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Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor (CSPF) Application in Indonesia for Residential Air Conditioning (AC) Unit

To cite this article: Achmad Rofi Irsyad et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 927 012008

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

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This content was downloaded from IP address 139.59.245.186 on 28/07/2022 at 20:46

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Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor (CSPF) Application in Indonesia for Residential Air Conditioning (AC) Unit

Achmad Rofi Irsyad*, Ari Darmawan Pasek, and Evan Philander

Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

*achmad.rofi@itb.ac.id

Abstract. As an archipelago country located around the equator line, Indonesia has a broad ambient temperature range of varying atmospheric conditions. This issue should be concerned with applying ISO 16358-1 to calculate Seasonal Energy Efficient Ratio (SEER) on cooling, or so-called the Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor (CSPF). The ISO 16358-1 recommend a set of bin temperature which can be used as the basis for calculating the CSPF. The research objectives are to compare the local ambient temperature of four cities in Indonesia (Jakarta, Bandung, Pontianak, and Palembang) with the ISO bin temperature. The normal distribution graph of temperature for every four cities in Indonesia shows a remarkable difference from the ISO bin temperature. Jakarta's most occurring temperature range is 25 – 30 ◦C, Bandung is 21 – 23 ◦C, Pontianak is 24 – 26 ◦C, and Palembang is 24 – 26 ◦C, annually. Those numbers were compared to the ISO, which has the most occurring temperature range around 24 - 28 ◦C. The result on CSPF calculation of AC unit sample in the range of 4,000 – 17,000 Btu/hr (both non- inverter and inverter) using Indonesia local bin temperature compared with the ISO bin temperature has an average range of 5.10%. It was concluded that Indonesia's local ambient temperature affects the CSPF value, especially on the AC inverter unit. On the other hand, the relatively small difference value of CSPF has an advantage in applying the ISO bin temperature for future Indonesia's energy conservation policy. It could lead to harmonizing with other South-East Asian (ASEAN) countries specifically, and another country also applying the ISO 16358-1, in general.

Keywords: Indonesia bin temperature, ISO 16358-1, Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor (CSPF)

1. Background

As an archipelago and tropical country, Indonesia has varying ambient conditions, especially the ambient temperature. It will affect the air conditioner (AC) operational. By quick investigation, an AC performance would differ from the most northern city to the most southern city, an urban city compared to the city placed on the coastline, and so on. The higher occurring temperature in the hotter area will imply the higher energy required for AC to perform, vice versa. The Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) which quantify the AC performance could not represent the varying geographical characteristic in Indonesia. Moreover, the AC with inverter compressor technology following the cooling load could

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Unfortunately, Indonesia's policy for marking the varying performance level of AC in Indonesia regulated in Ministry of Energy and Mineral Sources Decree No. 57/2017 [2] is still using EER and Weighted-EER (WEER) for inverter AC. WEER itself is defined as the summation of 40% EER on full capacity with 60% EER on half capacity [1]. WEER could not represent the character of varying AC performance in the varying ambient temperature. Therefore, there should be an adaptation to the more recent AC performance standard, representing the varying ambient temperature. It is stated in the ISO 16358:1 Air-cooled air conditioners and air-to-air heat pumps -Testing and Calculating Methods for Seasonal Performance Factors (CSPF) in 2013 [3].

ISO 16358:1 already gives the occurring temperature annually by its ISO bin temperature. The research compares the ISO bin temperature with Indonesia's local bin temperature represented by several cities. The bin temperature of Indonesia cities itself is not available in Indonesia's Meteorological Agency (BMKG); therefore, effort should be made to obtain the bin temperature of the cities sampled. By discovering the CSPF different value between ISO and Indonesia cities, the other strategy will be apparent, whether Indonesia could apply the ISO bin temperature or not. If the difference of CSPF value is significant, the government take account of varying temperature distribution across Indonesia to quantify the AC performance represented by CSPF.

2. Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor (CSPF) 2.1. CSPF Calculation Procedure

The calculation method of CSPF was explained comprehensively in ISO 16358-1. In the following explanation, the calculation method will be summarized in more straightforward steps. The limitation of the calculation is as follows.

 The calculation of AC performance is intended for non-inverter (fixed-type) and inverter (variable-capacity) units.

 For the variable-capacity unit, CSPF calculation is considered by two critical data: full and half load. Those two points were recommended at ISO 5151 for inverter AC testing.

The AC's operation condition is defined in Table 1.

Table 1.Definition of cooling load

Parameters 0 (Load zero) 100 (Load 100%) Cooling load (W or Btu) 0 ����(�100)

Temperature (◦C or ◦F) �0100

The CSPF is defined by a variable of����, with the equation (1). The cooling seasonal total load and energy consumption is defined by����and����, respectively.

���=����

��� (1)

The fixed-type and variable capacity unit has a different definition of the���� and���� due to the different characteristics of the compressor.

2.2. Fixed-type unit

���in equation (1) can be obtained by solve equation (2) as follow.

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��� =

�=1

× �+

�=�+1

��� × � (2)

are the outdoor temperature for each temperature bin.�are the bin hours. � in equation (2) are the cooling load for each temperature bin which is defined as:

= ����(�100) × �− �0

100− �0 (3)

��� in equation (2) are the cooling capacity characteristics against the outdoor temperature, defined as:

��� = ���� 35 +��� 29 − ����(35)

35 − 29 × (35 − �) (4)

Equation (2) should be satisfied by the following condition:

a) In the range of� ≤ ���� (j = 1 to �):� shall be calculated by equation (3).

b) In the range of� > ���� (j = � + 1 to �):���� shall be calculated by equation (4).

To define the���in equation (1), equation (5) should be calculated as follow.

���=

�=1

� � × ���� × �

��(�) (5)

� � in equation (5) are the operation factor, where:

� � =�

� � (6)

In the case of� > � � , � � = 1.

��� in equation (5) are the power input characteristics against outdoor temperature, defined as:

��� = ���� 35 +���� 29 − ����(35)

35 − 29 × (35 − �) (7)

��(�)in the equation (5) are the part-load factor, defined as:

�� = 1 − � 1 − � � (8)

Where�is the degradation coefficient, the value could be stated as a default value of 0.25. Equation (8) should satisfy the following condition.

 Cyclic operation of � ≤ ���� :

In equation (5),� � shall be calculated by equation (6).

In equation (6),� � = ���� .

 Full capacity operation � > ���� : In equation (5),� � = ��� = 1. 2.3. Variable-capacity-unit

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���=

�=1

� � × �ℎ�� × �

�� +

�=�+1

ℎ�� × �+

�=�+1

���(�) × � (9) The ����(�) is calculated by equation (7). �ℎ��(�) is the cooling half-power input at outdoor temperature�, calculated as follow.

ℎ�� = �ℎ�� 35 +�ℎ�� 29 − �ℎ�� 35

35 − 29 × 35 − � (10)

ℎ�� defined as cooling half capacity at outdoor temperature�, calculated as follow.

ℎ�� = �ℎ�� 35 +�ℎ�� 29 − �ℎ��(35)

35 − 29 × (35 − �) (11)

The condition for equation (9) should satisfy:

a) Cyclic operation � ≤ �ℎ�� , � = 1 to � :

The calculation shall be made in this range, assuming that the air conditioner cyclically operates with the half operating capacity.

In equation (9),� � shall be calculated by equation (6).

In equation (6),� � = �ℎ�� .

b) Variable-capacity operation between half and full capacity (�ℎ�� < �

��� , � = � + 1 to �): This calculation shall be made by using equation (12) to (15) as follow.

��,ℎ�� =�ℎ��

ℎ�� (12)

��,��� =����

��� (13)

��,ℎ�� = ���,ℎ�� +���,��� − ���,ℎ��

− � × �− � (14)

ℎ� = �

��,ℎ�� (15)

and�are the outdoor temperature when the cooling load is equal to cooling half and full capacity, respectively.�and�defined in the following equation.

=6����1000+ 6�ℎ�� 35 �100− �0 + 35(�ℎ�� 29 − �ℎ�� 35 )(�100− �0)

6����100 + (�ℎ�� 29 − �ℎ�� 35 )(�100− �0) (16)

��,ℎ�� = ���,ℎ�� +���,��� − ���,ℎ��

− � × �− � (17)

3. Temperature Bin Distribution

ISO, shown in Table 2, have standardized temperature bin distribution. Equation (2) to (13) utilize the

and�value. The�Value is limited from 21◦Cto 35◦C, as standardized in the ISO 16358:1 [3]. This

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value is acceptable for Indonesia; however, the hotter area (such as Middle East, Africa, and Australia) should be considered more to obtain the higher accuracy of CSPF value.

In this paper, the city of Indonesia is represented by Palembang, Pontianak, Bandung, and Jakarta.

Palembang represents the big city on Sumatra Island. Pontianak represents one of the hottest areas in Indonesia due to its location on the equator line and represents Kalimantan Island. Bandung represents a relatively cool area in Indonesia. Jakarta represents the most used AC in Indonesia, with a percentage of 30.83% [4].

The hourly temperature data of each four cities in the last ten years is obtained from Indonesia's Meteorological, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency for data of 2018, and the missing data is taken by direct measurement [5]. The data was processed using a spreadsheet to determine bin temperature by dividing the occurring hours by the total hours in a year, shown in Table 2.

Table 2.ISO vs Indonesia Local Fraction Bin Temperature Distribution

Bin number, j 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Outdoor temp,

tj(C) 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

ISO fraction

bin 0.055 0.076 0.091 0.108 0.116 0.118 0.116 0.100 0.083 0.066 0.041 0.019 0.006 0.003 0.002

Palembang

fraction bin 0.001 0.006 0.047 0.141 0.179 0.142 0.097 0.073 0.068 0.069 0.070 0.061 0.035 0.010 0.001 Pontianak

fraction bin 0.003 0.004 0.072 0.217 0.190 0.113 0.081 0.062 0.058 0.061 0.063 0.049 0.021 0.005 0 Bandung

fraction bin 0.273 0.161 0.125 0.090 0.075 0.068 0.066 0.063 0.047 0.024 0.007 0.001 0 0 0

Jakarta

fraction bin 0 0 0.001 0.020 0.111 0.124 0.157 0.131 0.106 0.111 0.089 0.092 0.044 0.012 0.003

Figure 1 shows the plotted data of Table 2. The normal distribution of bin temperature shown in the ISO has a relatively normal distribution. The average temperature in the 25 – 27 ◦C. Jakarta, Palembang, and Pontianak follow the typical distribution graph. However, temperature lower than 24

◦C is not observed in those three cities. The peak of Palembang and Pontianak is around 24 ◦C, despite its position closer to the equator line.

On the other hand, Jakarta has a higher peak, and the skewness is slightly on the right side, counted as the hotter area between other cities. Bandung has relatively colder than other cities, with the most occurring temperature is on 21 ◦C. By brief investigation, Bandung will have less energy required for thermal comfort by using AC. By comparing the four cities of Indonesia to the ISO, it is expected there will be a difference that affects the accuracy of ISO to represent the cities of Indonesia.

4. Data Sample of Indonesia's Residential AC

Gabungan Elektronika employs a survey to know the market share of residential AC based on the cooling load. From the survey in 2017, the total number of AC units in Indonesia is reaching 1.5 million. The cooling load's diversification comprises 9% inverter AC, and the other is non-inverter [6].

From this data, the number of inverter units is still low. It is expected to affect the energy consumption, which could be higher due to the inefficiency of the AC employed in Indonesia. The residential AC capacity distribution ranges from 5000 BTU to 12000 BTU, with 49.75% for 5000 BTU, 7.52 % for 7000 BTU, 31.15% for 9000 BTU, and 11.59% for 12000 BTU [6]. The data from Gabungan Elektronika is classified and presented in a focused group discussion between society, government, and academia.

From the data above, Indonesia's residential AC market share is dominated by 5000 BTU. It described the demand for the AC as primarily coming from the smaller household, which does not require much cooling. By the rule of thumb, the lower AC capacity leads to lower EER and CSPF.

Moreover, by calculating the AC performance by CSPF, it is expected to have a lower CSPF value for the non-inverter unit due to its inefficient operation mode.

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the samples is from its inverter/non-inverter and ranged cooling capacity from 5000 BTU to 12000 BTU. Then, the samples data were calculated using the equation described from equation (1) to (15) with five different temperature bin distributions. Due to the limitation of testing data in 29 ◦C, the calculation using multiplying factor from testing data in 35 ◦C is also regulated in the ISO 16358:1 [3].

The complete calculation result is shown in Table 3.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

Figure 1. Distribution curve of temperature distribution form (a) ISO standard, (b) Palembang, (c) Pontianak, (d) Bandung, and (e) Jakarta

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(a) (b)

Figure 2. Cooling Capacity towards (a) Energy Efficiency Ratio and (b) Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor

Table 3.Calculation of CSPF on 35 samples and its error relative to ISO

5. Result and Discussion

5.1. Conversion from EER to CSPF

Figure 3 show the result of CSPF (W/W) and EER (BTU/hr.W), which are plotted in scattered charts towards the cooling capacity (BTU/hr). The performance value of the identic inverter AC was uplifted by the CSPF calculation method. This condition is due to the load-following characteristic of the inverter AC which can vary according to the ambient temperature. With lower ambient temperature, the AC inverter will not perform in the total capacity, which leads to lower energy consumption. With

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calculation compared to the EER method. It shows that the red dot triangle in Figure 3 moved to the upper side of the chart.

On the contrary, the non-inverter AC not changed much from the EER compared to CSPF. The slight difference was only due to the different scales in the vertical axis, but the delta of each non- inverter AC did not change. The overall CPSF value of the non-inverter is on the lower side of the vertical axis, which is described as having a lower performance value than the inverter AC. Using the inverter AC leads to a decrease in electricity consumption, which further will decrease the greenhouse gas production from the power generation plant.

5.2. CSPF Deviation from Local Bin Temperature Compared to ISO

Table 3 shows the calculation result of the CSPF value of each thirty-five AC sample. The CSPF is calculated based on ISO and local city bin temperature. Then, each value of CSPF from local cities is compared to the ISO result. The difference of CSPF ISO is not very significant, with an average of 1.1% for Palembang, 0.4% for Pontianak, 1.5% for Bandung, and 1.8% for Jakarta. The result opposes the first hypothesis due to the visible difference in the bin temperature distribution. The notable difference is mostly from inverter AC and the Jakarta bin temperature. This is expected because the inverter AC has more load-following sensitivity to the ambient temperature, and the Jakarta bin- temeprature is hotter than the ISO bin temperature. The second-highest difference was Bandung because the skewness is very different. Pontianak and Palembang have a minor deviation average.

The calculation of CSPF for each local area must not use the local ambient temperature. If the more accurate CSPF value is expected, the local ambient temperature should not be overlooked.

Therefore, the ISO bin temperature could be applied to calculate the overall CSPF value across Indonesia because the deviation has been proven to have no significant difference.

6. Conclusion

From the calculation result, the CSPF value is proven will gives advantages to the inverter AC.

Another notable result is a comparison of Indonesia local and ISO bin temperature, the deviation of the CSPF result is not sensitive. It can be concluded that ISO bin temperature could represent the overall Indonesia condition with varying ambient temperatures. ISO 16358:1 could be the basis for applying the more appropriate AC performance labelling in Indonesia. It leads to harmonization with the ASEAN, which has already use the CSPF [8]. However, the local bin temperature distribution could be considered for the more accurate result of CSPF, especially for the inverter AC.

References

[1] ISO 5151, 2017, Non-ducted air conditioners and heat pumps – Testing and Rating Performance.

[2] Minister ESDM-RI decree No. 57/2017, Penerapan Standar Kinerja Energi Minimum dan Pencantuman Label Tanda Hemat Energi untuk Peranti Pengkondisi Udara, Jakarta, Indonesia.

[3] ISO 16358-1, 2013, Air-cooled air conditioners and air-to-air heat pumps — Testing and calculating methods for seasonal performance factors — Cooling seasonal performance factor.

[4] Indonesia Statistic Agency (Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS), 2019, Percentage of household having air conditioner based on the province, Jakarta, Indonesia.

[5] Indonesia Statistic Agency (Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS), 2019, Indonesia local temperature distribution.

[6] Gabungan Elektronika, 2017, Presentation material on AC market share in Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

[7] Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia (Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, ESDM, Republik Indonesia), 2017, Presentation material on AC market share in Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

[8] SWITCH ASIA, 2016, Harmonization of Energy Performance Standards for Air Conditioners –

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