UTP Hostel Energy Saving through Electricity Consumption Control

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UTP Hostel Energy Saving through Electricity Consumption Control

by

Mohammad Firdaus Bin Kamaruzaman

Final Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

Bachelor of Engineering (lions) (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

JUNE 2010

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar

31750 'Tronoh

Perak Darul Ridzuan

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CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL

UTP Hostel Energy Saving through Electricity Consumption Control

by

Mohammad Firdaus Bin Kamaruzaman

An final report submitted to the

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Programme Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons) (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING)

(PuaklÄzizpmlainal Abidin)

i

Prpjl Supervisor

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS TRONOI-I, PERAK

June 2010

11

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CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the

original work is my own except as specified in the references and acknowledgements,

and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by

unspecified sources or persons.

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ABSTRACT

Nowadays, many organizations including UTP are heading towards energy saving activities. Based on the project title, this project will focus on implementing energy saving at UTP hostel area by installing integrated motion detector and light sensor to control the electricity consumption. Due to lack of awareness amongst students, lights, fans and electrical appliances are left on although not in use. This leads towards excessive power consumption at the hostel area. The project intends to develop integrated motion detector and light sensor circuit system that is cost and energy-saving. The system is expected to reduce the excessive electricity consumption used at the hostel area. And at the end of this project, the cost of implementing the system will be considered whether it is worth the implementation.

The method of developing this project is divided into several stages which are data gathering, building model, designing and building the circuit, and also testing. The result and discussion on data gathering, initial electricity consumption estimation, electricity consumption after installing PIR motion detector only and light sensor only will be found later in this report.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Prise be to Allah, The Most Gracious and The Most Merciful for His endless blessings throughout my life and the success. He has been guiding and granting me during this final year project.

My utmost appreciation and gratitude is towards my supervisor Puan Azizan Zainal Abidin for her guidance throughout my final year project. Her knowledge, experience and support were very much helpful in passing so many obstacles, doubts and challenge that I faced. The trust she had on me kept me on track off the works and pushed me forwards achieving my goals. Her motherly advices were really inspiring me to work harder for my project. Thank you so much to Dr. Muhammad Zuki for giving me valuable support of knowledge and problem solving.

My appreciation is also extended to my family members, especially my father

and my mother, for their continuous support and prayers. Special thank to Suriansyah

Abdullah and Wan Zulfadzhli Wan Zaki for their support and a lot of brilliant ideas

throughout this long journey. Last but not least, I thank my friends and everyone else

who encourage and supported me throughout this final year project. Thank you so

much.

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. 2.3.3 Radar-based Motion Detector

Light Sensors

. AND gate logic . Principle operation .

METHODOLOGY . Procedure Identification

. Work Breakdown

.

Tools and Equipments Required

ii

iii IV

V

viii ix

1

2 3 3 4 4 5 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 17

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CHAPTER 4:

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

4.5

4.6

CHAPTER 5:

5.1 5.2

REFERENCES APPENDICES

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22

Data Gathering 22

Initial Electricity Consumption Estimation 23 Electricity consumption after installing PIR motion detector25 Electricity consumption after installing light sensor 28 Circuit diagram constructed for both motion detector and

light sensor 30

Electricity consumption after installing both motion detector

And light sensor 31

Economic evaluation of the project 34

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 35

Conclusion 35

Recommendation 36

37

39

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Picture of a toilet and student's room at UTP hostel.. 2

Figure 2 Picture of corridor area at UTP hostel. 2

Figure 3 Example of light sensor circuit 9

Figure 4 AND gate symbol and truth table 10

Figure 5 AND gate from transistor switch and diode 10

Figure 6 IC 7408 AND gate 11

Figure 7 Flow chart of methodology used. 12

Figure 8 Installed PIR motion detector connected with Pasco: Data Studio 14 Figure 9 PIR motion detector circuit

. 17

Figure 10 Light sensor circuit diagram

. 18

Figure 11 Light sensor constructed using breadboard

. 18

Figure 12 Pasco: Data Studio software 19

Figure 13 Science Workshop 750 Interface 20

Figure 14 Graph of data recorded using P1R motion detector only for run 1 25 Figure 15 Graph of data recorded using PIR motion detector only for run 2 26 Figure 16 Graph of data recorded using light sensor only 28 Figure 17 The constructed circuit diagram for both PIR motion detector and

Light sensor

. 30

Figure 18 Graph of data recorded using both PIR motion detector and light

Sensor (Run 1). 31

Figure 19 Graph of data recorded using both PIR motion detector and light

Sensor (Run 2). 32

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LIST OF TABLES

Table I Science Workshop 750 Interface Specifications 20 Table 2 Electricity cost for one hostel room for a week 23 Table 3 Electricity cost for corridor light at one hostel block for a week 23

Table 4 Electricity cost for one block for a week 24

Table 5 Electricity consumption for I run (PIR motion detector only) 26 Table 6 Amount of electricity saved after using PIR motion detector 27 Table 7 Electricity consumption for 1 run (light sensor only) 28 Table 8 Amount of electricity saved after using light sensor 29

Table 9 Electricity consumption for I run 32

Table 10 Amount of electricity saved 33

Table 11 Total cost of this project 34

Table 12 Amount of money saved 34

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Electricity is a need for most of the human activities since all electric appliances needs electric power to be used. However, when electricity is used excessively, the users have to pay more for their electric bills although they do not need the electricity at certain time and activities. This is due to human habits due to lack of awareness among them on how to save the electricity although the electricity can obtained easily. Using energy efficiently means paying less for electricity used to get the same amount of amenities required [1]. For instance, the lights, fans and electrical equipments at UTP hostel are left on although it is not in used due to the lack of awareness among the students and sometimes the mindset of the students are not energy-saving conscious.

Therefore, energy saving system using motion detector and light sensor is the alternative that can be applied as a way to reduce electricity consumption at the hostel. At the end of this project, it is expected to deliver a cost effective prototype that can reduce the electricity consumption at the hostel. The main objective of this project is to reduce the electricity consumption at the hostel using the system. This project is started with survey and collecting data on selected room at the hostel, designing the system that can reduce electricity consumption using motion detector and light sensor. Then, evaluation of the system on energy-saving to find out if it is worth implementing it at the hostel.

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1.2 Problem Statements

Due to lack of awareness among the students, lights, fans and electrical equipments at UTP hostel are left on by the students although it is not in use. This leads towards excessive electricity consumption at the hostel area although there is a way to save it.

Picture of a toilet at UTP hostel below show that the lights are left on although there is nobody using it and the picture of the student's room shows that the student is sleeping but he did not switch off the light.

Figure 1: Picture of a toilet and student's room at UTP hostel.

The picture below is taken at 9.00am and it shows that the corridor lights are still on and no body is concern to switch it off.

: ý. `

Figure 2: Picture of corridor area at UTP hostel.

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1.3 Objectives

1. To study electricity consumption trend for lights and electrical appliances used at the hostel.

2. To develop an integrated motion detector and a light sensor circuit system that is cost and energy saving.

1.4 Scope of Study

In order to complete the project and achieve its objectives, various areas of study will be considered. The major scopes are as follows:

1. Electricity consumption trend for lights and electrical appliances used at the hostel

" Research-based on the survey to collect the data gathering from students who live at the hostel.

2. Designing a working prototype

" The prototype uses motion detector and a light sensor to control the electricity consumption at the hostel.

3. Economic evaluation of the system

To study whether the system is worth to be implemented.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Energy saving

Energy saving or energy conservation is a practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used. It may be achieved through efficient energy use, in which case energy use is decreased while achieving a similar outcome, or by reduced consumption of energy services [2]. Energy or electricity efficiency means using electricity wisely in order to accomplish the same tasks, whether at home or at the workplace. Using energy efficiently also means paying less for electricity used to get the same amount of amenities required [3]. Therefore, in this project, the system developed is a way to reduce electricity consumption so that less energy is used. However, before we can know the amount of energy saved, we have to know how to calculate the energy consumption and also cost of energy. We can calculate electricity cost of different electrical appliances, if we know the power rating of the appliance which is usually found in a metal plate or etched into the appliance and its efficiency, number of hours you use your appliance, and also the tariff rate per kilowatt-hour of electricity. [3]

Firstly, calculate the energy consumption in kWh,

KWh = Power (in Watts) x Hours of operation 1000

Then, calculate the cost of energy,

Energy Cost = Energy (in kWh) x Electricity Rate (in RM/kWh)

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2.2 Electricity tariff

Electricity tariff or rate is the price of electricity sold by the electricity provider and it varies from country to country. There are many reasons why the tariff is differing for each country. The cost of power generation depend mainly the type of fuel used, government subsidies and also the weather patterns.

The tariff rate in Malaysia is divided into several categories such as domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, street lighting, specific agriculture, and also top-up and standby. Hostel is fall into commercial categories which the tariff applies to consumers occupying or operating premises for commercial purposes.

Based on the electricity tariff issued by Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Commercial Consumer means (but not limited to) a consumer occupying or operating an office block, hotel, service apartment, boarding house, retail complex, shop-house, car-park, workshop, restaurant, estate, plantation, farm (except those categories defined in the Specific Agriculture Tariff), port, airport, railway installation, toll plaza, street lightings at tolled highway including its bridges and tunnels, telecommunications installation, broadcasting installation, entertainment/ recreation/sports outlet, golf course, school/educational institution, religious and welfare organisation, military and government installation, hospital, waste treatment plant, district cooling plant, cold storage, warehouse, and any other form of business or commercial activities which are not primarily involved in manufacturing, quarrying or mining activities [4].

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Effective from I March 2009, the new tariff rates for commercial consumer are as follows;

Tariff B- Low Voltage Commercial Tariff 14J

" For overall monthly consumption between 0-200 kWh/month, the rate for all kWh is 37.0 sen/kWh and the minimum monthly charge is RM7.20.

" For overall monthly consumption that is more than 200 kWh/month, the rate for all kWh is 39.7 sen/kWh and the minimum monthly charge is RM7.20.

2. Tariff C1 - Medium Voltage General Commercial Tariff 14]

" For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month, the rate is 23.93 RM/kW

" For all kWh, the rate is 28.8 sen/kWh and the minimum charge is RM600.00

3. Tariff C2 - Medium Voltage Peak/Off-Peak Commercial Tariff [4]

" For each kilowatt of maximum demand per month during the peak period, the rate is 35.60 RM/kW

" For all kWh during the peak period, the rate is 28.8 sen/kWh

" For all kWh during the off-peak period, the rate is 17.7 sen/kWh and

the minimum monthly charge is RM600.00

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23 Motion detector

A motion detector will be used in this system to control the electricity consumption. It has great potential because it is efficient, reliable and low production cost. This technology is used in the industry because it high efficiency [5]. Motion sensors can turn off lights when rooms or areas are unoccupied, and can play a key role in reducing energy cost [6]. The following are several types of motion detectors that can be used for this project.

2.3.1 Passive In fi ared (PIR) Motion Detector

One of motion sensors that can be used to light up is passive system that detects infrared energy or known as passive infrared. Passive Infrared (PW) Motion Detector or Pyroelectric Sensor detects heat energy radiated or emitted by an object, such as a body of a person, moving across a field of view of a heat sensor of the motion detection system [7]. Therefore, to make sure the detector can sense human being, the detector must sensitive to human body temperature which is 93 degrees F, radiate infrared energy with a wavelength between 9 and 10 micrometers and typically sensitive in the range of 8 to 12 micrometers [8]. However, motion detector only sense a rapid change in the amount of infrared energy it is seeing, therefore, it is not sensitive to a person who is motionless.

PIR detectors generally employ a group of radiation sensors coupled through amplifiers to a logic circuit. The radiation sensors detect changes in ambient infrared radiation. The detection system has an electrical circuit operate coupled with the heat sensor for producing a detection signal in response to the heat sensor detecting a change of temperature as, for example, caused by the body heat of a person entering the detection pattern. Passive infrared motion detectors and occupancy sensors employ an array of Fresnel lenses covering an entrance aperture. This lens array is illuminated by thermal infrared radiation from the object of interest [7].

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2.3.2 Ultrasonic Motion Defector

Ultrasonic is a sound generated above human hearing range which is normally 20 kHz. The frequency range normally employed in ultrasonic non-destructive testing and thickness gauging is 100 kHz to 50 kHz [5]. Even tough ultrasound behaves similarly to audible sound, the wavelength is much shorter. Therefore, it can be reflected off very small surfaces such as defects inside materials. This property makes

ultrasound useful for non-destructive testing of material.

Ultrasonic motion detectors project and receive ultrasonic sound energy in a region of interest. Object motion within the region of interest and in the range of the ultrasonic motion sensor is detected and an alarm signal representative thereof is produced [7].

However, the effective range of ultrasonic motion detector depends on the capacitor used in the ultrasonic circuit. Ultrasonic Motion Detectors also work by bouncing ultrasonic waves around a room or space, and detecting changes in the contents of the space by changes in the reflected waves that return to the sensor. This type of sensor is difficult to defeat, but is also difficult to program to ignore pet entry into a home area, making it better suited for areas where there is no legitimate traffic which the system must ignore [9].

2.3.3 Radar-based Motion Detector

Radar-based motion detectors may emit a continuous-wave (CW) microwave

signal and compare the emitted and echo frequencies to produce a beat frequency that

is proportional to range [7]. Radar-based Motion detector will bounce a constant level

of microwave radiation off surroundings such as walls and furniture, much like the

radar guns used by the traffic police. This type of detector is effective but hard to

defeat and customize.

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2.4 Light sensors

Light sensors will be integrated together with motion sensors as a circuit system to control the electricity consumption. Light sensors often use an infrared LED as a light source. Infrared LED has a greater intensity than LED that emits visible light. And when infrared photodiodes are used the sensors are relatively insensitive to ambient light [10].

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is very useful in constructing a light sensor.

Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically [11].

Therefore, when the LDR gets enough light, the resistance of the LDR falls, allowing current to pass through it.

! =RESE1 RESIS1OR

i ý

Figure 3: Example of light sensor circuit [111

From the figure above, the resistance of the LDR is high when the light level is low. Therefore, it prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors and the LED does not light. However, when light level is high, the LDR resistance falls and allows current to flows into the base of the first transistor and then the second transistor. Therefore, the LED is on.

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2.5 AND Logic Gate

Logic gates process signals which represent true or false. Usually the positive supply voltage represent true while OV represents false. There are many types of logic gates such as AND, OR, NOT, NOR, and NAND. Therefore, it is best to familiarise

with them all.

For this project, AND gate will be used. For AND gate, the output, Q is true when both input A AND input B are true [12]. Q=A AND B. An AND gate can have more than two inputs.

2-input AND gate Input

Iniwte,

Output 13 0 0

0

0 I

ýo i

ýý 14i I

Output

Figure 4: AND gate symbol and truth table (12]

AND gate can be make using transistor switches or diodes. It also can be found in integrated circuit form.

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Figure 5: AND gate from transistor switches and diode [131.

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The use of transistors for the construction of logic gates depends upon their utility as fast switches. When the base-emitter diode is turned on enough to be driven into saturation, the collector voltage with respect to ground may be less than a volt and can be used as logic 0 in the TTL logic family [131.

Figure 6: IC7408 AND Gate [13]

2.6 Principle Operation

This project will focus only for light inside student's room. The circuit for this project will works only when both motion detector and light sensor works because the circuit use AND gate.

That means, when PIR motion detector sense motion, it will give HIGH voltage, logic 1. While when the light sensor detects light, it will give HIGH voltage, logic 1. Therefore, the light will triggered when both motion detector and light sensor give HIGH voltage, logic 1. In simpler words, the light inside the student's room will switch on when it is dark and a movement is detected.

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Procedure Identification

C s1: iYt

Project Identification/ Problem Statement

i Literature Review and Theory I

Data Gathering (Survey)

LEGEND:

ElFYPI

0 FYP 2

Research

I -I

Data Analysis Testing using PIR Motion Detector

alone, X Stop

Designing and Constructing Light Sensor

I

CýD

Testing using Light Sensor alone, Y

ý' Designing and Constructing Combined PIR Motion Detector and

Light Sensor Circuit System

I

Figure 7: Flow Chart of Methodology used

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3.2 Work breakdown

1. Problem Iclentifrcatianr i Problem Statement

At this stage, a clear problem statement for this project was figured out. From the problem statement, the objective of the project and the way to develop the project was determined in this stage.

2. Literature Review and 77reoiy

At this stage, some literature review about this project was done. The theory on what the project is all about was figured out.

3. Data Gathering

A survey was carried out on 100 respondents who stay at Residential Village 5 to study the electricity usage at the hostel and types of electrical appliances used by the students.

-J. Data Analysis

Data gathered from the survey was analysed at this stage.

5. Research

Research on motion detectors and light sensors was done at this stage. With more detail information about the devices that will be used in this project. The way to integrate the circuit with the model was also figured out at this stage.

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6. `/ eslin, rrsin, PIR fllution Defector

In order to investigate how much PIR motion detector can save electricity; a PIR motion detector is installed inside student's room and connected to Pasco: Data Studio for data recording.

In this experiment, PIR motion detector will give signal in term of volt if it sense movement, the signal is then recorded by Pasco: Data Studio. If the motion

detector did not sense any movement, there will no signal transmit, then Pasco: Data Studio will recorded it as OV.

The experiment is done for 24 hours for every run. Therefore, Pasco: Data Studio will record the signal received from the motion detector continuously for 24 hours.

Pasco: Data Studio

PIR motion detector

Data recorded

Figure 8: Installed PIR motion detector connected with Pasco: Data Studio

7. I)e. signing and (onsiruciing l. iglti Sensor

This is the stage where the light sensor is designed and constructed.

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8. "1 esting using Light Sensor

The Light Sensor was installed inside the student's room. Then the light consumption was recorded and the data was compared with the light consumption before installing the sensor to investigate how much electricity can be saved. The experiment was done for 24 hours for a run.

In this experiment, if the light sensor detects light, it will switch off the light and if it does not detect any light, it will switch on the light. The data wi11 be recorded every 10 minutes for 24 hours for a run.

9. Designing and constructing combined I'IR Motion Detector and Light Sensor

The P1R Motion Detector and Light Sensor are combined at this stage using AND gate.

10. Conduct testing

The combined PIR Motion Detector and Light Sensor were tested at this stage. Then the light consumption is recorded and the data was compared with the light consumption before installing the sensor.

In order to investigate how much the combined circuit system of PIR motion detector and a light sensor can save electricity; the circuit system was installed inside student's room and connected to Pasco: Data Studio for data recording.

In this experiment, the circuit system will give signal in term of volt if it sense movement and there is no light, the signal is then recorded by Pasco: Data Studio. If the circuit system did not sense any movement or lights, there will no signal transmit, then Pasco: Data Studio will recorded it as OV.

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The experiment was done for 24 hours for every run. Therefore, Pasco: Data

Studio will record the signal received from the circuit system continuously for 24

hours.

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3.3 Tools and equipments required

I. PIR Motion Detector

The function of this PIR Motion Detector is to detect any movement inside its region of interest. The model of this detector is PEGASO IR-550 and equipped with pet-immunity detection.

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Figure 9: PIR Motion Detector Circuit The specifications of this PIR Motion Detector are as follows:

Infrared sensor Power supply Current drain Alarm output Alarm period Pulse count

Tamper switch Walk test LED RFI immunity Detectable speed Mounting head Humidity Temperature Dimensions Unit weight

Dual element

9- 16 VDC, 12V typical

N. C: 5mA, N. O: 15mA, 12VDC N. C/N. O 30 VDC, 0.2A max

1.5 - 2.5 sec 2/3 selectable

N. C cover open actives Red, can be disables

Ave. 20 V/m (10 -- 1000MHz) 0.3- 1.5 m/sec

: 2.2 - 3.6 m

. 95% RH maximum

-20°C - 60 °C (-4 °F - 140 °F) 112x66x45mm

86 grams

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2. Light Sensor

The function of this light sensor is to detect light intensity. This light sensor circuit consist of Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), 6V relay, NPN transistor, variable resistor, and 1k ohm resistor.

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Figure 10: Light sensor circuit diagram 1111

1k fl resistor

LDR

Variable resistor

Figure 11: Light sensor constructed using breadboard

6V Relay

NPN

Transistor

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3. Pasco: Dula Studio

Figure 12: Pasco: Data Studio Software

Pasco: Data Studio is data collection and analysis software. Since there is no electricity metering to record electricity consumption at the hostel, Pasco: Data Studio is used to collect the data. However, this software cannot record electricity consumption, but it can record the time consume. Therefore, the electricity consumption simply known by this formula,

KWh = Power (in Watts) x Hours of operation 1000

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4. Science Workshop 750 Interface

Figure 13: Science Workshop 750 Interface

Science Workshop 750 Interface is the hardware for Pasco: Data Studio. The voltage sensor from this interface is connected to the circuit to measure the voltage from the PIR motion detector and light sensor. Below are the specifications for

Science Workshop 750 Interface:

Table 1: Science Workshop 750 Interface Specifications Power " 12 V DC to 20 VDC at 2 A, 2.1 mm lack

Digital Channels "4 identical channels, TTL compatible (8 mA max.

drive current)

" Maximum input logic transition time: 500 ns

" Edge sensitive-sampled at 10 KHz. (I µs res. for Motion Sensor)

Analog Input Channel "3 identical channels with differential inputs and I MOhm impedance

" ±10 V maximum usable input voltage range (±12 V absolute input voltage range)

"3 voltage gain settings on each analog channel: 1, 10, and 100

" Small signal bandwidth up to the ADC: I MHz for a gain of 1,800 KHz for a gain of 10, and 120 KHz for a gain of 100; input amplifier slew rate:

1.2 V/ µs

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Electrostatic Discharge

(ESD) protected " Both digital and analog inputs have ESD protection

12 bit Analog to Digital "5 inputs: channels A-C, analog output voltage and

Conversion current

" Voltage resolution at ADC input: 4.88 mV (. 488 mV at a gain of 10,0.049 mV at a gain of 100)

" Current measurement resolution: 244 µA, (1 V=

50mA) mA

" Offset voltage accuracy < ±3 mV. (For measuring full-scale voltages the total error is less than ±15 mV, accounting for the gain error in the input amplifier. )

" Sample rate range: once every 3,600 seconds (250 K Hz) (Conversion time for consecutive channels in a burst is 2.9 µs. )

" 8X oversampling for better accuracy at sample rates less than or equal to 100 Hz.

Analog Output " DC value ranges: -4.9976 V to +5,0000 V in steps of 2.44 mV

" Accuracy at the DIN connector: (±3.6 mV ±0.1% ö

full scale)

" Peak-to peak amplitude adjustment ranges for AC waveform: 0V to ±5 V in steps of 2.44 mV

" AC waveform frequency ranges: 0.001 Hz-50 KHz, ±0.01 %

" Maximum amplified output at the banana jacks:

about 300 mA at ±5 V, current limited at 300 mA

±12 mA

S. 32 W Standard Fluorescent Light

This 32 W fluorescent light will be use as an indicator to the circuit. If both Iight sensor and PIR motion detector give high voltage, the light will switch on.

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CI-IAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Data Gathering

The findings that can be concluded from the survey are (Please refer Appendix III):

" The students spend an average of 12 - 16 hours in their room on weekdays.

" The students spend an average of 20 - 24 hours in their room on weekends with the condition of they did not going out from UTP to go back to their hometown or spending their time outing.

" The students switch on their computer and average of 20 - 24 hours although they are not using them.

" The awareness among the student is still low where sometimes they switch off the corridor and toilet lights if not in use but sometimes they are not.

" The electrical appliances that are used by most of the students are computer,

hand phone charger, kettle, speaker, iron and printer.

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4.2 Initial electricity consumption estimation

From table 2 below, the electricity cost for one hostel room for a week using 32W fluorescent light is RM 3.98 a week.

Table 2: Electricity cost for one hostel room for a week (light only) Appliances Quantity Power Hours of Electricity Electricity

(units) (watt) Operation Consumption Cost

(hours) (kWh) (RAI)

32W 2 32 168 10.752 3.98

fluorescent light

Total 10.752 3.98

*The electricity tariff used is based on Tariff B which is 37sen kW h

Therefore, the initial electricity consumption for one 32W fluorescent light is 0.768 kWh a day and 5.376 kWh a week. While the electricity cost is RM 0.28 a day and RM 1.99 a week.

Table 3 below shows the electricity cost for corridor light at one hostel block for a week.

Table 3: Electricity cost for corridor light at one hostel block for a week Appliances Quantity Power Hours of Electricity Electricity

(units) (watt) Operation Consumption Cost

(hours) (kWh) (RM)

32W 110 32 168 591.36 218.80

fluorescent light

Total 59136 218.80

*7he electricity tariff used is based on Tariff B which is 37sen4Wh

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From table 4 below, the electricity cost for one hostel block for a week is RM696.40.

Table 4: Electricity cost for one block for a week Location Quantity (units) Cost for 1 unit

(RM)

Cost for 1 block (RM)

Hostel room 120 3.98 477.60

Corridor

- - 218.80

Total 696.40

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43 Electricity consumption after installing PIR motion detector

Figure 14 and 15 below shows data recorded by Pasco: Data Studio for experiment using PIR motion detector only. The voltage vs. time graph shows when the PIR motion detector sense movement, it will give voltage while when there is no movement, and the graph shows OV.

From the graph in Figure 14 and 15, the overall time for the PIR motion detector sense movement is calculated by summing the time that the PASCO: Data Studio recorded any voltage greater than 0.005V and smaller than -0.005V.

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For the graph in figure 14, the total time is calculated as follows:

Total time (minute) = 40+5+5+40+40+40+20+5+5+40+10+40+20+10+10+20+40+

40+100+40+20+20

= 570 minutes = 9.5 hours

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I

J 1JJ iC0 : 00 40J SJJ L00 700 £00 61G 1000 iOD iJ 136D 1400 1500 10JC

Ti.. ( Ti-12,1

_

Figure 15: Graph of data recorded using PIR motion detector only for run 2

For the graph in figure 15, the total time is calculated as follows:

Total time (minute) = 100+100+20+20+10+40+60+60+40+80+18+40+20+10

= 618 minutes = 10.3 hours

The table 5 below shows electricity consumption for I run using PIR motion

detector only. From the graph, the average electricity consumption for 32W

fluorescent light is:

(37)

Table 5: Electricity consumption for I run (PIR motion detector only)

Run Total Time

(Hour)

Electricity Consumption (kWh)

1 9.5 0.304

2 10.3 0.3296

Average 9.9 0.3168

Therefore, the amount of electricity saved after using PIR motion detector is shown in table 6 below.

Table 6: Amount of electricity saved after using PIR motion detector Condition Electricity Consumption (kWh)

Before 0.7680

After 0.3168

Amount Saved 0.4512

27

(38)

4.4 Electricity consumption after installing Light Sensor

The voltage vs. time graph from figure 16 below shows when the light sensor detects no lights, it will give 5V while when there is light, and the graph shows OV.

Refer appendix VI for the total time for the light sensor gives positive voltage.

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. ýý

.

...

Time (minute)

Figure 16: Graph of data recorded using light sensor only

The table 7 below shows electricity consumption after using light sensor only.

From the graph, the electricity consumption for 32W fluorescent light is:

Table 7: Electricity consumption for 1 run (light sensor only)

Run Total Time

(Hour)

Electricity Consumption (kWh)

1 12 0.384

F 1

V

`, ý :. "ý

(39)

Therefore, amount of electricity saved is shown in table 8 below.

Table 8: Amount of electricity saved after using light sensor

Condition Electricity Consumption (kWh)

Before 0.768

After 0.384

Amount Saved 0.384

29

(40)

4.5 Circuit Diagram Constructed for both PIR : Motion Detector and Light Sensor

Figure 17 below shows the constructed circuit diagram for both PIR motion detector and light sensor. (Refer Appendix IV for clearer circuit diagram) The circuit consist of three parts which are the light sensor part, the PIR motion detector part, and also the AND gate part.

The light sensor works when the light dependent resistance (LDR) sense lights. Normally, the resistance of the LDR is very high but when it is illuminated with lights, the resistance drops drastically as there is no resistance at all.

The LDR is connected to pin number 2 of the IC555. IC555 is an integrated chip implementing a variety of timer and multi vibration applications. The IC acts as a timer and also bounce-free switches in this circuit. When the LDR is connected to

pin number 2, the output is rising and interval starts when the input falls below one third of VCC. While pin number 3 is the output that is driven to the +VCC or GND.

Therefore, when the resistance of the LDR drops drastically, the input of the IC falls below one third of the VCC. Then the output at pin number 3 is rising that will give high voltage at the output of the light sensor circuit.

For the PIR motion detector part, the detector will give high voltage at the output if it senses any movement. Therefore, when the AND gate receive high voltage from both light sensor and motion detector, it will switch on the light emitting

diode (LED).

(41)

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Figure 17: The constructed circuit diagram for both PIR motion detector and light sensor.

31

(42)

4.6 Electricity consumption after installing both motion detector and light

sensor

The graphs in figure 18 and 19 below show the data after using both motion detector and light sensor. It only generates voltage when there is movement and there is not enough light.

From the graph in Figure 18 and 19, the overall time for the PIR motion detector sense movement and it is dark is calculated by summing the time that the PASCO: Data Studio recorded any voltage greater than 0.005V and smaller than - 0.005V.

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Figure 18: Graph of data recorded using both PTR motion detector and light

sensor. (Run 1)

(43)

Total time (minute) = 60+20+20+40+40+10+10+100+60+40+40+10+10

= 480 minutes =8 hours

Figure 19: Graph of data recorded using both PIR motion detector and light sensor. (Run 2)

Total time (minute) = 20+80+100+20+20+60+40+20+40+10+10

= 420 minutes =7 hours

The table 9 below shows the electricity consumption after using both PIR motion detector and light sensor is 0.240 kWh.

33

(44)

Table 9: Electricity consumption for 1 run

Run Total Time

(Hour)

Electricity Consumption (kNN'h)

1 8.0 0.256

2 7.0 0.224

Average 7.5 0.240

From the table 10 below, the amount of electricity saved after using both PIR motion detector and light sensor is 0.5280 kWh a day which is equal to RM 0.20 a day.

Table 10: Amount of electricity saved

Condition Electricity Consumption (kWh)

No Sensor 0.7680

I'IR Motion Detector only 0.4512

Light Sensor only 0.3840

Both Sensor 0.2400

Amount Saved (Both Sensor - No Sensor)

0.5280

(45)

4.7 Economic evaluation of the project

Total cost for the project is as in table 11 below.

Table 11: Total cost for the project

Tools Price

PIR Motion Detector RM 56

Light Sensor RM 16

Integrated Circuit (IC) RM I

Miscellaneous RM 4

Total RM 77

The amount of money saved for a year for one student's room that have two lights are RM 146.00

Table 12: Amount of money saved

Condition Amount saved

For 1 light for 1 day RM 0.20

For I room for l day (2 lights) RM 0.40 For 1 room for I year (2 lights) RM 146.00

Before the pay back period is calculated, assume that there is no maintenance cost for this project. Therefore, the pay back period is,

Pay Back Period = cost / annual benefits

= RM 77 / RM 146.00

= 0.527 years

Return of investment for this project is,

Return of Investment (ROI)= (gain from investment -. cost of investment) x 100%

Cost of investment

= (RM 146 - RM 77) / RM 77 x 100%

= 89.6%

35

(46)

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The objectives of this project are to study electricity consumption trend for lights and electrical appliances used at UTP hostel and also to develop integrated motion detector and light sensor circuit system that can reduce electricity consumption at the hostel. The circuit system is different from the system that have at the market right now because it combining both motion detector and a light sensor where in the market right now they only used motion detector alone.

After completing the project, it is discovered that not all students have the

mindset of energy-saving in term of using electricity. It also discovered that the

circuit reduced 0.528 kWh which is equal to RM 0.20 for one light for one day. That

also means that the circuit help to reduce electricity consumption up to 65%. Clearly,

the objective to reduce the electricity consumption at the hostel is achieved.

(47)

5.2 Recommendation

For improvements, it is recommended to have more PIR motion detectors for more accurate results. Since PIR motion detector can only detect movement on limited region only, more PIR motion detector is needed to get more sensitive system.

That means the current system did not sense movement out of the motion detector's region of interest.

The circuit system also can be tested at the corridor of a building to have more precise data because if more people walk through this device, it will show the real scenario. To install this system at the corridor is the best option because it will cover more lights; therefore more electricity consumption can be saved.

The constructed circuit should be working properly and able to switch on and off a fluorescent lamp because at this stage the circuit can only switch on and off a LED as an indicator that the circuit is working. The constructed circuit also is suggested to be portable so that the experiment could be easier to be done at the corridor or other location rather than in one student's room only.

37

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REFERENCES

M Suruhanjaya Tenaga, July 2003, 'Your Guide to Enerrg , Efficiency at Home, Tips on Smart Use of Energy to Save Money at Home, Centre of Education and Training in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, USAINS Holding

Sdn Bbd

[2] Wikipedia, 2009, Energy Conservation http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Energy- conservation

[3] Suruhanjaya Tenaga, June 2002, Tips on Snarl Use ofEner to Save Money at Hone, Centre of Education and Training in Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, USAINS Holding Sdn Bhd.

[4] Tenaga Nasional Berhad, 2004,

http: //www. tiib. com. my/tnb/tarif`f/newrate-commercial. htm

[51 Mohammad Zaki B Ab Raffar @ Ab Khafar, 2008, Development of 'Action Free 'Electricity saving, Universiti Malaysia Perlis

[6] Efficiency Maine, 2009, http: //efficiencymaine. com

[7] Electronics Information Online, Oct 16th 2006, Motion Detector

http: //www. electronics-manufacturers. com/info/sensors-and-detectors/motion-

detector. html

(49)

[8]

[9l

Toni Harris, Aprif 2000, flow Do Motion Sensing Light and Burglar Alarm Works? http: //home. howstuffwork. com/home-iinproveinent/household- safety/security/question238. htm

Laser Ultrasonic Sensor, August 22nd 2009, Home Security System & Motion Detectors, http: //www. laserultrasonicsensor. com/home-security-system- motion-detectors/

[I0] Sensor Reference Centre, 2009, Light Sensors <http: /Ivww. sensors- transducers. machinedes ign. com/guiEdits/Content/bdeee4/bdeee4_8. aspx>

[11 ] V. Ryan, 2002, Light Dependent Resistors,

http: //www. technologystudent. com/elecl /ldrl. htm

[121 John Hewes, 2010, Logic Gate, The Electronics Club, http: //www. kpsec. freeuk. com/gates. hti-n

[13] R Nave, AND Gate, Hyper Physics, Electricity and Mechanism, http: //liyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/Electron is/and. html

39

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APPENDICES

(51)

APPENDIX I GANTT CHART

No. Detai / Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 Project 1vAork Continue

- Testing using PIR Motion Detector - Design and construct Light Sensor 2 Submission of Progress Report 1

D 3 Project Work Continue

- Testing using Light Sensor S

Design and construct combined circuit f E

4 Submission of Progress Report 2 $

5 Seminar (compulsory) T

R 5 Project -, vrork continue

- Testing combined circuit B

6 Poster Exhibition R E

A

7 Submission of Dissertation (soft bound) K

8 Oral Presentation

9 Submission of Project Dissertation (I-lard Bound)

Suggested milestone Yroces

41

(52)

APPENDIX 11 SURVEY FORM

Project title : UTP Hostel Energy Saving through Electricity Consumption Control Objective : To study the electricity trending and students lifestyles at Residential

Village 5, UTP Name (optional)

Year of study :

Responses

No Questions Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree

5 4 3 2

1 1 spend an average of 12 - 16 hours a day in my room on weekdays.

2 1 spend an average of 20 - 24 hours a day in my room on weekends.

3 I spend an average of 20 - 24 hours a day using my computer and other electrical appliances.

4 I always switch off my room light and fan when L

not in use.

(53)

5 I always switch off the corridor, pantry and toilet light when not in use.

6 1 always switch off my computer or other electrical appliances when not in use.

7. What are the electrical appliances that you use in the hostel? You may tick more than one answer.

a) Computer b) Speaker c) TV d) Radio e) Kettle f) Rice Cooker g) Iron

h) Others. Please state.

43

(54)

APPENDIX III SURVEY RESULT

In data gathering, I have carried out a survey among 100 respondents who stays at Residential Village 5 with an objective to study the electricity usage at Residential Village 5. Residential Village 5 is chosen as the focus of study because it is the

largest residential village in UTP and the residents are among the senior students which have established their lifestyle with all electrical appliances needed. Refer to Appendix I for the survey questions. For question I-6, the respondents respond for Strongly Agree

- 5, Agree

- 4, Neutral

- 3, Disagree

- 2, and Strongly Disagree - 1.

Result

There are total of seven questions in this survey and for question 1-6, I calculate the mean value of each of the question. The purpose of finding the mean is because to get the average responses from the respondents.

Formula for calculating mean,

ý !t

: t' _-'ý . ý.

Tr ý. `!

; _ý

Where n= 100 (number of respondents)

(55)

For question I mean is 3.59.

3%

Question 1

Q Strongly Agree -11 p Agree

Q Neutral Q Disagree

® Strongly Disagree

Figure 1: Pie chart for question 1 responses

For question 2 mean is 2.92.

12%

28%

Question 2

11%

27%

22%

o Strongly Agree

® Strongly Disagree

45

(56)

Question 3

6%

oStrongly Agree 1 in Agree

o Neutral o Disagree

!a Strongly Disagree

(57)

12%

30%

Question 5

4%

Strongly Agree ci Agree

o Neutral Q Disagree

47

(58)

Question 6

25%

19%

For questions 7, the result is:

U Strongly Agree E3 Agree

o Neutral o Disagree

(59)

Electrical Appliances used in Hostel 120 100

= 1001 n

öI 8 I-

rn 60 40 20 ä 0t-

QJý G o

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Figure 7: Chart of electrical appliances used in hostel

Weekdays Weekends

Amount of hours student 12 - 16 hours 20 - 24 hours spend in their room for

one day

Amount of hours student 20 - 24 hours 20 - 24 hours switch on their computer

Yes No

Percentage of students 41 % 59%

who switch off their room light and fan when not in use

Percentage of students 50 °iö 50 °A)

who switch off toilet and

corridor lights when not in

use

68

ý-ý ýýý

49

(60)

APPENDIX IV

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR BOTH PIR MOTION DETECTOR AND

LIGHT SENSOR

(61)

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(62)

APPENDIX V

DATA FOR PIR MOTION DETECTOR ONLY

(63)

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UTP Hostel Energy Saving through Electricity Consumption Control