers that represent. People will have a greater understanding of all the things they can do on holiday when someone create consciousness of the specific trip offers you provide.. 2.5 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK. Dependent Variable. Independent Variable. Community Involvement Tours and Satisfaction. Visitor rules and Management. Increasing of Awareness. Figure 2.2: Research Framework for the study. 28. FYP FHPK. your business orders at a relatively delayed point, while somehow attracting customers who might.

(38) 2.6.1 Push and Pull Theory Push and pull theory are one of the theories that are related to the study. Yoon & Uysal 2015 had defined push factors as the socio-psychological needs that will be used to encourage people to travel meanwhile pull factors being defined as motivation or arousal on ones that attract them towards the aimed destination (Buhalis, 2003; Fluker & Turner, 2000). It is said to be the independent variable that will influence tourists when they are doing selection to decide for their tourist destinations (Yoon & Uysal, 2005). For pull motivation it explains more on the selection of a certain destination (Crompton, 1979; Hsu & Lam, 2003), while for push motivations it shows the needs and desires to go for travelling. Both of these factors have been classified into two different categories of motivational factors that will be used to explain the tourists’ behaviour (Goossens, 2000).. In this study, the theory of pull and push is useful to see the satisfaction and tours that attract visitors to the study destination of the study, in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. For the pull factor, tourists come to travel to a destination of choice to visit interesting places and more environment places in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. This is because tourists can come to get the best ecosystems in their desire to visit the place in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. As for the push factor, the place with the lack of ecosystems gives a dissatisfaction in the tourists while they visit that place.. 29. FYP FHPK. 2.6 UNDERPINNING THEORY.

(39) The next theory that will be discussed is the Maslow hierarchy. When wanting to describe the needs of belongingness or known as love needs, Maslow (1987) stated that when physiological and safety-security needs have been largely gratified, people basically will “hunger for an affectionate relationship with other people in generally speaking” (p.381). Baumeister and Leary (1995) had penned an extensive review regarding the theory and also research on this concept where they found that it is fundamental to the human species where the needs in human beings to be involved in interpersonal attachment and having feeling for a sense of belonging with others. The habits in travelling of visitors are usually related with psychological patterns and it can be used in order to determine the variables that will be used to motivate individuals to travel. Maslow's Hierarchy, Pearce's (2005) had stated that the pattern for travel career schemes usually indicated with multiple variables such self-development and relaxation. Maslow also listed a theory of travel inspiration into five phases. Phase one is the physiological needs where it depends on basic needs such as food and this led to the visitor to choose their desired destination to get it. Second phase is the need for protection and in this it can be the reflection of the chosen destination and also the social life’s character. Third phase is the social need where it falls into self-esteem or the recognition requirement for others. For the fourth phase is cognitive needs where it focuses more on knowledge acquisition, the traditional needs, and awareness in local lifestyle. In the last phase is personal need where self-fulfilment was obtained through personal experiences.. 30. FYP FHPK. 2.6.2 Maslow Hierarchy Theory.

(40) As stated in the chapter where the number defined as arithmetic values that are expressed in numerical units and symbols that represent the quantity of persons, objects or units. The independent variables in this study are marketing strategy, website quality, customer satisfaction and trust. These four variables are the factors that will used to measure based on effects that influenced tours and satisfaction of unregulated ecosystems in Kampung Sungai Melayu, Johor. In addition, a conceptual framework and four hypothesis based on research question were classify. The research methodology on the procedure that conduct this research will be discussed in next chapter.. 31. FYP FHPK. 2.7 CONCLUSION.

(41) 3.1 INTRODUCTION These part defines a research method which can be utilize for complete a case study. The research methodology used to conduct this report, Populace including its specimen, random sample, method of testing, information gathering, research method, data collection including explanation of the whole section are closed. Research is an academic endeavour, and as such, the word cannot be used in a commercial context (kothari, 2004). In conclusion, this study used a clear methodology. The entire process involved in conducting this study session will be demonstrated in this chapter. When making a thesis, research is an analytical practice, as is the word that must be used in an industrial context (Kothari, 2004). The research process, data collection method, sampling strategy, and filed work are the major components of research methodology (Mukesh, Salim, & Ramayah, 2013). 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is the structure of a researcher's preferred research methodology and techniques. The design enables researchers to rely on testing approaches that are acceptable for the topic and to set up their research for success. The choice of analysis methodology is a very critical decision in the research design process since it defines how appropriate data can be collected for review, but the research design process requires many interrelated decisions. It entails the types of 32. FYP FHPK. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY.

(42) Instead, the research team should begin their investigation as soon as possible, before objectively considering what knowledge is required to respond to the researcher's questions. Without, the existence to these design flaws put the conclusions drawn at risk in jeopardy, and as a result, they fail to solve the entire research issue. (Kirshenblatt-Gimbakett, 2008). There are two forms of quantitative and qualitative analysis. Qualitative research, focused on statistical equations, establishes the interaction between gathered data and investigates the significance and interpretation of dynamic social environments, such as the essence of people's experience, through case studies. While quantitative research design is necessary for situations where the statistical results to gather actionable perspectives are important. In order to make important strategic decisions, statistics have a clearer view. For the growth of any organization, quantitative methods of research design are important. Insight obtained from hard numerical data and analysis proves to be highly productive in decision-making to the future of the business. The dissimilarity among the two has momentous implications for the character of the types of conclusions that can be pulled and design. Quantitative research design, however has apply methods that are discrete from those used in qualitative design. For quantitative design have four core which is descriptive, correlation, quasi-experimental and experimental. The dissimilarity between the four types primarily relates to the level researcher design control of the variable in the experiment (Fatima, 2019). In this research will use quantitative research. This is because quantitative research strategy in the sense that there will be numeric data, continuous and distinct. Quantitative also known as numerical form. 33. FYP FHPK. facts required to examine a hypothesis, collect and analyse phenomena, and evaluate a programme..

(43) A population is defined as a group within a given region of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding. Population members also rely on the same resources, are exposed to common environmental restrictions, and rely on other members' availability to continue over time (Kika Tuff, 2018). Situated in Gelang Patah, Kampung Sungai Melayu is a small Malay village primarily occupied by fisherfolk. The village sits at the southernmost point of Johor state, close to the Singapore border. According to the news form Berita Harian online, this village is about 120 years old and was once used as a vantage point for the Japanese Imperial Army to attack Singapore during the war and also the population at the Kampung Sungai Melayu is around 841 people and has 148 people's homes. 3.4 SAMPLE SIZE Sample size in any observational context, such as a research experiment or a public opinion survey, is a count of individual samples or analyses. While a fairly straightforward concept, sample size collection is a critical determination for a project. To small a sample produces inaccurate data, so an overly large sample takes a large amount of time and energy. However, sample size also can be defined as measures the number of individual samples measured or observations used in a survey or experiment (Zamboni, Jon. 2020).. 34. FYP FHPK. 3.3 POPULATION.

(44) The population at the Kampung Sungai Melayu is 841 people. Based on the Table 3.1 by Krejcie and Morgan (1970), for the population of 850 people resident in Kampung Sungai Melayu, therefore he appropriate sample size is 265. 3.5 SAMPLING METHOD For the purpose of collecting the data from the selected respondent, this study will use probability sampling. Probability sampling means that every member of the population has the opportunity to be selected. It is used primarily for quantitative research. If researchers want to 35. FYP FHPK. Table 3.1: Table Krejcie and Morgan (1970).

(45) probability sampling techniques. However, due to the time constraints and the difficulty to get the accurate list of the resident in Kampung Melayu, the combination of non-probability also will be implemented. This sampling is also correlated with the nature and qualitative analysis in case study research. With respect to the above, case studies aim to rely on small populations and are meant to investigate a real-life phenomenon, not to draw statistical inferences with respect to the general population. (Yin, 2003). There are four types of non-probability, which are quato sampling, snowball sampling, convenience sampling, and purposeful or judgmental sampling. In this study we are going to use convenience sampling for this analysis. Sampling of convenience chooses participants so they are most conveniently and widely accessible. Convenience sampling is selected because the type of target sample will meet certain functional requirements, such as simple accessibility, geographical proximity, availability at a given time, or the desire to participate are included for the purpose of the study (lker Etikan, 2017). The benefits of this method of sampling are very low cost, commonly used/understood and no need for a collection of population components. 3.6 DATA COLLECTION According to John Dudovskiy (2011) in order data collection is a method of obtaining knowledge from all the appropriate sources in order to find responses to the study problem, validate the theory and analyze the results. Information collection methods can be classified into two categories: secondary methods of data collection and primary methods of data collection. Secondary data collection approaches are selected for this study because of knowledge collected 36. FYP FHPK. produce results that are representative of the overall population, the researchers need to use.

(46) documents and data initially collected for other purposes of study are common sources of secondary social science data. Second, secondary data collection methods may save time that would otherwise be spent collecting data and can provide larger and higher-quality datasets, especially in the case of quantitative data, which would be problematic for any individual researcher to collect on their own. As a result, this study focusses the information’s gather from articles referenced on the internet and past studies that have been done in the research field before. 3.7 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS Two factors that can affect the quality of the research data are the quality of research equipment and the quality of data collection (Giri, 2007). The use of the questionnaire is more reliable and successful for the purpose of this study because there are a lot of respondents. Other than that, the questionnaire consists of written questions that the respondents have to answer. The objective of the questionnaire is to measure the variables to be studied. The questionnaire includes a list of questions consisting of multiple choice responses, and from several answers given, respondents can decide or select only one response and most important is it is open-ended, longform questions offer the respondent the chance to build on their opinions. For the purpose of the study, the questionnaires will be given in two languages, namely English and Malay language to make it easier for the respondent to answer questions of this study. 37. FYP FHPK. by those other than the primary user. Censuses, government department data collected, operating.

(47) will have likert scale in section B which is have a 5 scale in this questionnaire. This 5 scale give larger (step by step) spectrum of choices offers more independence to a participant to pick the ‘exact’ one (which he prefers most) rather than to pick some ‘nearby’ or ‘close’ option ( Dawes J; 2008). The 5 scale is strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree and strongly agree. Moreover, in the section and it was about demographic which is obtain a education, employment, citizenship, religion, and ethnicity. This respondent must answer this question before they do the other questions in this research. In this section, respondent should tick the questionnaire which is related with them. The majority of residents are Muslim because there the majority of the population is among the Malays. Many people there are fishermen because the location of the area is in the river area. Kampung Sungai Melayu is the place where the fishery on the run. Furthermore, the respondent should answer the section B after a section A which is in the section B it for independent variable and this section is used a likert scale. In this section respondent should choose whether they is agree until disagree with the statement is obtain in this section and how much they agree and disagree with this statement. As a result of the questionnaire, we found that the majority of the residents are agree that residents in Kampung Sungai Melayu have awareness in maintaining the ecosystem in the area. For section C which this section for next independent variable such as visitors rules and management in Kampung Sungai Melayu. We find that there are rules given by the government to the residents of Kampung Sungai Melayu to carry out fishing activities there. In addition, we 38. FYP FHPK. There will be five section in this research such as section A, B, C, D and E. In this research, there.

(48) found that there are people who manage visitors who want to visit the area. Then, for section D, we ask another question for our next independent. In this section, we asked about the awareness residents of Kampung Sungai Melayu about the ecosystem of their area. Majority of Kampung Sungai Melayu residents have high awareness in ensuring that ecosystems in the region under control. Next, for section E which this section for our dependent variable. We asked about the ecosystem in Kampung Sungai Melayu is suitable for tourists. We found the ecosystem there to be very good and suitable for tourism. Not only that, the tourists who travel to Kampung Sungai Melayu does not damage the ecosystem and they appreciate the ecosystems there. 3.8 ANALYSIS DATA For this study, the data collection will be through the questionnaires and will be analyzed using Statically Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 24.0 computer software package. In analyzing the data, a descriptive analysis, reliability analysis and inferential analysis will be conducted by using SPSS to draw the result. Descriptive analysis is used to classify respondent populations such as mean, average mean, and inferential mode analysis is used Pearson correlation to compare the relationship of the dependent variable and independent variables. 3.8.1 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics are numbers that are used to summarize and describe the data. The word "data" refers to the information that has been collected from an experiment, a survey or a 39. FYP FHPK. also asked in the questionnaire on the management of visitors to Kampung Sungai Melayu. We.

(49) descriptive statistic, reliability test and correlation coefficient. Descriptive statistics can clear up extensive volumes of information. Descriptive statistics enable us to display our information in a more important manner, which permits more straightforward translation of information. Proportions of focal propensity incorporate the mean, median, and mode, while proportions of fluctuation include the variance, the base and greatest factors, and standard deviation. 3.8.2 INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS Vinayak and Mousami (2019) defined that inferential analysis is a group of methods which draws a conclusion about the population from sample information using hypothesis testing. The sample is a randomly drawn subset of the population used to estimate population characteristics accurately. It is also known as a method of searching conclusion about unmeasurable populations by using a sample evidence and probability. 3.8.3 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS (CRONBACH’S ALPHA) Reliability analysis, especially for variable-shaped structures, is used to assess the accuracy of research equipment. In the meanwhile, Cronbach's Alpha is a method of statistical analysis used to determine the degree to which the questionnaires have stability and internal quality of the concept studies with which the equipment is evaluated and how closely all the objects in a construction site are related to each other (Sekaran, 2003). Reliability coefficient assesses the consistency of the entire scale with Cronbach Alpha being the most widely used measure (Nunnally, 1978). 40. FYP FHPK. historical record. (Nikki, 2014). For this study, the detail method of data interpretation is.