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JOURNAL OF TAMIL PERAIVU
Published by
Department of Indian Studies Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
University of Malaya
Indexed by MyJurnal Malaysian Citation Centre
ISSN 2289- 8379 eISSN 2636-946X
®ªê‹ð˜ / December 2021
Journal of Tamil Peraivu Editorial office Office of the Editor – in – Chief
No. 132, Department of Indian Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tel: +60379675670
Email: rajanmun@um.edu.my / rajantheran@gmail.com Website: https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/tamilperaivu/index
Publisher
Department of Indian Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Tel: +60379675510
Sponsored by
Almaa Herbal Nature Pvt ltd No.1/8, Pinjala Subramanian street,
T. Nagar, Chennai – 600 017 Tamilnadu, India
mglv@rediffmail.com/ www. Almaaherbal.com
The publisher of Tamil Peraivu Aivithal (Journal of Tamil Peraivu), will not be responsible for the statement made by the authors in any articles published in the journal. Under no circumstances will the publisher of this publication be a liable for the loss or damage cost by your reliance on the advice, opinion or information obtained either explicitly or implied through the contents of this publication.
© Department of Indian Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya. All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced in any forms or by any means without publisher’s prior permission.
Editorial Board
2020-2023
Editor–in–Chief
Professor Dr. M. Rajantheran, Malaysia
Indian civilization, Tamil culture and literature, early cultural relations between India and Southeast Asia & culture and life of the Malaysian Indians
Chief Executive Editor Dr. Silllalee S. Kandasamy
Media, Tamil literature and culture, Malaysian Indians & sociology
Journal’s Web Design and Technical Support Dr.Kanmani Munusamy
Software Engineering, ontology, Data Mediation - Information Technology, Centre of Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
&
Ms.Vijaya Laxmi Maruthaveeran
Librarian, Indian Studies Library University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Associate-Editing & Ideating Bharathi Mutty
English Education. Lecturer-Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
Aghalya Darmalingam
PhD research Scholar, Department of Indian Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Arasu Chelliah, Professor Dr.- Tamil Language, Classical literature, modern literature, University of Maryland, Baltimore,, Maryland, America.
Balasundararam Elayathamby, Professor Dr., Tamil Language, Classical literature, modern literature
& culture Head-Tamil Department, Annamalai Canada.
Era. Kamarasu, Professor Dr – Tamil Language, Classical literature, modern literature & culture, Department of Tamil Literature. Tamil University, Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
G. Singaravelu, Professor Dr- Primary Education, Teacher Education, English Education, Head, Department of Education, Syndicate member of the university, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Ira. Kurinji Vendan, Professor Dr- Tamil literature, Culture & Diaspora. Post graduate section, Arinyar Anna College, University of Pondicherry.
Jeevendiran Chemen, Associate Professor Dr- Ethic identity of Mauritian Tamils, Tamil language and Linguistic & Sociology. Mahatma Gandhi Institute, University of Maurititus.
Kizhambur S. Sankara Subramanian, Tamil journalism, Tamil Literature and Culture & Tamil Civilization, India.
K. Chidamparam, Assistant Professor Dr. - Linguistics, English, Human rights, International Institute of Tamil Studies,CPT Campus,Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
K.Shubashini, Dr. – Lead IT architect, DXC Technology and President of Tamil Heritage Foundation International (International Organisation for Preserving Tamil Heritage).
Krishnan Maniam, Associate Professor, Dr, Modern Literature, Malaysian Tamil Literature, Comparative Literature. Head Department of Indian Studies. University of Malaya, Malaysia.
Mohanadass Ramasamy, Senior Lecturer Dr- Language and linguistics, Department of Indian Studies.
University of Malaya, Malaysia.
N. Shankaranarayanan Dr, Guest Faculty., Tamil language, literature, Department of Tamil, Gandhigram Rural University.
P. Sivakumar, Professor Dr – Educational Technology, Environmental Education & Biology Education, Dean, Faculty of Education, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, India.
Paramasivam Muthusamy, Associate Professor Dr- Tamil language and literature, socio- linguistics, pedagogy and Tamil culture. Department of Foreign Languages. Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, University Putra Malaysia.
Ponsamy Tiroumalechetty, (Retired) Associate Professor Dr – Socio- linguistics, Socio Culture of Tamils. Head, School of Indian Studies, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, Mauritius.
Rakkappan Velmurugan, Senior Lecturer Dr- Linguistics, Pedagogy, Tamil language, Literature &
Grammar. Asian Languages and Cultures Academic group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Samikkanu Jabamoney Ishak Samuel, Associate Professor Dr – Malaysian Tamil Literature, Modern Tamil Literature, Tamil Language and Pedagogy. Tamil unit Coordinator, Sultan Idris Educational University.
Seethalakshmi, Associate Professor Dr- Tamil lexicography, teaching Tail as a second language, Tamil Pedagogy, Sociolinguistics & Literature through Mass Media. Department of Asian Languages
& Cultures (ALC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
V. Maheswaran, Professor Dr- Epigraphy, Tamil culture, folklore, literature. Department of Tamil, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Vasu Aranganathan, Dr- History of Tamil language, literature, religion, inscriptions & Teaching and learning of Tamil language. South Asia Studies, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
The journal of Tamil Peraivu is a prestigious journal of the Indian Studies Department, University Malaya. This is a biannual journal that features research articles by multinational scholars from Malaysia India, Sri Lanka, Singapore and Germany. This Tamil Peraivu Vol.10 issue 2 contains a total of fifteen articles.
The first article by Dr.K.Subashini entitled “Leiden Copper Plates: Chola-Srivijaya Links and the Nagapattinam Buddhist Vihara” is written to contribute knowledge on Anaimangalam Copper Plates which also referred to as ‘Large Leiden Copper Plates’ and ‘Small Leiden Copper Plate’. The Leiden copper plates, which were released on the 21st year of Rajaraja’s reign, describe the details about the revenues granted by the emperor to the Anaimangalam village and a few smaller villages for the maintenance of the Buddhist monastery named Chudamani Vihara in Nagapattinam.
The next article was provided by Vinoth Nallisamy and his team from Malaysia which “A Critical Analysis on the Leadership Aspects of Kautilya’s Arthashastra”. The article shows an extensive discussion on statecraft, economic management, human resource management, law and order, diplomacy and foreign policy, as well as war and definitions of strategies reflected in Arthasastra.
Besides this, Dr.S.Kanmani Ganesan presented “Muthupendir and Peyppendir in the Anthologies”.
This article contains a comprehensive investigation of compare the social status of the two categories of women muthu pendir and peyppendir as illustrated in the anthologies using a sociological approach.
The dignity of muthupendir contradicting the downtrodden peyppendir who had no children is revealed in the study.
Moving on, Dr.G. Sivapalan and Dr.S. Manimaran explore “The influence of Saiva Siddhantam in Siddhar poem”, are heavily infused with the philosophies of Saiva Siddhantam and elaborated the notion of the existence of God, His omnipresence, and his endless abilities and critically discussed how the principles of Siddha each has an opposing view regarding obtaining paramountcy with the blessings from God himself.
Apart from this, Dr.S. Muhunthan examines “The Role of Hindu Religious Print Media in the renaissance of Hinduism in Sri Lanka”. The scholar provided a detailed study on the role played by the print media during the renaissance of Hinduism that occurred in Sri Lanka during the 19th century. These newspapers are said to be advocating strong policies about religious education, women’s progress, as well as criticisms against religious conversions, religious discipline, and temple management.
In addition to this, M.M.A Abdullah and S.M.M Mazahir from Sri Lanka provided analysis writing on
“Time Management: An Islamic Perspective”. The paper aims to describe the pattern of influence of the time management guidance by the Islamic religion in human activities and to clarify the patterns of elements of traditional time management reflected in Islamic guidelines by giving special focus to the sources like the Holy Quran and Al-Hadith.
Conversely, a review on a short story entitled “Bharathiyar’s portrayal of a novel woman in contemporary society in the short story of ‘Gengammavin Pudhumai Penn: A Review” by Dr. Ravindaran Maraya, Dr Mohana Dass Ramasamy and Ashwini Kannappan deliberate Bharathiyar’s portrayal of a novel woman in contemporary society. As one of the entries in 34th Tamil ‘Peravai Kathagal’, the story portrays the great poet bhari’s vision of ideal women. The review focuses on the protagonist brave actions which
advocated women rights.
The eighth research article in this edition is by C.Swaminathan, M. Padmanaban and M.Anbarasu entitled “Plants Found in Tirumoolar’s Tirumantiram”. This article explores the plants referred to in the Tirumantiram in various contexts of scientific representations. Mainly, the vernacular and scientific names, family, and economic parts of all the plants highlighted in Tirumantiram have been discussed.
The next essay authored by Dr. P. Kavitha and Assistant Professor S. Senthilkumar, which is entitled
“Individual Morality as Prescribed by Kambha Ramayanam”, emphasizes the moral values required for the betterment of human life as depicted in Kambha Ramayanam. Significantly, the representation of some of the highly valued virtues like self-discipline, charitability, and brotherhood in Kambha Ramayanam have been expounded in this literary work.
The next article highlights “The Values of Responsibility Found in Peravai Kathaigal (2010-2019)”.
The article was written by Vishnu Krishnan and Jamunah Debarajh and this paper provides a list of short stories published between the years 2010 and 2019. As the discussion deals with the virtuous values shown by the stories characters via their dialogues and their actions in multiple situations, as well as guides on the critical environment, intentions, attitudes, and behaviours that can be exemplary for others.
On the other hand, Dr (Mrs) Suhanya Aravinthon from Sri Lanka, presented an article on the “Folk Music Tradition that Protects Tamil Culture: A Cultural Musicology” reports on folk music became prominent as a medium for exchanging ideas in primitive cultures. the scholar explained that the development of thoughts and science in the sound of music and how folk music resonates with elements of culture in any society.
Besides this, S. Tamil Sankar presented “An Archaeological Study of Buddhism in Nagapattinam”
discussed the historical accounts of Buddhism in Tamil Nadu. Based on archaeological evidence, the article elaborates on how Buddhism flourished in India beginning from the period of Jainism followed by travelogues of Chinese travellers and also mentions Raja Raja Chola’s contributions to the development of the religion.
AS for R.Veeraratchagi from Malaysia, “Construction and Evaluation of Reading Module Based on QR Barcode Technology in Improving SJK(T) Year 3 Students’ Pronunciation in Tamil Language”
Pronunciation in Tamil Language was the main focus of her research article. The study aims to develop a reading module based on QR Barcode technology by using the Design and Developmental Research approach introduced by Ritchey and Kilen (2007) to improve the pronunciation of Tamil Alphabets known as Lagaram among the year 3 students from Tamil schools.
The next article is published by Sharan Suklam S/O Ahtma Lingam entitled “Postmodernism Theory in ‘Sarvam Brahmasmi’ Poetry Collection”. The article shows analysis on poems completion found in Sarvam Brahmasmi’ which was written by Ma. Navin, a young Malaysian writer. The analytic perspectives were derived from different lenses like Capitalism, Individualism and Rationalism.
Finally, Dr.M.S.Shri Lakshmi explored “The Significant Roles of Tamil Teachers in the Development of Singaporean Tamil Literature – An Introduction (Part 1)”. The paper narrates this aspect in two parts, the former explains the contributions of the male teachers while the latter relates to the contributions of the female teachers. This paper introduces the contribution of Tamil teachers in Singapore, especially since
the former explains the contributions of the male teachers while the latter relates to the contributions of the female teachers.
Tamil Peraivu Journal is committed to publishing high quality theory, research and debate on all aspects of the Indian Studies. Besides, it is upheld by exhilarating large numbers of excellent scholars and budding research students over time. The editorial board would like to extend heartiest gratitude to those who contributed by submitting articles and our respectful juries. Thank you to our generous sponsor Mr. MGL.Velayutham the CEO and Founder of Alma herbal Nature who beared the cost of this print publication.
Professor Dr.M.Rajantheran Chief Editor
25.12.2021
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«ðó£CKò˜ º¬ùõ˜ º.Þó£«ê‰Fó¡
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25.12.2021
Vol - 10 (Issue 2), December 2021
ªð£¼÷ì‚è‹ / Contents ð‚è‹ /Page
1 ªôŒì¡ ªêŠ«ð´èœ: «ê£öŠ«ð󲂰‹ ÿMüòŠ«ð󲂰ñ£ù ªî£ì˜¹èœ ñŸÁ‹ ï£èŠð†®ù ªð÷ˆî M裬ó
Leiden Copper Plates: Chola-Srivijaya Links and the Nagapattinam Buddhist Vihara
º¬ùõ˜.è.²ð£SE / Dr.K.Subashini
15
2 ªè÷F™òK¡ ܘˆî ꣈FóˆF™ ªõOŠð´‹ î¬ô¬ñˆ¶‹ æ˜
Ý›G¬ô ÝŒ¾
A Critical Analysis on the Leadership Aspects of Kautilya’s Arthashastra M«ù£ˆ ï™Lê£I / Venoth Nallisamy
«ðó£CKò˜ º¬ùõ˜ º.Þó£«ê‰Fó¡ / Professor Dr. M. Rajantheran
º¬ùõ˜ è.C™ô£N / Dr K.Silllalee
31
3 ªî£¬èJô‚Aòˆ¶ º¶ ªð‡®¼‹ «ð⌊ ªð‡®¼‹
Muthupendir and Peyppendir in the Anthologies
º¬ùõ˜ ê.è‡ñE è«íê¡ / Dr.S.Kanmani Ganesan
39
4 Cˆî˜ ð£ì™èO™ ¬êõ Cˆî£‰îˆF¡ ê£ò™
The influence of Saiva Siddhantam in Siddhar poem
«è£M.Cõð£ô¡ / G.Sivapalan
º¬ùõ˜ ².ñEñ£ø¡ / Dr.S.Manimaran
46
5 Þôƒ¬èJ™ G蛉î Þ‰¶êñò ñÁñô˜„CJ™ Þ‰¶êñòŠ ðˆFK¬èèO¡ ðƒ°
The Role of Hindu Religious Print Media in the renaissance of Hinduism in Sri Lanka
º¬ùõ˜.ê. º°‰î¡ / Dr.S. Muhunthan
52
6 «ïó ºè£¬ñˆ¶õ‹: æ˜ Þvô£Iò‚ è‡«í£†ì‹
Time Management: An Islamic Perspective â‹.â‹.ã ÜŠ¶™ô£y / M.M.A Abdullah
âv.â‹.â‹ ñú£U˜ / S.M.M Mazahir
61
7 ‘ªèƒè‹ñ£M¡ ¹¶¬ñŠ ªð‡’ â¡ø CÁè¬îJ™ CˆîK‚°‹
îŸè£ô ð£óF è‡ì ¹¶¬ñŠ ªð‡ : æ˜ ð£˜¬õ
Bharathiyar’s portrayal of a novel woman in contemporary society in the short story of ‘Gengammavin Pudhumai Penn’: A Review
º¬ùõ˜ óM‰Fó¡ ñ£¬óò£ / Dr. Ravindaran Maraya
º¬ùõ˜ «ñ£èùî£v ó£ñê£I / Dr. Mohana Dass Ramasamy
ÜvMQ è‡íŠð¡ / Ashwini Kannappan
77
8 F¼ÍôK¡ F¼ñ‰FóˆF™ î£õóƒèœ Plants Found in Tirumoolar’s Tirumantiram C.²õ£Iï£î¡ / C.Swaminathan
º. ðˆñù£î¡ / M. Padmanaban
ñ£.Ü¡ðó² / M.Anbarasu
84
9 è‹ðó£ñ£òí‹ èŸH‚°‹ îQñQî ÜøªïP
Individual Morality as Prescribed by Kambha Ramayanam º¬ùõ˜ ð. èMî£ / Dr.P.Kavitha
àîMŠ «ðó£CKò˜ ².ªê‰F™°ñ£˜
/ Assistant Professor S.Senthilkumar
93
10 «ðó¬õ‚ è¬îèO™ (2010-2019) è£íŠð´‹ ªð£ÁŠ¹í˜¾ ð‡¹ The Values of Responsibility Found in Peravai Kathaigal (2010-2019) Mwµ A¼wí¡ / Vishnu Krishnan
üºù£ «îõó£x / Jamunah Debarajh
101
11 îI›Šð‡ð£´ 裂°‹ 죘 Þ¬êñó¹: æ˜ ð‡ð£†´ Þ¬êJòô£Œ¾ Folk Music Tradition that Protects Tamil Culture: A Cultural Musicology º¬ùõ˜ (F¼ñF) ²è¡ò£ ÜóM‰î¡ / Dr (Mrs) Suhanya Aravinthon
108
12 ªî£™Lò™ «ï£‚A™ ï£èŠð†®ù ªð÷ˆî‹
An Archaeological Study of Buddhism in Nagapattinam ªê. îI› êƒè˜ / S. Tamil Sankar
119
13 Í¡ø£‹ ݇´ ñ£íõ˜èO¡ ôèó öèó ÷èó ªê£Ÿè¬÷„ êKò£ù à„êKŠ¹ì¡ õ£Cˆî¬ô «ñ‹ð´ˆî QR °Pf†´ îèõ™ ªî£N™¸†ð õN õ£CŠ¹„ CŠð‹
Construction and Evaluation of Reading Module Based on QR Barcode Technology in Improving SJK(T) Year 3 Students’ Pronunciation in Tamil Language
ݘ. ióó†êA / R.Veeraratchagi
132
14 ‘ê˜õ‹ Šó‹ñ£vI’ èM¬îˆ ªî£°ŠH™ è£íŠð´‹ H¡ïiùˆ¶õ‚
«è£†ð£´
Postmodernism Theory in ‘Sarvam Brahmasmi’ Poetry Collection êó‡ ²‚ô£‹ î/ªð ݈ñLƒè‹ / Sharan Suklam S/O Ahtma Lingam
140
15 Cƒ¬èˆ îI› Þô‚Aò õ÷˜„C‚°ˆ îI› ÝCKò˜èO¡ ðƒèOŠ¹-æ˜
ÜPºè‹ (ð°F 1)
The Significant Roles of Tamil Teachers in the Development of Singaporean Tamil Literature – An Introduction (Part 1)
º¬ùõ˜ â‹ âv ÿôzI / Dr M S Shri Lakshmi
148
ªôŒì¡ ªêŠ«ð´èœ: «ê£öŠ«ð󲂰‹
ÿMüòŠ«ð󲂰ñ£ù ªî£ì˜¹èœ ñŸÁ‹
ï£èŠð†®ù ªð÷ˆî M裬ó
Leiden Copper Plates: Chola-Srivijaya Links and the Nagapattinam Buddhist Vihara
Abstract
The University of Leiden in Netherlands, which was founded in the year 1575, has the honour of preserving the Anaimangalam Copper Plates at its special collections section. These copper plates, which are referred to as ‘Large Leiden Plates’ and ‘Small Leiden Plates’, list the ancestry and genealogy of Chola kings as well as their exceptional qualities, conquests, and achievements. This article attempts to explains how these copper plates were brought to be a part of the library collection. The inscriptions found on
the copper plates contain the historical information of a royal charter issued by the great Raja Raja Chola, which is indicative of the links between the Chola and Srivijaya empires in the 11th Century A.D. The empire of Srivijaya was a Malay Buddhist empire that had its base in the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java and stretched to the north covering Peninsular Malaysia up to south Thailand. Srivijaya empire was flourishing between the 7th and 11th century A.D. as a powerful trade centre in the region until the military expeditions of the Chola rulers in the early 12th century A.D.
hampered its progress. The Leiden copper plates, which were released on the 21st year of Rajaraja’s reign, describe the details about the revenues granted by the emperor to the Anaimangalam village and a few smaller villages for the maintenance of the Buddhist monastery named Chudamani Vihara in Nagapattinam.
Key Words:Anaimangalam Copper Plates, Leiden Copper Plates, Rajarajan, Rajendran, Kulothungan, Srivijaya, ChudamaniVihara, Kadaram,
º¬ùõ˜.è.²ð£SE / Dr.K.Subashini1
1 The author is a Lead IT Architect, Hewlett-packard Germany & President of Tamil Heritage Foundation (International Organization for Preserving Tamil Heritage). ksubashini@gmail.com
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Date of submission: 2021-09-21 Date of acceptance: 2021-10-10 Date of Publication: 2021-12-25 Corresponding author’s Name:
Dr.K.Subashini
Email: ksubashini@gmail.com
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« ð ó £ C K ò ˜ Ý ˜ . C . ñ ü ¨ ‹ î £ ˜ õ ö ƒ A » œ ÷ £ ˜ . Þ ¬ õ Þ ó ‡ ´ ‹ ނ膴¬ó‚°ˆ «î¬õŠð´‹ Ü®Šð¬ì îèõ™è¬÷ õöƒ°A¡øù. ÞõŸ«ø£´
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õ ó ô £ Ÿ Á Ý Œ ¾ Ë ™ è À ‹ , Ý Œ ¾ ‚ 膴¬óèÀ‹ Þšõ£ŒMŸ°ˆ ¶¬í Ë™è÷£èŠ ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð†´œ÷ù.
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ï £ è Š ð † ® ù ‹ î I › ï £ † ® ¡
« ê £ ö ñ ‡ ì ô ‚ è ì Ÿ è ¬ ó J ™ º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ ªðÁA¡ø å¼ ¶¬øºè ïèó‹. î£ôIJ¡(Ptolemy) °PŠ¹‚èO™
G è ñ £ (Nikama) â ¡ Á ‹ Y ù ð ò E ä-CƒA¡ (I-tsing) °PŠ¹‚èO™ ï£èõîù£
(Nagavadana) â ¡ Á ‹ Þ ˆ î £ L J ¡ ªõmCL¼‰¶ ðòEˆ¶ õ‰î ðòE ñ £ ˜ ‚ « è £ « ð £ « ô £ M ù £ ™ ð £ - î £ ¡ (Pa-tan) â¡Á‹ óS´®¡ (Rashiduddin)
°PŠ¹‚èO™ ñLçðˆî£¡ (Malifattan) â ¡ Á ‹ , î ‹ ñ ª ê † ® (Dhammaceti) è™ò£E 虪õ†´‚èO™ ï¾îð†ìù£
(Navupattana) ( ª ð £ . Ý . 1 4 7 6 ) â ¡ Á ‹
°PŠHìŠð´A¡øù Šªò (Ramachandran, 2005, p.16). Cô ݃A«ôò è£ôQˆ¶õ è£ô Ë™èÀ‹ Hªó…² ÝõíƒèÀ‹
Negapatam â¡Á‹ °PŠH´A¡øù.
ä«ó£ŠHò õEè˜èœ, 舫î£L‚è
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º¡ù«ó Iè c‡ìè£ôñ£è º‚Aò õ E è ¬ ñ ò ñ £ è ¾ ‹ ª ð ÷ ˆ î
¬ ñ ò ñ £ è ¾ ‹ ï £ è Š ð † ® ù ‹ F蛉F¼‚A¡ø¶. ï£èŠð†®ùˆF½œ÷
ª õ œ O Š ð £ ¬ ÷ ò ˆ F ½ ‹ ï£íò‚è£ó꣬ôJ½‹ G蛈îŠð†ì Üèö£Œ¾èO™ 350‚°‹ °¬øò£î ªêŠ¹ ªð÷ˆî CŸðƒèœ 自촂èŠð†ìù.
ªî¡Q‰Fò£M™ °PŠð£è, îI›ï£†®¡
õóô£ŸP™ ñø‚èŠð†ì ªêŒFè¬÷
e † ª ì ´ ‚ è Þ ‰ î Ü è ö £ Œ ¾ ‚ è ‡ ´ H ® Š ¹ è œ ê £ ¡ Á è ÷ £ A ¡ ø ù (Ramachandran. 2005. p.16). ªð£.Ý. 871 -1025 õ¬óJô£ù è£ôè†ì‹ â¡ð¶ ÿMüòŠ
«ðóóC¡ ¹è› ªîŸè£Cò èO™
àò˜‰¶ ðóMJ¼‰î è£ôè†ìñ£°‹.
ªð£.Ý. 1025-1250-Þ™ «ê£öŠ«ðóóC¡
°î½‚°†ð†´ ÞŠ«ðóó² ¹è›
ñƒAò è£ôñ£°‹.
ªð£.Ý. 2Ý‹ ËŸø£‡´ õ£‚A™
î I ö è ˆ F ™ ª ð ÷ ˆ î º ‹ ê ñ í º ‹ ªêNŠ¹ŸÁ Þ¼‰î è£ôñ£°‹. Üî¡
H¡ù˜ ãŸð†ì ªî¡Q‰Fò ݆C, ÜóCò™ ÅöL¡ ñ£Ÿøˆî£™ ªð÷ˆî êñò„ ²õ´èœ ñ¬øòˆ ªî£ìƒAù.
¬êõº‹ ¬õíº‹ Þ‚è£ô è†ìˆF™
õ ÷ ˜ „ C è ‡ ì ù . Þ ‰ î „ Å ö L ™ ÿMüòŠ «ðóó¬ê ݇´ªè£‡®¼‰î ñ¡ù˜èœ ï£èŠð†®ùˆF™ ªð÷ˆî M裬ó¬ò â¿Šð M¼‹H «ê£öŠ
«ðóóC¡ ÜÂñF¬ò»‹ àîM¬ò»‹
ªðŸøù˜.
ð‡¬ìò Þ‰«î£«ùCò£, ñô£ò£
ð°Fè¬÷ ݆C ªêŒî ÿMüòŠ «ðóóC¡
¬ê«ô‰Fó ñô£Œ ªð÷ˆî ªî£ì˜¹èœ ï £ è Š ð † ® ù ˆ F ™ , Þ ¬ ì Š ð † ì è£ôˆF™ ñ¬ø‰¶ «ð£ù ªð÷ˆî êñò ñÁñô˜„C‚°Š ¹ˆ¶J˜ ªè£´ˆîù.
Þ ‰ î º ò Ÿ C è À ‚ ° Š ð £ ¶ è £ Š ¹ ‹ , Ý î ó ¾ ‹ « ê £ ö ñ ¡ ù ˜ è O ì I ¼ ‰ ¶ î£ó£÷ñ£è‚ A¬ìˆîù â¡ð¬î ªðKò ªôŒì¡ ªêŠ«ð´èÀ‹ CPò ªôŒì¡
ªêŠ«ð´èÀ‹ ꣡Á ðè˜A¡øù.
« ê £ ö ñ ¡ ù ˜ è O ¡ ï ¡ ª è £ ¬ ì à î M » ì ¡ ÿ M ü ò ñ ¡ ù ˜ è œ ªð£.Ý.11Ý‹ ËŸø£‡®™ Þó‡´
ªð÷ˆî M裬óè¬÷ ï£èŠð†®ùˆF™
膮ù˜. ܬõ ó£üó£ü ªð¼‹ðœO ( Ü ™ ô ¶ Å ì £ ñ E õ ˜ ñ M è £ ¬ ó- C u d a m a n i v a r m a - Vi h a r a ) â ¡ Á ‹ ó£«ü‰Fó «ê£ö ªð¼‹ðœO («ê£öŠ ªð¼‹ðœO) â¡Á‹ ÝõíƒèO™
°PŠHìŠð´A¡øù. Åì£ñEõ˜ñ M è £ ¬ ó ÿ M ü ò Š « ð ó ó C ¡ èì£óˆ¬î (Þ¡¬øò ªèì£) ݇ì èì£óˆF¡ (Kataha- Kadaram) ñ¡ù¡
ÿ ñ £ ø M ü ò ¶ ƒ è õ ˜ ñ ù £ ™ Ü õ ù ¶ î Åì£ñEõ˜ñQ¡ G¬ùõ£è â¿ŠðŠð†ì¶. Cô °PŠ¹èœ Åì£ñE M裬ó¬òŠ ¹¶«õL «è£¹ó‹ â¡Á‹, Yù ð«è£ì£ â¡Á‹ ܬö‚A¡øù (Ramachandran, 2005, p.17). Iè c‡ìè£ôñ£è è÷ƒè¬ó M÷‚è‹ «ð£ô ï£èŠð†®ù‹
èìŸè¬ó ð°F èì™ õEè˜èÀ‚°‹, ðòEèÀ‚°‹ 裆CòOˆî Þ‰î ªð÷ˆî M裬ó ªð£.Ý. 1867Ý‹ ݇®™ Hó…² èˆ«î£L‚è ñî«ð£îè˜è÷£™ Þ®ˆ¶
î¬óñ†ìñ£‚èŠð†ì¶ (Ramachandran, 2005, p.19).
¹ ¶ „ « ê K J L ¼ ‰ ¶ ð E c ‚ è ‹ ªêŒòŠð†ì 舫î£L‚è °¼ñ£˜èœ ï£èŠð†®ùˆF™ C¬î‰î Åì£ñE M è £ ¬ ó ‚ ° Ü ¼ « è î ƒ A J ¼ ‰ î ù ˜ . Üõ˜èœ ÜŠð°FJ™ îƒèœ è™M꣘‰î ªêò™ð£´èÀ‚è£è Þ‰î M裬ó¬ò à¬ìˆ¶ î¬óñ†ìñ£‚è ݃A«ôò Ü ó ² ‚ ° M ‡ í Š H ˆ î ù ˜ . Ü î ¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™ 28.8.1867Ý‹ ݇®™
Þ„ ê‹ñî‹ ªîKMˆ¶ ݃A«ôò Üó² åŠ¹î™ ÜOˆî¶. ܂舫î£L‚è
°¼ñ£˜èœ îƒèœ ªê£‰î„ ªêôM«ô«ò Cîôñ¬ì‰F¼‰î Þ‰î ªð÷ˆî M裬ó¬ò à¬ìˆ¶ˆ î¬óñ†ìñ£‚Aù˜. (Rangarajan, 2014)
2°PŠ¹: Ãì£ñE M裬ó, Åì£ñEõ˜ñ M裬ó, Å÷£ñE M裬ó â¡ø ªðò˜èO™ Þ‰î M裬ó ªêŠ«ð´èœ, 虪õ†´‚èœ, Ë™èœ, ÝŒ¾‚°PŠ¹èO™ ðFòŠð†´œ÷ù.
ï£èŠð†®ù‹ Åì£ñE M裬ó ñ £ ø M ü « ò £ ˆ ¶ ƒ è õ ˜ ñ ù £ ™ Ü õ ¡ îJ¡ G¬ùõ£è‚ è†ìŠð†ì¶.
«ê£ö ñ¡ù¡ ºîô£‹ ó£üó£üQ¡ 21‹
݆C ݇®™, Üî£õ¶ ªð£.Ý.1006Þ™
ݬùñƒèô‹ Aó£ñˆF¡ õ¼õ£Œ Þ‰î Åì£ñE M裬ó ðó£ñKŠHŸè£è õöƒèŠðì «õ‡´‹ â¡ø ê†ìˆ¬î ÞòŸÁA¡ø£¡ ñ£ñ¡ù¡ ó£üó£ü¡.
(Ray, 1954, p.179) Þ¶ Üõ¡ ñèù£ù ó£«ü‰Fó «ê£öQ¡ ݬùñƒèô‹
ªðKò ªêŠ«ð†®™ àœ÷ ªêŒFè÷£™
à Á F ª ê Œ ò Š ð ´ A ø ¶ . Ý è « õ , Þ„ªêŠ«ð†®™ àœ÷ îèõL¡ ð®
Åì£ñE M裬ó ªð÷ˆî ªð¼‹ðœO 膴‹ ðE ªð£.Ý. 1006Ý‹ ݇®™
ªî£ìƒèŠð†ì¶ â¡ð¬î ÜPA¡«ø£‹.
ñ£øMü«ò£ˆ¶ƒèõ˜ñ¡ ÞîŸè´ˆî Cô ݇´èO™ Üî£õ¶ ªð£.Ý 1008Ý‹
݇®™ è£ôñ£Aø£¡. Üõ‚°Š H¡ ݆CŠ ªð£ÁŠ«ðŸ°‹ Üõ¡
ñè¡ êƒóñ Müò¶ƒèõ˜ñ¡ (Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman) ÞŠ ªð÷ˆîŠðœO¬ò ܬñ‚°‹ ðE¬ò 1008Ý‹ ݇®™
ªî£ì˜A¡ø£¡. (Ramachandran, 2005, p.21) ñ£ñ¡ù¡ ó£üó£ü «ê£ö¡ è£ôˆF™
ÿ Müò «ðó󲂰‹, «ê£öŠ«ðó󲂰‹
ï™ô ø¾ Þ¼‰î¬ñ¬ò Þ‰î‚ ªè£¬ì ñŸÁ‹ Üî¬ù M÷‚°‹ ªêŠ¹„ê£êù‹
àÁF ªêŒA¡ø¶. Ýù£™ Þ‰î G¬ô ó£«ü‰Fó «ê£ö¡ ݆C‚ è£ôˆF™
ñ£Ÿø‹ ܬìõ¬î‚ 裇A¡«ø£‹.
ºîô£‹ ó£«ü‰Fó «ê£öQ¡ 13‹
Ý † C Ý ‡ ® ™ , Ü î £ õ ¶ ª ð £ . Ý 1025Ý‹ ݇´ 虪õ†´ ó£«ü‰Fó
«ê£ö¡ ÿMüò ñ¡ù‚° âFó£è
«ñŸªè£‡ì èìŸð¬ì °î¬ôŠ ðŸP MõK‚A¡ø¶. Þ‚è£ôè†ì‹
« ê £ ö Š « ð ó ó ² A ö ‚ è £ C ò £ M ¡ I芪ðKò èìŸð¬ìò£è õ÷˜„C è‡ì è£ôè†ìñ£°‹. ióó£«ü‰FóQ¡
݆C è£ôˆF™, Üî£õ¶ ªð£.Ý 1068Þ™
èì£óˆ¬î e‡´‹ «ê£öŠð¬ìèœ î£‚A
¬èŠðŸPù â¡ø ªêŒF»‹ A†´A¡ø¶
(Ramachandran, 2005, p.21). º î ô £ ‹
ióó£«ü‰FóQ¡ ݆C‚ è£ôñ£ù ªð£.Ý 1068Þ™ «ê£ö‚èìŸð¬ìèœ ÿMüòŠ «ðóóC¡ èì£óˆF¡ e¶
e‡´ªñ£¼ °î¬ô‚ ªè£´ˆîù (Raj Chatterjee, 1933, p.26).
Þ ¬ ì J ™ è ì £ ó ˆ F ™ ã Ÿ ð † ì ÜóCò™ G¬ôˆî¡¬ñòŸø «ð£‚Aù£™
èì£óˆF™ «ê£ö ÜóC¡ HóFGFèœ õ½Mö‰¶ Üî¡ M¬÷õ£è ÿMüòŠ
« ð ó ó ² e ‡ ´ ‹ î ¡ Ý À ¬ ñ ¬ ò G¬ôGÁˆî ºòŸCˆF¼‚èô£‹. Þî¬ù âF˜ªè£œ÷ ióó£«ü‰FóQ¡ ð¬ìèœ e‡´‹ èì£óˆ¬îˆ A‚ ¬èŠðŸP îƒèœ 膴Šð£†®Ÿ°œ èì£óˆ¬î‚
ªè£‡´ õ‰F¼‚èô£‹ â¡ø áèˆFŸ°‹
õ£ŒŠ¹œ÷¶.
Üî¡ H¡ù˜ ÿMüò ñ¡ù‚°‚
èì£óˆ¬î ÜOˆ¶Š ð£¶è£ˆî£¡ â¡ø ªêŒF»‹ A¬ì‚A¡ø¶ (Ramachandran, 2005, p.21) . Þî¡ õN e‡´‹ ÿMüòŠ
« ð ó ó ² ‚ ° ‹ « ê £ ö Š « ð ó ó ² ‚ ° ‹ Þ¬ìJô£ù àøM™ e‡´‹  Hø‚è õN ãŸð†ì¬î»‹ 裇A¡«ø£‹.
Þî¡õN «ê£öŠ«ðóóC¡ ÝF‚般î ã Ÿ Á ‚ ª è £ ‡ ´ « ê £ ö Š « ð ó ó C ¡ ÝF‚èˆFŸ°œ õ¼A¡ø Üóê£è c®ˆî G¬ô ÿMüòŠ «ðó󲂰 ãŸð†ì¶
â¡Á‹ ¹K‰¶ ªè£œ÷ô£‹.
ô£Ì «î£õ£ 虪õ†´
«ñŸÃPò ªêŒFèO¡ Ü®Šð¬ìJ™, ø¾ì¡ îò õEè ñŸÁ‹ êñò à ø ¾ è œ î I › ï £ † ® ½ ‹ ÿ M ü ò Š
« ð ó ó C ¡ Ý À ¬ ñ ‚ ° † ð † ì G ô Š ð ° F è ÷ £ ù è ì £ ó ‹ ( ñ ô £ ò £ )
²ñˆó£ (Þ‰«î£«ùCò£) b¾èO½‹
e œ è † ì ¬ ñ ‚ è Š ð † ì ù . Þ î Ÿ ° „ ꣡ø£è Þ‰«î£«ùCò£M¡ ²ñˆó£
bM¡ ô£Ì «î£õ£ (Loboe Toewa / Lobu Tua) ð°FJ™ 自촂èŠð†ì ªð£.Ý 1088Ý‹ ݇´ îI›‚ 虪õ†´ îI›
õEè˜è÷£ù F¬ê ÝJóˆ¶ äËŸÁõ˜
ðŸPò ªêŒFè¬÷‚ °PŠH´A¡ø¶. Iè‚
°PŠð£è ނ虪õ†´ `F¬ê ÝJóˆ¶
äËŸÁõ˜` â¡ø ªðò˜ªè£‡ì îI›
îI›Š «ð󣌾 ÝŒMî› / 19 õEè‚ °¿‚èO¡ ªêò™ð£´è¬÷
MõK‚A¡ø¶. (Endjat Djaenuderadjat, 2013, p.15)
î Ÿ ê ñ ò ‹ Þ ‚ è ™ ª õ † ´ Þ‰«î£«ùCò£M¡ ü裘ˆî£ bM™ àœ÷
Þ‰«î£«ùCò «îCò ܼƒè£†CòèˆF™
ð£¶è£‚èŠð´Aø¶ (Susanto Zuhdi, 1993, p.71). ²ñˆó£ bM¡ õì ð°F ïèóñ£ù ð £ Ï v ï è K « ô « ò î I › ï £ † ® ¡ î I › õ E è ˜ è œ ° ® J Á Š ¬ ð ܬñˆ¶‚ªè£‡´ îƒAJ¼‰¶ õEè‹
ªêŒîù˜ â¡Á‹, Üõ˜èœ Þø‚°ñF ªêŒòŠð´‹ ªð£¼†èÀ‚° ²ƒèõK G˜íJˆîù˜ â¡ð¬î»‹, Üõ˜èœ Þø‚°ñF ªêŒî õEèŠ ªð£¼†è¬÷Š ðŸP»‹ ނ虪õ†´ °PŠH´Aø¶.
(Endjat Djaenuderadjat, 2013, p.100). Ýè, Þ‚è£ôè†ìˆF™ «ê£öŠ «ðó󲂰‹
ñô£ò£M¡ ÿMüòŠ «ðóó¬ê ݇ì ñ ¡ ù ˜ è À ‚ ° ñ £ ù à ø ¾ ï † ¹ ì ¡ Þ¼‰î¬ñ¬ò»‹, õEè ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷„
«ê£ö õEè˜èœ ÞŠð°FèO™ MKõ£è
«ñŸªè£‡ì¬ñ¬ò»‹ ނ虪õ†´
꣡Á ðè˜A¡ø¶.
ªôŒì¡ ð™è¬ô‚èöè Ëôè‹
ª ð K ò ª ô Œ ì ¡ , C P ò ª ô Œ ì ¡ ª ê Š « ð ´ è œ ( Ý ¬ ù ñ ƒ è ô ‹ ª ê Š « ð ´ è œ ) Þ ó ‡ ´ ‹ î Ÿ ê ñ ò ‹ ª ô Œ ì ¡ ð ™ è ¬ ô ‚ è ö è ˆ F ¡ ËôèˆF™ àœ÷ ÜKò Ýõíƒèœ ð ° F J ™ ð £ ¶ è £ ‚ è Š ð ´ A ¡ ø ù . Þ‰îŠ ªðKò ªôŒì¡ ñŸÁ‹ CPò ª ô Œ ì ¡ ª ê Š « ð ´ è À ì ¡ « ñ ½ ‹ Þ ‰ « î £ Q C ò £ M ¡ ü £ õ £ M L ¼ ‰ ¶ 섲‚è£ó˜èœ îƒè÷¶ è£ôQˆ¶õ ݆CJ¡ «ð£¶ «êèKˆ¶‚ ªè£‡´
õ‰î êñvA¼î ªêŠ«ð´èœ Cô¾‹, èOñ‡í£™ ªêŒòŠð†ì 憮¡ «ñ™
WøŠð†ì êñvA¼î ÝõíƒèÀ‹ Þì‹
ªðÁA¡øù.
ª ï î ˜ ô £ ‰ F ™ ð £ ¶ è £ ‚ è Š ð ´ ‹
ªðKò ªôŒì¡ CPò ªôŒì¡ âù ܬö‚èŠð´‹ ªêŠ«ð´èœ Or.1687 ñŸÁ‹ Or.1688 âù ܬìò£÷ â‡E†´
ð†®òLìŠð†´œ÷ù. Þ‰î Þó‡´
Ý ¬ ù ñ ƒ è ô ‹ ª ê Š « ð ´ è ¬ ÷ » ‹ Þ‰Fò£ML¼‰¶ ªïî˜ô£‰¶‚°‚ ªè£‡´
õ‰îõ˜ 犫ô£ªó‡®Îv 裋ªð˜
(Mr.Florentius Camper) â ¡ ð õ ó £ õ £ ˜ . A ö ‚ A ‰ F ò ì „ ² ‚ è ‹ ª ð Q J ¡ ݆C‚°†ð†®¼‰î ð†ì£Mò£ Üó² â¡ð¶ Þ‰«î£QCò£ ñŸÁ‹ ñô£ò£
b¾‚Æìƒèœ ÜìƒAò å¼ ªð¼‹ð°F.
犫ô£ªó‡®Îv 裋ªð˜ 1702L¼‰¶
1713 õ¬óJô£ù è£ôè†ìˆF™ Þ‰îŠ ð†ì£Mò£ ÜóC™ êñòˆ¶¬ø‚è£ù ܬñ„êó£èŠ ªð£ÁŠ«ðŸP¼‰î£˜.
Ü‚è£ôè†ìˆF™ Üõ˜ îI›ï£†®L¼‰¶
«êèKˆî¬õ Þ‰î ݬùñƒèô‹
ªêŠ«ð´èœ. 犫ô£ªó‡®Îv 裋ªð˜ ýñ£‚è˜ (Hamaker) ðó‹ð¬óJ™
F¼ñí‹ ªêŒ¶ ªè£‡ì£˜. ܉î õ¬èJ™ Þ„ªêŠ«ð´èœ «ðó£CKò˜
ªý„.ã ýñ£‚è˜ (H.A.Hamaker) ¬èõê‹
õ‰îù.
Ý ¬ ù ñ ƒ è ô ‹ ª ê Š « ð ´ è œ â ù Ü ¬ ö ‚ è Š ð ´ ‹ Þ ‰ î „ ª ê Š « ð ´ è œ ªôŒ¬ì¡ ð™è¬ô‚èöèˆF¡ ºî™
êñvA¼îŠ «ðó£CKòó£èŠ ðEò£ŸPò
«ðó£CKò˜ ªý„.ã ýñ£‚è˜ (H.A.Hamaker) â¡ðõ˜ õê‹ Þ¼‰îù. Þõ˜ 1835‹
݇´ è£ôñ£ù£˜. Þõó¶ õ£K²èœ Þ ‰ î Ý ¬ ù ñ ƒ è ô ‹ ª ê Š « ð ´ è ¬ ÷ 1862‹ ݇´ ªôŒì¡ ð™è¬ô‚èöè ËôèˆFŸ° 裬ìò£è õöƒAù˜.
Or. 1687 âù ܬìò£÷Šð´ˆîŠð†´œ÷
ª ð K ò ª ô Œ ì ¡ ª ê Š « ð ´ è œ , 2 1 ª ê Š ¹ Š ð † ì ò ƒ è ¬ ÷ à œ ÷ ì ‚ A ò ªî£°F. ÞõŸÁœ 16 ªêŠ¹Šð†ìòƒèœ îIN½‹ ã¬ùò 5 êñvA¼îˆF½‹
â ¿ î Š ð † ´ œ ÷ ù . å š ª õ £ ¼ îQ„ªêŠ«ð´‹ ªêŠ¹ õ¬÷òˆî£™
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