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International Journal of Social Science Research eISSN: 2710-6276 [Vol. 1 No. 2, December 2019]

http://myjms.moe.gov.my/index.php/ijssr

THE FACTORS INFLUENCE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS DECISION IN SELECTING THEIR CAREER AS A

TECHNOPRENEUR IN MALAYSIA

Mugambigai Darajah1* and Umi Kalsom Kassim2

1 2 Faculty of Business, Communication & Law, INTI International University, Nilai, MALAYSIA

*Corresponding author: mugambigai.darajah@newinti.edu.my

Article Information:

Article history:

Received date : 19 September 2019 Revised date : 10 November 2019 Accepted date : 6 December 2019 Published date : 16 December 2019

To cite this document:

Darajah, M., & Kassim, U. (2019). THE FACTORS INFLUENCE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS DECISION IN

SELECTING THEIR CAREER AS A TECHNOPRENEUR IN MALAYSIA.

International Journal Of Social Science Research, 1(2), 76-86.

Abstract: Technopreneurship is becoming a vital subject among educating the Gen Z population in many universities in Malaysia. With the growth of technology globally, this group of generation are becoming more techno savvy and are being independent in starting their own business. This research study aims to identify the factors of the entrepreneurial intention by examining the attitude, interest in the field and employment after graduation as the major factor in identifying the intention of students to become technopreneurs in Malaysia. The population of the study are the students randomly selected from public and private universities in Malaysia.

Structured questionnaire designed to analyze the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). These models referred in enhancing in developing the intention of students in deciding their career as a technopreneur. The analysis done using Reliability analysis, Descriptive analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis, using Statistical Software Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Version 2.0. The expected results will provide valuable information for the university in managing technopreneurship strategically and develop value for the students in their charismatic career development. This study also can help the other side of agency or organisations to develop any entrepreneur activity and programme for all the students in the education institution.

Keywords: Technopreneur, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), University students in Malaysia.

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1. Introduction

In recent years, the revolution of Industry 4.0 (IR4.0) has introduce the increasing numbers of technology-based businesses that contribute towards the economy’s GDP and create jobs opportunity (David F, Scott A, Karen S, 2003). Other than that, from a social development standpoint, technopreneurship can also be seen as a vital source for economic growth, economic competitiveness, job creation and the advancement of social interest (European Commission, 2003; Linan, et al., 2005). In recent years, technopreneurial activities have been viewed as an important engine for enhancing economic development of developed and developing countries.

Technopreneurship can be define as one of the merging technology process and entrepreneurial skills as the real source of power in today's knowledge-based economy. A technopreneur could be understood as a new age entrepreneur who makes use of technology to come out with something new or to make some innovations. Technopreneurship is becoming the source of long-run sustainable competitive advantage. In an era of man-made brainpower industries, individual, corporate, and national economic success will all require both new and more extensive skills sets than have been required in the past. Similarly, Ministry of Higher Education in Malaysia introduces Entrepreneurship as one the MQA compulsory subject to be passed before degree students’ graduate. Such programs and mechanisms hope would stimulate the country’s economic growth, which in turn would create more job employment opportunities.

As Malaysia is transforming from a middle-income economy to a high-income economy in 2020, technopreneurship has been identified as the key ‘driver’ to help the country’s aspiration in achieving its goal. As a result, much attention and concerns about technopreneurship have been strengthened by, amongst others, the government’s allocation for funding as well as incentives for small and medium enterprises in order to sustain and become successful entrepreneurs. Although much effort has been initiated and done by the Malaysian Government to encourage more people, in particular students at higher education institutions to become technopreneurs, especially at the level of undergraduate, are still unclear. The main objective of this study is to examine the Technopreneurial interest, attitude and employment after graduation of students is influencing them to become as a technopreneurs, to start up a new venture.

The sole objective of this research study is to analyse the factors that influence universities student intention towards technopreneurship. In order to strengthen the research study some basic objective and research question were develop to further analyse the research study.

• RO1: To identify to what extend attitude affect the student’s intention towards technopreneurship.

• RO2: To identify to how interest can influence student’s intention towards technopreneurship.

• R03: To identify what are the opportunity of employment can be towards entrepreneurship.

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Based on the objective, the basic questions were developed:

• RQ1: How attitude can be an influencing factor towards student’s intention to choose technopreneurship?

• RQ2: How interest of the field can be an influencing factor towards student’s intention to choose technopreneurship?

• RQ3: What is the employment opportunity driven by technopreneurship?

2. Literature Review

Entrepreneurial intentions stated by Thompson (2009) as “self-acknowledged conviction by a person that they intend to set up a new business venture and consciously plan to do so at some point in the future”. Choo and Wong (2009) described entrepreneurial intentions as the exploration and assessment of information which is beneficial to achieve the objective of business creation.

The focus of entrepreneurship is to have entrepreneurial intentions before starting the actual business because it determines the starting point of a new business creation. A personal commitment which has an important impact on shaping new ventures comes from entrepreneurial intentions (Choo and Wong, 2009). The literature on entrepreneurial intentions specifies the significance of self-employment intentions (Fridoline, 2009). Accordingly, identifying these intentions will allow the scholars to explore the dynamics of business venture creation process (Weerakoon and Gunatissa, 2014). Theory of Planned Behaviour was used to determine the developed framework for the research study.

Figure 1: Model Depicting the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Ajzen, 1991)

Based on the theory, the study was enhanced to identify and examine the attitude, interest of the field and employment after graduation of the students as the factor to choose technopreneurship.

By conducting the research, the analysis enabled to further the studies towards the attitude affecting the student’s involvement with technopreneurship from the field of study. Student’s from the university are being thought with entrepreneurship and ICT subjects as part of the syllabus this enables to examine their goals in applying towards technopreneurship. Hence the hands-on task working with simulation platform such as ALIBABA GET simulation platform enabled to increase the opportunity how businesses can create employability opportunity for students in choosing their career. In Malaysia, the government and government related agencies are providing guidelines for the new start ups. Companies such as Malaysian Digital Economy Cooperation (MDec), (MAGIC)

Attitude Subjective

Norm

Perceived Behavioural

Control

Subjective

Norm Subjective

Norm

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Malaysian Global Innovation and Creativity Centre offer funding opportunities, advisory assistance and the resources to support the innovative businesses. Hence the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) analysis helps this research in accordance of examining the behavioural criteria of the variables in achieve the objective of the research.

3. Problem Statement

There were many researches conducted to study towards the entrepreneurship. In this research study, the major focused is to identify what are the intention for students to start their career as a technopreneur upon the completion of studies. This study gives the opportunity for us to identify the variable factor to identify how students can start a business to be their own boss rather than be employed. This research also opens up the mind of the Netizens to decide on the available career opportunities and how to create employability to other students. The variables used in this research study was the attitude of the students, interest of the field and employment after graduation to enhance how opportunities can be designed by the students independently with the available resources such as E-Commerce platform which is being a trend in the marketplace presently.

4. Method

In this study, reliability analysis will be used to determine the extent to which the items in the questionnaire related to each other. Cronbach alpha is use in this study to estimate the proportion of variance that is systematic or consistent in a set of test scores. Descriptive analysis is use to summarize the quantitative data into a simpler summary to make it easier to understand and measure. It was use to describe the population in this study. Frequency distribution are used to show clearly how the data values such as demographic which include management age can affect the variables in this research. Distributions were also displayed by using percentage. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) will be used to refine and validate the obtained data (Hair, 2016).

Drawing upon the institutional theory, this study proposes a conceptual model, as shown in Figure 1, Theory of planned behaviour used to develop the conceptual framework. In this model, we hypothesise that three personal forces which are attitude, interest in the field and employment after graduation towards the intention of the students to be technopreneurs. Developing the framework adapting theory of planned behaviour (TPB) enable us to study the behaviour of student’s in identifying their career path. The designed framework of the research study is as in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Developed Research Framework Adapted from Theory of Planned Behaviour, (Ajzen, 1991)

Attitude Interest of the

Field

Employment after Graduation

Students as Technopreneurs

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4.1 Data Collection

The study is carried out in randomly selected public and private higher institutions in Malaysia. A quantitative method is used in the research study. Structured design questionnaire was distributed to the students. In this research the population are randomly selected university full time students from Diploma, Degree and Postgraduate field of business studies. The sample size taken is 259 students to achieve the aim of this study. The data taken from the respondent will be encoded directly into SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) to test the data. Microsoft Excel will be used for additional calculation and graph generation.

4.1.1 Validity and Reliability

In summary, to check if the model is a good model, multiple regressions is used to find out if the independent variable influences the dependent variable. Multiple regressions is a statistical method to assist the researcher to identify one variable on the basis of several other variables. The independent variables identified in this study enhance the research study. The identified variables are attitude, interest in the field, employment after graduation which influence towards the student’s intention in choosing technopreneurship as their career. R is a measure of the correlation between the independent variables and the dependent variables of the standard variable. In table 1 below shows that the R2 is .539 and the adjusted R2 .534 which shows that the model is relatively strong. The validity and reliability of the analysis is shown significant towards the study as in below in Table 1:

Table 1: Model Summary R

Model Summary Mode

l

R R Square Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

Change Statistics R Square

Change F Change

df1 df2 Sig. F Chang e

1 .734a .539 .534 .46712 .539 99.050 3 254 .000

a. Predictors: (Constant), aveEG, aveA1, aveInt

Table 2: ANOVA

ANOVAa

Model Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

F Sig.

1

Regression 64.838 3 21.613 99.050 .000b

Residual 55.423 254 .218

Total 120.260 257

a. Dependent Variable: aveTECH

b. Predictors: (Constant), aveEG, aveA1, aveInt

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Table 3: Coefficient

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1

(Constant

) .300 .214 1.401 .163

aveA1 .298 .080 .234 3.705 .000

aveInt .386 .072 .355 5.335 .000

aveEG .263 .063 .242 4.148 .000

a. Dependent Variable: aveTECH 5. Results and Discussion

The data below shows the respondent age and gender whom has enrolled in the respective programs from the randomly selected university.

Table 4: Gender of the respondent

Gender

Frequenc y

Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

1 .4 .4 .4

Male 216 83.4 83.4 83.8

Female 43 16.2 16.2 100.0

Total 259 100.0 100.0

The data obtained from Table 1 describes that there are more Male (216) respondent in comparison with the Female (43). There is more Male respondent whom has showed interest in the field of Technopreneurship. The data of the female student’s intentions is significantly negative as compared to the male students which indicate that female students have less interest in technopreneurship.

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The age frequency obtained shows that more millennials have respondent towards the survey. The netizens have more towards of beginning their future as technopreneurs.

Table 5: Age group of the respondent

Age

Frequenc y

Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

1 .4 .4 .4

18years - 21years 212 81.9 81.9 82.2 22 years - 32

years 23 8.9 8.9 91.1

33years - 43years 23 8.9 8.9 100.0

Total 259 100.0 100.0

ANOVA results in Table 3 showed the fitness of the model. Based on the significance values (0.000), the null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that the overall model was fit and significant.

Table 6: ANOVA Model Summary

Mode l

R R Square Adjusted R Square

Std. Error of the Estimate

Change Statistics R Square

Change F Change

df1 df2 Sig. F Chang e

1 .734a .539 .534 .46712 .539 99.050 3 254 .000

a. Predictors: (Constant), aveEG, aveA1, aveInt

ANOVAa

Model Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

F Sig.

1

Regression 64.838 3 21.613 99.050 .000b

Residual 55.423 254 .218

Total 120.260 257

a. Dependent Variable: aveTECH

b. Predictors: (Constant), aveEG, aveA1, aveInt

Reliability test refers to the consistency of the measurement. Cronbach’s α (alpha) was used to inspect the internal consistency of test items. When α (alpha) equals to zero (α = 0), the true score is not measured and there is only an error component. When alpha equals to 1 (α = 1.0), all items

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measure only the true score, and there is no error component. By convention, a lenient cut off of 0.60 is common in explanatory research. A Cronbach’s alpha of 0.879 were measured which gives a value for a good scale. Cronbach Alpha is used to determine the consistency between the variables. The data analysis describes that the student’s intention towards technopreneurship is significant whereby the intention of the student’s in starting their own business is vital in this research study. This can said with the available platform such as Lazada, Shopee and Zalora enable students to starts focusing on entrepreneurship.

Table 6: Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha

N of Items

.879 4

ANOVA with Tukey's Test for Nonadditivity

Sum of

Squares

df Mean Square F Sig

Between People 291.879 257 1.136

Within People

Between Items 6.092 3 2.031 14.759 .000

Residual

Nonadditivi

ty .136a 1 .136 .986 .321

Balance 105.944 770 .138

Total 106.080 771 .138

Total 112.172 774 .145

Total 404.050 1031 .392

Grand Mean = 3.7014

a. Tukey's estimate of power to which observations must be raised to achieve additivity = 2.038.

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The data obtain from the research analysis gives an idea how the present students are focusing on deciding their career path. Hence, they are the Netizen whom are always hands on with their gadgets 24/7. The correlation table below shows the significant value on the student’s intention in deciding their career path after graduation.

Table 7: The Correlation - Employment after Graduation Descriptive Statistics

Mean Std.

Deviation N Entrepreneurship

courses at my university prepare people well for an entrepreneurial career

3.71 .830 258

In my university, there is a well-functioning support infrastructure to support the start-up of

3.69 .826 258

In my university, people are actively encouraged to pursue

their own

ideas/entrepreneurial

3.72 .882 258

Starting my business

will make me

financially independent

3.89 .884 258

A mentor/professor from my university would be of great help in assisting me preparing for being an entrepreneur

3.87 .893 258

The different continuous and categorical variables were analyzed during the study and the significant variables were discussed. From the discussion, the universities should focus their attention towards attracting student’s in entrepreneurial by encouraging the students to attend trainings/courses to increase their intention and open up their mindset.

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6. Conclusion

The objective of this study was to discover factors motivating the university student’s intention to embrace technopreneurship. To achieve this objective, the study explored the entrepreneurial intentions among the university students in Malaysia. The analysis confirms many previous findings in the literature on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. For instance, the research has given further evidence of the importance of entrepreneurial education to make entrepreneurial mind set as well as supported the previous findings which stated that the male students were more interested towards entrepreneurship than the female students. This research also explored some interesting findings that the students with the Netizens were more inclined to become own boss.

This can make sense as the young blood is likely to take high risks which is considered as one of the essential entrepreneurial traits. Relating to the parents’ occupation, students who have their family business intend to be as entrepreneurs showed positive response towards technopreneurship. Furthermore, the decision to start a new venture seems to be influenced by personality traits as extroversion, agreeableness and openness draw a positive impact towards student’s entrepreneurial intentions.

7. Acknowledgement

We would like thank all the relevant parties whom directly and indirectly supported us in order to accomplish this research study.

References

Choo and Wong. (2009). Entrepreneurial intention: Triggers and barriers to new venture creation in Singapore. Singapore Management Review., 28(2).

Byrge, C., and Tang, C. 2015. Embodied creativity training: Effects on creative self-efficacy and creative production. Thinking Skills and Creativity Volume 16, 51-61

David F., Scott A. and Karen S. (2003), Holistic Approach for Technology Entrepreneurship Education in Engineering, Proceedings of the 33rd ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Colorad, USA, November 2003, Session T2D.

European Commission (2003), Green Paper – Entrepreneurship in Europe, Enterprise Publications, Brussels.

GEM (2018), “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Malaysia 2018/2019”.

Liang, Peng, Yao, and Liang, (2015), “Effect of personality differences in shaping entrepreneurial intention”, International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 6, No. 4(1).

MARA (2013). Laporan Tahunan Annual Report 2013 Pembangunan Modal Insan Human Capital Development Pembangunan Modal Insan Human Capital Development Http://Dokumen.Mara.Gov.My/ Laporan %20tahunan%20mara

Ozaralli, N, & Rivenburgh, NK. (2016). Entrepreneurial intention: Antecedents to entrepreneurial behavior in the U.S.a. and Turkey. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6, 3.

Onsman, A. 2016. Assessing creativity in a ‘New Generation ‘Architecture degree. Thinking Skills and Creativity, volume 19, 210-218.

Peterman, N, & Kennedy, J. (2003). Enterprise education: Influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129–144.

Solesvik, MZ. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: Investigating the role of education major. Education and Training, 55(3), 253–271.

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Scarlat, C. 2014. Technopreneurship - An Emerging Concept. FAIMA Business and Management Journal Volume 2, Issue 3, 5-13.

https://www.star2.com/living/2018/10/07/future-ready-technopreneurs-important-malaysias- transformation/[Assessed: 17/9/2019]

https://www.star2.com/living/2018/10/07/future-ready-technopreneurs-important-malaysias- transformation/#7D2PakFVltb2e18G.99

Thompson, ER. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669–694.

Zhao, H, Seibert, SE, Lumpkin, GT. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381–404.

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