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Design Innovation for Replica Trophy Using Reverse Engineering and CNC Machining

By:

NURZAYANI NABILAH BT MOHD SHUKOR (Matrix no.: 125427)

Supervisor:

Dr. Mohd Salman Bin Abu Mansor

May 2018

This dissertation is submitted to Universiti Sains Malaysia

As partial fulfilment of the requirement to graduate with honours degrees in BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (MANUFACTURING WITH

MANAGEMENT)

School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia

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DECLARATION

This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree

Signed ……….. (NURZAYANI NABILAH BT MOHD SHUKOR) Date ………...

STATEMENT 1

This thesis is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated.

Other sources are acknowledged by giving explicit references. Bibliography/references are appended.

Signed ……… (NURZAYANI NABILAH BT MOHD SHUKOR) Date ………

STATEMENT 2

I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and interlibrary loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organization.

Signed ……… (NURZAYANI NABILAH BT MOHD SHUKOR) Date ……….

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praised to Allah S.W.T, Alhamdulillah after going through all the countless effort and guide me to the right path that always give me hopes and strength finally I have complete my final year project. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my final year project supervisors Dr Mohd Salman Abu Mansor for his expert advices, and knowledge through the journey of conducting this project. His encouragement throughout this difficult project has made an easier way to complete it.

Without the advices and guidance, I would not be able to finish this project.

Secondly, I would like to thanks to school Assistant Engineer who are En. Mohd Fariz, En. Norijas, and En. Baharom for helping me a lot by giving ideas about the project and suggestion from start till completing this project. They helps a lot not just give the ideas but also spend their time to help me finished this project.

Thirdly, thank you to my parents, En. Mohd Shukor and Puan Melati that never forget to encourage me in completing my project and thesis. Without their helps, I would not able finish this project successfully. Furthermore, thanks to all my fellow friend that always give me motivation and always becomes my listeners when I had a hard time in this journey. Thank you so much for always be there for me during my ups and down during handle this project.

Finally, special thanks to the authority of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) especially to School of Mechanical Engineering for providing me a good facilities needed to complete this project and thank you also to all people who involved directly or indirectly in helping me during this project.

Title of Thesis: Design Innovation for Replica Trophy Using Reverse Engineering and CNC Machining

Date of Submission (Academic Year): 23rd May 2018 (2017/2018) Candidate (Matric No.): Nurzayani Nabilah Bt Mohd Shukor (125427) Name of Supervisor: Dr Mohd Salman Abu Mansor

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ... vii

ABSTRAK ... ix

ABSTRACT ... x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ... 11

Background ... 11

History of Trophies ... 12

Sport Trophies ... 13

Trophy Design ... 14

Trophies Innovation ... 15

“Sanggar Sanjung” ... 15

History of Sanggar Sanjung ... 15

Problem Statement ... 16

Objectives ... 16

Scope of the Project ... 17

Outline of Thesis ... 18

... 19

Overview ... 19

Reverse Engineering ... 19

3D Scanner ... 20

CNC Machine ... 22

... 23

Overview ... 23

Overall Process Flow Chart ... 24

Design Innovation and Concept Selection Process ... 25

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Replica Trophy ... 25

Product Selection ... 25

Scanning Process ... 27

Editing Process ... 30

CATIA Software ... 30

‘Sanggar Sanjung’ ... 33

Innovation Process ... 35

Scaling Process ... 36

Simulation Process ... 37

CATIACAM ... 37

Material Selection ... 44

Machining Process ... 44

Assemble Process ... 46

... 47

Overview ... 47

Designing and Machining Result ... 47

Comparing the Parameters ... 53

... 55

Conclusion ... 55

Future Works ... 56

REFERENCES ... 57

APPENDICES ... 60

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2D - Two-dimension

3D - Three-dimension

CNC - Computer Numerical Control CAD - Computer-aided Design

CAM - Computer-aided Manufacturing CMM - Coordinate Measuring Machine

CATIA - Computer Aided Three-Dimensional Interactive Application EDM - Electrical Discharge Machine

NC - Numerical Control RE - Reverse Engineering

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Trophy of Augustus at La Turbie, Fr. 7–6 BC ... 12 

Figure 1.2 Trophy of FIFA World Cup ... 13 

Figure 1.3 Rugby World Cup Trophy ... 14 

Figure 1.4 Sanggar Sanjung Award Logo ... 16 

Figure 3.1 USM Logo ... 25 

Figure 3.2 First Product ... 25 

Figure 3.3 Second Product ... 26 

Figure 3.4 First Concept ... 26 

Figure 3.5 Second Concept ... 27 

Figure 3.6 Third Concept ... 27 

Figure 3.7 Set up apparatus with 3D scanner for trophy ... 28 

Figure 3.8 Set up apparatus with 3D scanner for ‘Keris’ ... 28 

Figure 3.9 The Properties of Scan Studio HD ... 29 

Figure 3.10 Complete scanning part for trophy ... 29 

Figure 3.11 Complete scanning part for ‘keris’ ... 30 

Figure 3.12 Digitized Shape Edition ... 30 

Figure 3.13 After complete the ‘Mesh Smoothing ... 31 

Figure 3.14 After hide the mesh smoothing part ... 31 

Figure 3.15 After reconstructed all the layer ... 32 

Figure 3.16 Final Part Model for Trophy ... 32 

Figure 3.17 Final Part Model for ‘Keris’ ... 33 

Figure 3.18 ‘Sketch Picture’ to insert selected picture ... 33 

Figure 3.19 Pointed the Image ... 34 

Figure 3.20 Solid Feature of ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ ... 34 

Figure 3.21 Assemble Parts between Trophy and ‘Keris’ ... 35 

Figure 3.22 Final Design... 36 

Figure 3.23 Scale Set Up ... 36 

Figure 3.24 Machining Setting ... 37 

Figure 3.25 Rough Stock set up ... 38 

Figure 3.25 Rough Stock Created ... 38 

Figure 3.27 Part Operation set up ... 39 

Figure 3.28 Roughing Process ... 39 

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Figure 3.29 Roughing Process setting ... 40 

Figure 3.30 Sweeping Process ... 40 

Figure 3.31 Sweeping Process setting ... 41 

Figure 3.32 Finishing Process ... 41 

Figure 3.33 Finishing Process setting ... 42 

Figure 3.34 Final Product of Trophy by Simulation ... 42 

Figure 3.35 Final Product of ‘keris’ handle by Simulation ... 43 

Figure 3.36 Final Product of Trophy Base by Simulation ... 43 

Figure 3.37 CNC 5-axis milling machine DMU 40 Mono Block Deckel Maho ... 44 

Figure 3.38 Machining process with applying the coolant to the material ... 45 

Figure 3.39 Finished parts using CNC 5-axis milling machine ... 45 

Figure 3.40 Finished parts using CNC Wire Cut ... 46 

Figure 3.41 Final Product after assemble by using epoxy ... 46 

Figure 4.1 ‘Keris’ blade and arrow that combined by using epoxy ... 48 

Figure 4.2 Designing part for trophy holder ... 49 

Figure 4.3 Results of Machining part for trophy holder ... 49 

Figure 4.4 Designing part inside the trophy (from top view) ... 50 

Figure 4.5 Result for machining part (from top view) ... 50 

Figure 4.6 Result for machining part (from front view) ... 50 

Figure 4.7 Designing part for the ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ word ... 51 

Figure 4.8 Designing part for the trophy base ... 51 

Figure 4.9 Result of machining part (in simulation) ... 52 

Figure 4.10 Designing part of carving on the top of ‘keris’ handle ... 52 

Figure 4.11 Result of machining part (in simulation) ... 53 

Figure 4.12 Distance to measure ... 53 

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ix ABSTRAK

Trofi adalah sejenis objek hiasan yang diberi kepada pemenang dalam sesebuah pertandingan. Ia datang dalam pelbagai jenis dan bentuk yang berbeza. Ia bermula dari zaman kunoYunani di mana ia diberikan untuk pemenang dalam peperangan dan direka bentuk dengan butiran peperangan. Dalam cara tradisional, mereka membuat trofi ini dengan menggunakan tangan. Trofi dibuat daripada kayu mahupun batu. Menghasilkan trofi menggunakan tangan memerlukan masa yang lama. Dengan teknologi yang tersedia, teknik kejuruteraan terbalik diterapkan pada objek yang sedia ada kemudian diinovasi menjadi sesuatu yang baru. Teknik kejuruteraan terbalik adalah teknik yang paling popular yang digunakan untuk mencipta produk lain yang menyerupai objek sedia ada tanpa memerlukan dokumen asal atau pengukuran dari produk sebenar.

Kemudian dengan menggunakan pengimbas 3D, ia boleh memodelkan objek fizikal untuk membuat 3D geometri pengiraan. Pengimbas 3D digunakan untuk mengimbas objek sebenar dan membuat satu yang lain menyerupai bentuk yang sama supaya mereka boleh diubahsuai atau dianalisa di dunia digital. Pengimbas 3D ini adalah antara cara terpantas,tepat, dan automatik untuk memperoleh data. Daripada itu, kita dapat memperoleh semua data yang diperlukan dan boleh memperbaiki rekabentuk sebenar untuk rekabentuk yang lebih baik. Objek ini boleh diubah suai dalam model CAD untuk membetulkan ketidaksempurnaan dan melakukan peningkatan dengan menggunakan perisian yang sesuai seperti perisian CATIA. Perisian CATIA boleh menyediakan model permukaan atau model pepejal yang lebih rumit, mengikut mana-mana hasil akhir yang diperlukan. Dengan menggunakan pemesinan CNC untuk menghasilkan produk, ia dapat mengurangkan masa yang diambil selain dapat menghasilkan kualiti permukaan yang lebih baik. Dalam projek ini, produk dipilh berdasarkan beberapa kriteria kemudiaan menjalani teknik kejuruteraan terbalik dan dihasilkan dengan menggunakan mesin CNC. Kemudian, parameter produk yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan teknik kejuruteraan terbalik akan dibandingkan dengan rekabentuk produk sedia ada. yang sedia ada. Selain itu, dimensi dan saiz produk yang dimesin juga akan diuji. Bagi hasil perbandingan parameter antara produk yang dihasilkan, dengan rekabentuk produk sedia ada, ia mempunyai 5 jarak yang telah di daftarkan untuk diukur. Peratusan perbandingan jarak antara Jarak 1, Jarak 2, Jarak 3, Jarak 4 daan Jarak 5 masing-masing adalah 4.20%, 5.63%, 8.95%. 0.17% and 0.09%.

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x ABSTRACT

Trophy is an object that give for a winner in a competition. It comes in many types and in different shape. It is started from ancient Greece where it given for a winner in a war and be design with the details of the war. In traditional way, they create this trophy by using hand. They create the trophy on the wood and even create it on the stone. Making a trophy by using hand takes a lot of time to produce it. With the technology that available in this world, reverse engineering technique is applied to the existing objects then innovate it become something new. Reverse engineering technique is most popular technique that use to create another products that similar to the existing object without having any original document or measurement from the real products. Then by using a 3D scanner it can digitalizing physical objects to create 3D computational geometry. 3D scanners used to capture real object and makes another one in the same shape so that they can be remodeled or analyzed in the digital world.

This 3D scanner is the fastest, most accurate, and automated way to acquire. From that can get all the data needed and can improve the actual design to a better design. The object can be modified in the CAD model to correct imperfections and do the improvement by using the suitable software such as CATIA software. CATIA software can provide a surface model or the more complex solid model, whichever results are needed for the application. By using CNC machining to produce the products it can reduce the time taken besides can produce a better surface quality. In this project, the products are choose based on some criteria then it will also undergo with the technique of reverse engineering and producing by using CNC machine. . Then, the parameters of the produced product by using reverse engineering technique will be compared with the design of existing product. Besides, the dimension and size of machining part also be tested. For the parameters comparison result between the outcome product and design of existing product, it contains 5 distance that has been registered to be measure.

The percentage different for Distance 1, Distance 2, and Distance 3, Distance 4 and Distance 5 are 4.20%, 5.63%, 8.95%. 0.17% and 0.09% respectively.

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11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background

Trophy is an object look such a cup or sculpture that is given as an awards for a winner that are given primarily for sport competition, academic work or events. It also something that can keep or proudly displayed in homes, schools or others place. Trophies design are include of the figure, flora and fauna, sport equipment, or others objects that associated with the contest or the events in which the winner has succeed. All the trophies design will have extraordinary meaning and have a tangible evidence of prowess for the recipients.

Nowadays, trophy is getting high demands as it is still relevant to be given as an award in any events besides certificate. Many trophies are made of molded plastic colored to resemble with gold, silver or brass and are manufactured at a factory before assembled by sellers. The price range are from inexpensive to almost priceless that depends on design and material used. It can be unique and interesting trophies based on the design that must be relevant with the events.

“Sanggar Sanjung” has been choosing as a theme for this project because of it is a very special event for Universiti Sains Malaysia. It is the annual event for the University and this event is a celebration the contributions of the staff in some aspects for their efforts and achievements besides hard work and committed in careers. In this project as the designing and innovation of the replica trophy, a new techniques is used which is to produce a replica trophy of “Sanggar Sanjung” by using the method of reverse engineering and producing it with the CNC Machine.

Reverse Engineering is used to summarize the process of reconstructing an already existing object [1]. In reverse engineering, the design engineer starts with the final product and works through the design process in the opposite direction to arrive at the product design specification. During the process, vital information about the design concept and manufacturing methods is discovered. In this project, the two or more types of replica trophy will be scan by using reverse engineering techniques before produce the new product design.

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This techniques that is proposed basically as a method to produce a new replica trophy of “Sanggar Sanjung” event. This trophy will come out with a design that are relevant and suitable with the concepts. The process need to identify the products first before come out with the real products because in reverse engineering it works from back to the front. In the other hand, it might be a first replica trophy in this event because the previous years all the recipients will get a certificate of appreciation. It will be produce by using material which is aluminum 6061 and produce by using CNC Machine. In conclusion, this project will produce a new replica trophy of “Sanggar Sanjung” by identify a suitable products before produce it by using reverse engineering and also by CNC Machine.

History of Trophies

Basically, trophy word is derived from Greek “tropaion”, and that comes from the verb

“trope” that means “to rout”. In ancient Greece, trophies are given for winner in a war, and are created on the battlefield where the enemy had been defeated. Each trophies will include arms and standards, then will hang upon a tree or large stake to resemble the figure of a warrior. The tropes are design with the details of the war and dedicated to a god and then it must be left to decay naturally.

The Romans continued the custom but preferred to construct trophies in Rome, with columns or triumphal arches serving the purpose in imperial times. They also wanted to keep the trophies closer to home. The Romans had special trophies that constructed in Rome, there are remains of huge stone memorials that are originally crowned with sculpted stone trophies. In Figure 1.1 there are trophy that built by Augustus at La Turbie (near Nice, Fr.).

Figure 1.1 Trophy of Augustus at La Turbie, Fr. 7–6 BC

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13 Sport Trophies

Sport trophies are defined as a symbol or token of victory in a competition. There are generally symbolized through form of miniature statue or figure and most typically colored gold or made from gold depends on the events. From football to hockey, and all the sports gives the winners with such trophies. A sportsmen and athletes appreciation the trophies more than other prize because for them a trophy symbolized victory and it make them proud to receive it. The trophies also turn out all their challenges, their efforts during practice and training which led to their achievements.

Sports like football give trophies to the best performing teams. Some of the trophies are highly valued such as FIFA World Cup competition. Probably the world’s most prestigious and expensive trophy is the FIFA World Cup Trophy because it made from solid gold (e.g. Figure 1.2). Not all football trophies are crafty but still the trophies are given at all level in this sports as the only form of appreciation the participants get for their dedication throughout the season.

Figure 1.2 Trophy of FIFA World Cup

Furthermore, no matter how different the trophies are or how the design it they would be, all of them whether given in rugby (e.g. Figure 1.3), football or crickets games, they bring the same values and hold the same importance for the participants. So, such trophies are not just metal or wood, but the symbol of victory itself and all the hard work is pay off by achieving the trophies.

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Figure 1.3 Rugby World Cup Trophy

Trophy Design

Basically, the traditional tools that being used before to draw such as pens, drafting board, T-square, French curves, templates and perspective machines, rulers, compass.

Drawing board or drafting board is a tool which commonly attach with the T-square.

Nowadays, these tools to do drawing is rarely being used. It is because due to the time taken to draw by using those tools is longer and lead to longer period to finish one drawing.

Other than that, it is requires a lot of skill to draw by using a traditional tools. For example to create an arc segments need a lot of lines and circle. Moreover, it will leave a lot of unnecessary reference lines and it will cause the drawing looks bad.

Therefore, in this era of technology, some of the company created a software for design such as SolidWorks, CATIA, AutoCAD, and etc. that can help the designer producing a drawing in a short time. Furthermore, this software design also does not required a lot of skill and can be learn in short time and can learn at any By this help of those software, the designer could also doing some simulation based on the product that they design. This can make the product looks more interesting and can make a correction in easy way without leave any unnecessary reference lines on the papers.

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15 Trophies Innovation

Basically innovation is define as new idea or method. It is also can be defined as something that is original and more effective. Besides, innovation has become an important driving force for the economic growth in modern technology nowadays. It is one of the strategies which can increase the income for some company besides can produce more unique and interesting product. Innovation also is something that doing an improvement of the existing product or else producing a new product that is not available in the market which can give benefits to the society. Mostly Research and Development Department is always involved in this project of innovation

Example of the innovation that the human being has made from the past year such as automobiles, mobile phones, and etc. Past a few years, television only created in small size and does not have any color on the screen. But now, as the era of technology, television comes out with various type and brand such as Samsung, Panasonic, LG, Sony, Toshiba, Sharp and etc. which helps a lot in get information and many more functions.

“Sanggar Sanjung”

“Sanggar Sanjung” has been choosing as a theme for this project because of it is a very special event for Universiti Sains Malaysia. “Sanggar Sanjung” are means the “hall of fame” [2]. This is an annual event for the University. This event is to celebrate the outstanding contributions of the staff in some aspects and honors for their efforts and achievements. Besides, this event for celebrating of successful collector and personal satisfaction that honors the creative and innovative. The reward are given for their hard works, dedication and their commitment to excellence. This awards are involve all staff from each campus which are main campus, engineering campus and health campus.

History of Sanggar Sanjung

The Sanggar Sanjung or Hall of Fame event are began from 2001 is a special event to celebrate outstanding contributions of USM staff in research, personality, creativity publications, quality, and teaching categories and who had received awards for their efforts and achievements.

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There are different logos have been created for this Sanggar Sanjung’s events every year, since its inception. However, in 2013 the Sanggar Sanjung Award Committee decided to use the logo (Figure 1.4) as the official logo of this event. The Sanggar Sanjung Award logo represents the strength and glories in the field of academic, research, services and networking, by staff of Universiti Sains Malaysia’s community. It resonates the university’s principles and activities.

Figure 1.4 Sanggar Sanjung Award Logo Problem Statement

By using Reverse Engineering technique the innovation of a new design for replica trophy from combination of product need to be redesign and produce it by using CNC Machining based on “Sanggar Sanjung” as a theme. However, there are no original drawings and original measurement data are available then we need to use Reverse Engineering to evaluate all the data to improve the product design and produce the new replica trophy. Technology such as reverse engineering and CNC machine could be the suitable method than can be applied in producing this replica trophy for the event.

Objectives

This project have objectives that need to achieve based on designing and also the fabrication. The objectives of this project are:

 To identify a suitable trophy design that related with a theme “Sanggar Sanjung”

 To create a new design of replica trophy from combination of product by using Reverse Engineering technique

 To produce a real replica trophy by using CNC machining.

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17 Scope of the Project

In this project, designing innovation of replica trophy is done by combining two different types of product becomes one replica trophy. First need to find all the requirements before produce or decide to combine the products become a new design. The products that have been choose should be related and suitable with the theme of ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ event which is it celebrates the outstanding contributions of the staff in several aspects and honors them for their efforts and achievements.

The selected product will be scan by using 3D scanner before proceed with the innovation of new design by using the software that is provided which are SolidWorks and CATIA V5. The 3D scanner that is involved in this project is 3D Scanner Next Engine.

Besides, this project need to be fabricate by using the CNC machine besides the material that is have been used to produce is by using aluminum 6061. The CNC machine that is involved was CNC 5-axis milling machine DMU 40 Mono Block Deckel Maho.

Some discussion were made to clarify the different in result that is obtain from the process that is done and the technique that is being used in this project and also to be tested based on the dimension and the size of the product with the existing product and design because the different result will get in the end of process.

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18 Outline of Thesis

This thesis consist of 5 chapter which are:

Chapter 1

 Including project background, definition of design innovation for replica trophy by using reverse engineering and CNC machine, problem statement, project objectives, scope of project and thesis organization.

Chapter 2

 This chapter include all the review of the other literatures that had done the research which is related with this project.

Chapter 3

 This chapter will explain about the methodology of the project. The content include the flow chart of project, the scanning and editing process, material selection and machining process.

Chapter 4

 This chapter will include the result and discussion of the project. The data that acquired from this project will be analyzed and will be compared.

Chapter 5

 The last chapter is about the conclusion and also the future work will be included in this chapter.

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LITERATURE REVIEW Overview

Until recently, the researcher have shown their interest on reverse engineering by producing many types of products. For reverse engineering, 3D scanner is most of important part to scan the product before proceed to another step. There have many types of 3D scanner. Other than that, nowadays also people start to produce the product by using CNC machine. In this chapter will explain about the reverse engineering, 3D scanner and CNC machine that involve in this project.

Reverse Engineering

Reverse engineering (RE) method are representing important part in prototype creation [3]. One of the option the used of reverse engineering method is servicing which is process of changing and repairing in the shortest time. In the other hand, part changing could taking a longer time when the spare part is not available. Thus, this is why the usage of reverse engineering is important since it can reduce the repair time to minimum.

Besides, reverse engineering is one of the unlocked achievement in reaching the modern technology. Reverse engineering is a wide field. From its name “reverse”, we can know that the cycle or a process is moving in opposite way from the conventional way. In CAD technology, reverse engineering is a process to obtain data or information from the existing product without aid of technical drawing, documentation or raw data by scanning or digitizing the existing product [4].

In achieving industry 4.0 [5] this approach plays an important role. It makes modification and improvement process easier and beneficial. This is because there are some circumstances that the conventional way is no longer applicable. In manufacturing industry, competing each other is normal especially in achieving the improvise technology.

That is why we can see that nowadays reverse engineering is widely used in several of

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application such as manufacturing, industrial design and even in jewellery design and reproduction.

Performing the reverse engineering, it involves several stages. It starting with collecting the data for the product [6] such as shape, structure, material, surface quality and dimension. This stage can be done by scanning process. In this phase, it will involve contact scanner and non-contact scanners. For contact scanners, the CMM contact probe [7] is usually used. However this method is not suitable when working with large size of part or product. For non-contact scanners, it involves 3 dimensional scanner that used either laser, optics or charge-coupled device. This method is more advanced compared to previous method.

The outcome from the scanning process is a cloud of data points [8]. This point cloud later will be used in reconstructing the technical drawing in CAD. In point processing phase, reducing or adding point cloud data can be done. Therefore, this is how it will be used in improvement or doing modification to the existing product. Reverse engineering is very beneficial in investigating the principle of technologies of a device. It is not limited in CAD only. It can be widely used in engineering field in order to improve the current technologies.

3D Scanner

The study in semi-automatic low cost 3D laser scanning systems for reverse engineering is carried out to emphasize on the development, implement, and testing of a semi-automated low cost motorized 3D slit laser scanning system. The DAVID Laser Scanner Vision System GmbH’s [9] is used as the foundation of the scanner. The CNC milling machine is installed with motorized motor and the Mach3 CNC software is used as the controlling system. The experiment by combining and personalizing the different software. They also wrote a specific program and compiled it for processing and established the communication between the scanning software and the control software of the CNC machine by throwing two double virtual communication ports. The result showed that the laser scanning system can be used by implementing simple or retrofitted hardware for motorized movement and interfacing different low cost or open source software modules [9]. However, the study has room for an improvement such the optimization of

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the algorithms, monitoring the parameters of the system, improving the communication with Mach3, and increase the measurement accuracy with using different optics, sensors, and geometrical setup.

The study of reverse engineering of parts with optical scanning and additive manufacturing is carried out with the purposes of introducing the reverse engineering procedure, what can be done to the procedure, and remanufacture car’s volume button [10].

By using 3D scanning technology as the medium to determine the point cloud of the car’s volume button due to its free formed surfaces. 3D CAD model [11] will be developed with the aid of the point cloud and proceed to manufacture the volume button. The result showed that the reverse engineering is useful method for manufacturing the already existing pieces [12]. Based on observation, the working principle of the 3D scanner and its implementation in reverse engineering field. The usage of different software enable the authors to repair the mesh, orientate the mesh, and define the position of the mesh. The solid design of the complex form volume button is created by using SolidWorks. The selective laser sintering machine enable to manufacture the pieces easier and cheap.

In cultural heritage field reverse engineering method has a relevant role and 3D digital model of the artefacts open a new path to in this field. Emphasizes two different non-contact reverse engineering scanning system for the 3D data acquisition of the cultural heritage artefact. The additive manufacturing technologies are being applied to reconstruct a down scale copy of the artefact. As the result, two non-contact reverse engineering [13]

systems are utilized for the reverse engineering of the cultural heritage artefact consisting in a II century monolithic marble column of Roman making; a portable measuring arm (PMA) with laser scanner and a system based on digital close range photogrammetry (DCRP). The two digital models are obtained from each reverse engineering systems and they are comparatively evaluated in terms of point clouds and polygon meshes. The evaluation is based on the colored maps that defined the minimum and maximum distance between the two results.

Besides, the comparison between 3D model obtained by videogrammetry [14] and 3D model through the scanner laser. Scanner laser is easy handling and intensive data provided. It also has requires multiple data captures, subsequent filtering and a complex

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data processing [14], but its accuracy dependent on the material. For the videogrammetry is can generate high number of images in a shorter time and not too depends on type of material. Besides time needed to complete each process is lower than use laser scanner.

The process is automatic complete not required post-processing or filtering work. The videogrammetry also enables real 3D object visualization.

CNC Machine

Computer Numerical Control Machine or CNC Machine is fully automatic machine and has its own programmed. By using this machine, people can fabricate a product at easiest way and can reduce time [15]. CNC machine consist of three axes which are X- axis, Y-axis and Z-axis and even have 5-axes which add with A-axis and B-axis.

Commonly the 5-axes could produce part that has a complex shape and angle with short period of time. The consideration of the axis of the cutting tool must stand in normal towards the surface of material. Solution that can be applied during process of the 3D surfaces is the decomposition of a solid into successive sections. To produce the replica trophy it is suitable to use 5-axis CNC machine as this machine could cut a very complex shape, have a better control of tool positioning, efficient utilization of tools, reduction of machining time, and shorter process planning phase. By using this machine also can produce a big size of product with limited number of tool positioning [15].

There are a lot of types of CNC machine that available in this world. For example router, plasma cutter, milling machine, lathe, CNC laser cutter and EDM Wire cut [16].

The programmed or code that is used to generate a movement to the CNC is called as a G- code which this code

Error due to the machining dimension can cause the assembly of machine part and also the performance variability. The accuracy and repeatability of machine tools are important in order to achieve and maintaining a quality part. Some example of the error that can affect the quality of the part such as tool wear and deflection [17], the clamping error and work piece location and also work piece deflection. Others error in CNC machine tools that can affect the accuracy and repeatability [18] of part manufacturing including force and stress, geometrical deviations of machine tool structure, thermal variations, and cutting force induced errors.

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23

METHODOLOGY Overview

In this chapter, the process of producing the replica trophy are shown step-by-step until the real product is produce. The input of this project is about producing the innovation of replica trophy from combination of products based on theme of ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ event.

The reverse engineering technique is involved in this project which means the selected product are choose then will be scan to duplicate of an existing part by capturing the component’s physical dimensions, features, and material properties. This project input is start by scan the product with 3D Scanner Next Engine then will be producing a real product by using the 5 axis CNC machining.

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24 Overall Process Flow Chart

Search about the theme given

‘Sanggar Sanjung’ and the concept

Finalize the products

Innovate the design by combine the both of scan products become a new design of

replica trophy using Solid Works or CATIA V5

Scan the products

Edit the scan objects

Set-up the aluminum 6061 into the 5 axis CNC

Machine

END

CNC machine will cut the aluminum according to design

Find the suitable products REPLICA TROPHY

START

Yes

No

Item produced and assemble process

No

Yes

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25

Design Innovation and Concept Selection Process

Replica Trophy

For this input, the concept of the design was taken from the concept of USM logo (Figure 3.1). The reason behind this concept was selected because the USM logo are reflects the role of the university in the fields of knowledge, teaching, research and community service that suit to combine with the ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ themes which also related with education field. Then the product are produce with all USM image such as include the ‘Keris’, ‘Soaring Upward’ arrow from MOHE and etc.

Figure 3.1 USM Logo Source: (USM Portal)

Product Selection

The product was selected based on some criteria which are it must be related with the events and cannot be measured products. After finalize all the products then two products was chosen which are a trophy (Figure 3.2) and a ‘keris’ (Figure 3.3).

Figure 3.2 First Product

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Figure 3.3 Second Product

To generate ideas, some of the concepts of replica trophy are drawn by using drawing tools such as compasses, pencil, ruler and etc. From this drawing some of the concepts can be seen clearly such as in this projects there are three concepts have been design as shown in Figure 3.4, Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6. From the survey form (Appendix A) and others considerations, the third concepts (Figure 3.6) have been choose because it looks more attractive design than others, besides the trophy is design to use less material because to make it lightweight and portable. In market, trophy just design to be used as decoration on the table or just keep in the wardrobe without any functions. Then from that the design is consider that features by adding multifunction purpose which are stationary holder usage besides also can use as key hanging places on the both side. From this, has developed confidence that the solution space has been fully explored. Then, it will proceed with the scanning process which the trophy and ‘keris’ will be scan with the 3D scanner.

Figure 3.4 First Concept

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Figure 3.5 Second Concept

Figure 3.6 Third Concept Scanning Process

To proceed with this process, 3D scanner Next Engine was involved with the CATIA V5 software and also Next Engine software. By using 3D scanner to scan the part as a non- contact method for reverse engineering. The part is placed on the support table of 3D scanner and make sure all surfaces can be scanned completely by 3D scanner as shown in Figure 3.7 and Figure 3.8.

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Figure 3.7 Set up apparatus with 3D scanner for trophy

Figure 3.8 Set up apparatus with 3D scanner for ‘Keris’

Before scanning, the part was dusted by white powder to reduce shiny surface that may produce reflection during scanning process [20]. To get a better resolution, this input will be scanned with 360 degree rotation with 16 division which mean it will scanned at High Definition resolution. The properties of Scan Studio HD are set as shown in Figure 3.9.

Trophy

Scanner Place

3D Scanner Next Engine

Software

Scanner Place Keris

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Figure 3.9 The Properties of Scan Studio HD

The scanning process of this part is took around 54 minutes for trophy and 48 minutes for ‘keris’ with the maximum divisions which is 16. Next, the unwanted part is trimmed to get only full model of the object and the file is saved in STL file. The full model is observed as shown below in Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11

Figure 3.10 Complete scanning part for trophy

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Figure 3.11 Complete scanning part for ‘keris’

Editing Process

Then, import the STL file into the CATIA V5 software [21] to proceed with the modelling, segmentation, fitting and reconstruction process. All processes are described below to perform 3D modelling then proceed with combination part.

CATIA Software

Open CATIA V5 software and select Digitized Shape Edition to open new workbench (Figure 3.12). Then import the STL file to the workbench and cloud data is shown in the workbench. Set the sampling rate to 100%. Apply the ‘Mesh Creation’ to build a mesh to wrap up the whole 3D model.

Figure 3.12 Digitized Shape Edition

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Next, click on ‘Mesh Cleaner’ feature to delete the inconsistent orientation, non- manifold edges and non-manifold vertices. Apply ‘Mesh smoothing’ to smoothen the surface and the coefficient (Figure 3.13).

Figure 3.13 After complete the ‘Mesh Smoothing

Select ‘Planar Sections’ to create the layer surface on the part. Select the number required to enclose the whole surface and the step is the density of the layer surface. Hide the mesh smoothing, so that the curve of planar section is clearly seen as shown in Figure 3.14.

Figure 3.14 After hide the mesh smoothing part

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Then, select ‘Multi Section Surface’ to join all the layer after the smoothing curve step. Make sure the closing points is pointing towards the surface selected. One layer is reconstructed. Continue the other perfect layers until whole completed CAD model is constructed (Figure 3.15). For those that do not have complete layers, points are needed to put on the disconnected line. Then, create the spline to join the two points.

Hide all multi-sections surface, curve smooth and curve to get final part model as shown in Figure 3.16.

Figure 3.15 After reconstructed all the layer

Figure 3.16 Final Part Model for Trophy

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For Keris product also follow all the above step from beginning till the end to get the final part model as shown in Figure 3.17.

Figure 3.17 Final Part Model for ‘Keris’

‘Sanggar Sanjung’

For ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ words are created by using SolidWorks to create a solid model out of it. First open the Solid Works software and select plane to create a new sketch. Then select ‘Sketch Tools, and choose ‘Sketch Picture’ to import the picture into Solid Works as shown in Figure 3.18.

Figure 3.18 ‘Sketch Picture’ to insert selected picture

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Next, after import the picture, point the image that are needed properly as shown in Figure 3.19 before proceed to another step which is select the Extruded Boss/Base to create a solid feature (Figure 3.20).

Figure 3.19 Pointed the Image

Figure 3.20 Solid Feature of ‘Sanggar Sanjung’

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35 Innovation Process

After completed all the parts needed, then both product are assemble together to produce a new replica trophy (Figure 3.21) before proceed to another step which is for innovation process.

Figure 3.21 Assembled Parts between Trophy and ‘Keris’

For innovation process, the assembly part are combine with ‘Soaring Upwards’ arrow,

‘Sanggar Sanjung’ words and also with the base. The innovation are making for the trophy to be more unique, interesting and different from others trophy. As shown in Figure 3.22 there are something new design of trophy with combination of ‘Keris’ and the arrow. In the market a trophy are just design with ‘Keris’ only without combine with others things.

Besides did the innovation, it still maintain with USM image and suitable for the event.

A few years back, this events just provide a certificate as an awards. Then, by do this innovation it can make a different in this ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ event by provide a trophy as awards. The additional features also been designed for this trophy which is it have multifunction usage like stationary holder and key hanging place on the both sides. This make the replica trophy design become more attractive and interesting because it is not in the market before.

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Figure 3.22 Final Design Scaling Process

This design have been undergoes the scaling process which are using ratio 1: 0.5. This are because of the outcome product just need to produce a replica then the scale have reduced. Besides it can save the material used and also can reduce the machining time.

SolidWorks have been used to scale down the dimension of the trophy design. First open the SolidWorks software and insert the design. Then select ‘Insert, and choose

‘Features’. After that, click Scale icon to scale down the dimension of the design. By highlight overall design and set the scaling number of ratio to 0.5 (Figure 3.23) and then click , automatically all the design dimension will be reduce.

Figure 3.23 Scale Set Up

0.5

Key Hanging Place Stationary

holder

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37 Simulation Process

There are also involve with simulation process due to some parts are cannot be done.

By using simulation overall machining process can be seen. For simulation process are involve 3 parts which are the trophy, trophy base and ‘keris’ handle. Machining that included for this replica trophy are Roughing, Sweeping and Finishing Process. For cutting tool in CNC 5-axis milling machine DMU 40 Mono Block Deckel Maho solid carbide end mill tool in different diameter were used. In order to produce the part, CATIACAM software were used to simulate the machining process of the part which was transferred from CAD software and thus generate G-code for the operation of the 5-axis CNC machine.

Since the part modelling is drawn by SolidWorks, therefore the file need to save as IGS.file before it being converted in CATIA.

CATIACAM

Figure 3.24 Machining Setting

First, need to insert the part IGS file into CATIA software. Then, click START choose

‘Machining’ and then click ‘Advanced Machining’. Then the layout will change too another section which is for processing. At this stage, we can setup all the process that involve from start till the end of product outcome.

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Figure 3.25 Rough Stock set up

Figure 3.26 Rough Stock Created

Before that, we need to insert the ‘Rough Stock’ and the transparent of part is set. To insert the rough stock, click ‘Creates Rough Stock’ . Click on the part to insert the

‘Destination’ and ‘Part Body’ space as shown in Figure 3.25. Then automatically the stock will created and can adjust the measurement that suitable with the part (Figure 3.26).

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Figure 3.27 Part Operation set up

Figure 3.28 Roughing Process

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Figure 3.29 Roughing Process setting

Select the “Part Operation” and setup those setting such as machines used, default reference, part body and stock (Figure 3.27). Then click “Manufacturing Program” and choose “Roughing” Process. Those settings are shown as Figure 3.28 and 3.29. Then compute it to watch the simulation video.

Next, for ‘Sweeping Process’ click “Manufacturing Program” and choose “Sweeping”

Process. Those settings are shown as Figure 3.30 and Figure 3.31 below and then compute it to watch the simulation video same as the ‘Roughing Process’.

Figure 3.30 Sweeping Process

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Figure 3.31 Sweeping Process setting

Final process which is Finishing process, also click “Manufacturing Program” and choose “Advanced Finishing”. Figure 3.32 and Figure 3.33 below are shows all the setting and then compute to watch the simulation video.

Figure 3.32 Finishing Process

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Figure 3.33 Finishing Process setting

Figure 3.34 Final Product of Trophy by Simulation

After the simulation is running, the final product outcome is shown in Figure 3.34 for the trophy. For the trophy base and the ‘keris’ handle for simulation also follow all the three processes which are Roughing, Sweeping and the Finishing. The final product outcome for both parts are shown in Figure 3.35 and Figure 3.36.

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Figure 3.35 Final Product of ‘keris’ handle by Simulation

Figure 3.36 Final Product of Trophy Base by Simulation

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44 Material Selection

This replica trophy will be produced by using Aluminum 6061. The reasons of choosing Aluminum 6061 because of it have structural strength and toughness [23].

Besides that, it also produce a good surface finish, easily to be welded and joined.

Aluminum 6061 is high resistance to corrosion and less heavy rather than stainless steel. It is also a soft material and much easy to cut in form rather than stainless steel. In the other hand, aluminum is typically cheaper rather than stainless steel.

Example of the applications of Aluminum 6061 in the industry is the aircraft fittings, marine, hydraulic pistons, brake pistons, camera lens mounts, and bike frames.

Machining Process

For this input, the product are produce by using CNC 5-axis milling machine DMU 40 Mono Block Deckel Maho (Figure 3.37). Aluminum block are place on the jig that function to hold the material. Then the G-code will be automatically generated from the design and the mahine cut the material based on the design.

Figure 3.37 CNC 5-axis milling machine DMU 40 Mono Block Deckel Maho

During the cutting process, the coolant (Figure 3.38) was applied to ensure that it can produce a fine surface and to maintain cutting tools temperature [22]. Besides, the size of cutting tools that was applied in this process was 1mm which it was very small and easy to break when cutting. Therefore, by applying the coolant it can reduce the possibility of cutting tools to break

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Figure 3.38 Machining process with applying the coolant to the material

Figure 3.39 Finished parts using CNC 5-axis milling machine

After going through this process, the aluminum plate will be set-up into the CNC Wire cut machine to proceed with cutting process for ‘ keris’ blade and the arrow. The NC code [23] was automatically generated from the drawing. After done with the setting, the machining process were proceed. All the machining parts for CNC Wire cut are shown in Figure 3.40.

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Figure 3.40 Finished parts using CNC Wire Cut

Assemble Process

For this project there are five parts of design that need to be assemble to produce a new replica trophy. To assemble each parts are by using epoxy.

Figure 3.41 Final Product after assemble by using epoxy

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47

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Overview

This chapter will be focusing on the result and the discussion of the project that have been conducted. Dimension and the size comparison between the existing product and design with the machining part that undergoes process reverse engineering is included in this chapter.

Designing and Machining Result

CNC 5-axis milling machine DMU 40 Mono Block Deckel Maho have been choose in this machining process. The purpose of using this machine are because of the ability to create three-dimension object and can produce complex shape of products. Besides, it can reduces the auxiliary time because just use single setup and single origin compared to CNC 3-axis milling machine that use multiple setup. CNC 5-axis milling machining is provide higher accuracy [24] of machining parts and produce good surface finish. But then, the machine also have some drawbacks, which is it is more expensive than CNC 3-axis milling machine and also need to hire a trained programming to manage computer aided manufacturing (CAM) software because this machine require this type of software programming to run it. Besides that, CNC 5-axis milling machine had the limitation of the tool size. The smallest tool size that available on that machine was 1mm with the ability to cut into 5mm in depth. The hardest part to produce in this design is the ‘keris’ blade and the arrow, because of the limitation of tools to reach that parts. Due to the certain dimension for this replica trophy is quite hard to machine, certain parts had to undergo with CNC Wire Cut.

CNC Wire Cut are used to cut ‘keris’ blade and the arrow due to the limitation to produce it using CNC 5-axis milling machine. For CNC Wire Cut, it only provide two- dimension part. But the reasons of using this machine is it can cut the smallest and thick

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parts [25] with the wire and can reduce the waste compared to CNC 5-axis milling machine.

Other than that, it can also minimize the surface roughness and improve the machine accuracy same as CNC 5-axis milling machine. Most important purpose is this machine is suitable to cut thick parts.

In this case, CNC Wire Cut are used to cut ‘keris’ blade and the arrow due to the limitation to produce it using CNC 5-axis milling machine and had to machine in two- dimension. This two products have been produce then combine it with the main parts which are the trophy and the base as shown in Figure 4.1. All the products plate are combined together by using epoxy.

Figure 4.1 ‘Keris’ blade and arrow that combined by using epoxy

The reasons of using epoxy was because the CNC 5-axis milling machine cannot produce overall parts because of limitations to reach certain parts then others parts needs to produce by using CNC Wire Cut .The aluminum plate of ‘keris’ blade and arrow was combined by using epoxy because it cannot undergoes welding process. The aluminum plate will cause some defects, and it will be melted due to the temperature of welding is high.

There are several part that are get different measurement between designing part and machining part. First is the trophy holder as show below in two figures which are Figure 4.2 for designing part and Figure 4.3 is result for machining part. As can see the different between the trophy holder part where is in designing part have been design with the trophy

Parts that combined by using epoxy

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holder while in the product outcome it is without the holder. It is because of CNC 5-axis milling machine also have it limitations process that cannot be done to all product design.

Figure 4.2 Designing part for trophy holder

Figure 4.3 Results of Machining part for trophy holder

Next, the different can see clearly inside the trophy where is in the Figure 4.4 designing part there are hole go through from the top to the bottom of the trophy while in Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 the product outcome are without the hole and still have the remaining part . It is because of CNC 5-axis milling machine tool holder are got limitations to machine at certain area due to size of tool holders is bigger. To get into that area the machine should have a thin or small of tool holder that can insert at narrow space.

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Figure 4.4 Designing part inside the trophy (from top view)

Figure 4.5 Result for machining part (from top view)

Figure 4.6 Result for machining part (from front view)

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For ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ word (Figure 4.7) and the base (Figure 4.8) is cannot be produce due to limitations of machining tool to produce this parts. As we can see for ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ word is classic and complex then it difficult to cut that part. From this, it shows the limitations of tools to cut small part with dimension that less than 1mm due to the machine tools just provide minimum 1mm size of tool. Besides, for the base, this CNC 5- axis milling machine are not provide suitable diameter of machining tools that can produce this part. For trophy base part the machining process can be seen by using simulation results in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.7 Designing part for the ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ word

Figure 4.8 Designing part for the trophy base

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Figure 4.9 Result of machining part (in simulation)

Besides, the difference between designing part and the machining part for top of ‘keris’

handle are finalize with the final outcome. In designing part (Figure 4.10), the top of ‘keris’

handle is get the carving in small dimension distance which cause the defects during machining process (in simulation) because of limitations of tool to cut that section same as the previous problem (Figure 4.11).

Figure 4.10 Designing part of carving on the top of ‘keris’ handle

Carving

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Figure 4.11 Result of machining part (in simulation) Comparing the Parameters

As going through the process of reverse engineering technique, the parameters of the machined product basically will be different with the design and existing product.

Therefore, the product are compared by measure five distance as shown in Figure 4.12.

The parameters was measured by using Vernier Calipers brand Stanley.

Figure 4.12 Distance to measure 2

5

4

3 1

Carving part that cannot be produce

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The distance of machine part are compared with the design of each parts. Below is the table of the comparison between the distance and also including the percentage difference.

Distance Machined

(mm) Design

(mm) Difference

(mm) Percentage different (%)

1 100.1 95.90 4.20 4.20

2 32.00 30.20 1.80 5.63

3 19.00 17.50 1.50 8.95

4 63.40 63.29 0.11 0.17

5 78.50 78.43 0.07 0.09

Table 4.1 Comparison of distance between machined product and design of existing product

Based on the results above, it is shows that when the product undergoes the process of reverse engineering, the parameters of the product will be not same as the design and the existing product. The different can be seen clearly if undergoes the machining process by using CNC 5-axis Milling Machine but by using CNC Wire Cut the different parameter between final products and the design are not slightly different.

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS

Conclusion

This project basically is designing and innovate the replica trophy by using the technique of reverse engineering and producing it by using CNC machining. From what have done, this project has successful by achieve all the objectives which are identify the suitable trophy design that related with ‘Sanggar Sanjung’ event, create a new design of replica trophy from combination of product by using reverse engineering technique and produce a real replica trophy by using CNC Machining. The final trophy concepts are identify by using concepts development phase which are start from identifying customer needs until end of phase. For the new design are based of combination of products that have been choose which are the trophy and the ’keris’. Start by scanning process, then followed by editing, innovation and the last scaling process before proceed with machining process.

After machining process are finish and output product are completely assemble, the comparison between designing part and machining part are done. For the comparison of the parameters, Distance 3 has the highest percentage different in distance with 8.95%. It is followed by the Distance 2 with 5.63%, and Distance 1 with 4.20%. This three distance are use CNC 5-axis Milling Machine. Then for Distance 4 and Distance 5 are 0.17% and 0.09%. There are not too much different if using CNC Wire Cut. It is shows that, when the product undergoes the process of reverse engineering, the outcome of the product will be not same as the design. In the other hand, by using reverse engineering technique can be create a lot of product without using measurement or any documents.

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56 Future Works

As an addition, the case studied in this project can be furthered in future. Some suggestions for the future work research are discussed as the following:

Should be further explored because it is really help the manufacturers to easily produce a product that do not has any available data by scanning the product and straight generate to a part model in a short time 

 Study on limitations of CNC 5-axis milling machine to produce a complex shape products just by applying one process of machining.

 Study on comparison between CNC 5-axis Milling Machine and CNC Wire Cut.

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57 REFERENCES

[1] T. Várady, R. R. Martin, and J. Cox, “Reverse engineering of geometric models—

an introduction,” Comput. Des., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 255–268, 1997.

[2] U. S. Malaysia, Sanggar Sanjung Award Night 2010. P&Y Design Network, 2010.

[3] H. Brunelière, J. Cabot, G. Dupé, and F. Madiot, “MoDisco: A model driven reverse engineering framework,” Inf. Softw. Technol., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1012–1032, 2014.

[4] N. Anwer and L. Mathieu, “From reverse engineering to shape engineering in mechanical design,” CIRP Ann. - Manuf. Technol., vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 165–168, 2016.

[5] E. Paravizo, O. C. Chaim, D. Braatz, B. Muschard, and H. Rozenfeld, “Exploring gamification to support manufacturing education on industry 4.0 as an enabler for innovation and sustainability,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 21, pp. 438–445, 2018.

[6] K. Sokół and D. Cekus, “Reverse Engineering as a Solution in Parts Restoration Process,” Procedia Eng., vol. 177, pp. 210–217, Jan. 2017.

[7] S. Martínez-Pellitero, J. Barreiro, E. Cuesta, and A. I. Fernández-Abia, “Knowledge base model for automatic probe orientation and configuration planning with CMMs,” Robot. Comput. Integr. Manuf., vol. 49, no. February 2017, pp. 285–300, 2018.

[8] M. Cabibbo, A. Forcellese, R. Raffaeli, and M. Simoncini, “Reverse Engineering and Scanning Electron Microscopy Applied to the Characterization of Tool Wear in Dry Milling Processes,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 62, pp. 233–238, Jan. 2017.

[9] L. M. Galantucci, E. Piperi, F. Lavecchia, and A. Zhavo, “Semi-automatic low cost 3D Laser scanning systems for reverse engineering,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 28, pp.

94–99, 2015.

[10] M. Paulic et al., “Reverse engineering of parts with optical scanning and additive manufacturing,” Procedia Eng., vol. 69, pp. 795–803, 2014.

[11] Z. Niu, R. R. Martin, F. C. Langbein, and M. A. Sabin, “Rapidly finding CAD features using database optimization,” CAD Comput. Aided Des., vol. 69, pp. 35–

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