International Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR) eISSN: 2710-6276 | Vol. 3 No. 4 [December 2021]
Journal website: http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijssr
THE PERCEPTIONS OF YOUNG ADULTS TOWARDS INSPIRATIONAL ACCOUNTS ON INSTAGRAM
Muhammad Azril Izuan Ramlan1*, Nurliyana Kamilah Khairul Anuar2 and Farah Hazween Amanah3
1 2 3 Faculty of Communication and Media Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan
Kampus Rembau, Rembau, MALAYSIA
*Corresponding author: azrilizuan@uitm.edu.my
Article Information:
Article history:
Received date : 29 October 2021 Revised date : 17 November 2021 Accepted date : 4 December 2021 Published date : 11 December 2021
To cite this document:
Ramlan, M.A.I., Anuar, N.K.K., &
Amanah, F.H. (2021).THE
PERCEPTIONS OF YOUNG ADULTS TOWARDS INSPIRATIONAL ACCOUNTS ON INSTAGRAM.
International Journal of Social Science Research, 3(4), 136-147.
Abstract: Social media can be seen as a source of information and one may obtain almost any kind of knowledge at fingertip. Many users consume information from various social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram and they do it for various reasons;
entertainment, leisure and even self-help. This study aims to explore the perceptions of young adults towards inspirational Instagram accounts in relation to self- motivation. By using quantitative approach, 312 respondents from the Faculty of Communication and Media Studies, UiTM Kampus Rembau have answered a survey designed for the study. It is found that inspirational Instagram accounts provide positive perceptions among the respondents. The results show that due to its convenience, the respondents perceived such Instagram accounts contribute to their self-motivation and act as a source of inspiration to get them through hard times. It is also evident that the respondents can relate to the contents and felt understood as they are able to reflect on themselves. The analyzed data are tabulated in tables and figures, and significant findings are discussed to draw conclusions.
Keywords: Instagram, self-motivation, social media, inspirational contents.
1. Introduction
Although it was coined in 1964, Marshall McLuhan envisioned it right with the term “Global Village”. This famous term in social science field emphasizes on the idea of how people around the world are interconnected, to which McLuhan imagined it as a village, thanks to technology especially new media nowadays. Along with this, Gutiérrez, et. al (2016) stated that traditional boundaries and borders between people and nation are lift up through greater ways of communication.
By that, the world’s culture and communication can be viewed as shrinking and expanding at the same time. The birth of social media such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, TikTok and many more tell it all. Registered users in each platform is tremendous. It works as a source of information and serves as various reasons such as entertainment, leisure and even self-help just at one’s fingertip.
From this social media environment, people’s lives are viewed as profiles via their accounts, depends on each centre of interest to be displayed on board. It could be in terms of their lifestyle, career, social activities, artistic elements, thoughts presentation, fan base; just name it or it could be all in one.
The direct or indirectly impact from these people’s influence is something interesting to look at. Most of the time, it will link social media more towards negativity than positivity. It has been quite a concern over the years as social media conquer major hours in one’s daily routine. Therefore, scholars have been emphasizing and connecting issues related to mental health as a roof of term. In Jiang &
Ngien (2020) for example, they studied the effects of Instagram use on respondents’ social anxiety with social comparison and self-esteem as the mediating roles while Hampton et. al (2015) explores on the connection between social media, mobile phones and the internet with levels of stress.
As for this study, the highlight will be on Instagram alone as the subject focuses on young adults.
According to Huang & Su (2018), Instagram has become one of major social media platforms as visualized communication is the most favoured way of communication for this group. Apart from the study on negative effects, this paper wants to wave the direction to positive possibilities. It is keen to observe young adults’ perceptions towards inspirational Instagram accounts specifically in relation to motivation. It is believed that quantitative approach is the best way to observe and navigate their perceptions thoroughly.
2. Literature Review Social Media and Its Usage
A recent research data found that more than 60% of mobile phone users generally visit social networking sites when using their phones. In Eastern Asia for instance, more than 7.3 million people whom resided in Hong Kong with 84.9% of those aged 10 and above stated that they are regular internet consumers of their phones (Chan & Ngai, 2019). The pattern in Eastern Asia is similar to the Malaysian population in which in January 2021, an increase of 24% of active social media users were found compared to the year 2016 which constituted approximately 86% of the total population in Malaysia. Among the famous social media platforms in Malaysia during 2020 were Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn; with Facebook as the prominent one (Müller, 2021).
Since the upsurge of social media utilization in the last decade, society has been seeking on social media platforms as an additional information source to traditional media. Individuals were found to frequently use social media to seek and acquire social support as well (Hruska & Maresova, 2020).
Apart from checking emails and reading online news, society visits social networking profiles daily (Habes et. al, 2018). Ali et. al (2021) added that social media were used for joining various online activities or to check what the online profile has, or what other people share. This proves that social media has definitely unlocked new dimensions to interact, collaborate, and gain knowledge.
Additionally, gender differences occur in social media usage among young people. Based on a recent study, men utilize social media mostly for entertainment, while women focus more on communication and information-seeking purposes. There is a clear distinct between both genders on their social media utilization. Establishing new contacts is purely attributed to men and utilizing it for academical and informational aspirations is connected to women (Ali et. al, 2021).
On top of that, Hruska & Maresova (2020) indicated that as education and household income increase, social media use also increases. This could either be due to the extra time that people with higher household income have by spending it on social media or they are using social media platforms for their works. Social media presence intensifies as education grows. This is due to educated people whom desire more information and would make attempt to search it on social media.
Research also displays that social workers gradually utilize social media in their practice (Chan &
Holosko, 2018). It is not unusual for social work practices to utilize social media in publicizing their efforts or for public relations activities such as fundraising to be conducted through these platforms (Young, 2017). The fame of social media will most probably continue to broaden, and in the forthcoming years more people will be utilizing social media several times daily for more various purposes as users will be more accustomed to them (Hruska & Maresova, 2020).
Inspiration and Social Support through Social Media
Social media platforms are generally being used for crafting, sharing, and consuming messages with eudaimonic potential. Eudaimonic refers to the type of happiness or contentment that is acquired through self-actualization or by having meaningful purpose in one's life. Therefore, social media may be able to act as a source of virtual daily doses of inspiration (Rieger & Klimmt, 2019). Müller (2021) amplified this statement with a recent study on Malaysian citizens in which majority of them felt that social media regardless of the platforms, influenced the state of their happiness and to leave social media behind is tough for them. Hirschmann (2021) echoed based on a survey on the state of happiness in Malaysia conducted by Ipsos, 48% of Malaysians disclosed that the time spent on social media platforms could provide them some happiness. This survey was also supported by a global finding where 42% agreed that social media is a source of happiness for them as well.
Other scholars highlighted several advantages of social media use such as developing social support, reducing loneliness, and enabling greater self-disclosure (Pittman, 2018). Numerous studies suggested that the levels of social support are associated to emotional proximity in social affairs, and the intensity of social media use is correlated to the degree of intimacy in relationships (Hruska &
Maresova, 2020).
Contrarily, the more frequent an individual uses social media, the more likely it is to bring towards gratifications such as social interaction, leisure or entertainment. Happy individuals who use social media are even more potentially to view it as intimate, or relatively more useful in fostering self- disclosure and self-presentation to others. Thus, happiness predicts higher perceived intimacy of social media and that perception is what yields happiness (Pittman, 2018). Social media platforms provide accessible medium for connecting with people, thus for lonely individuals to not take that potential intimacy is a missed opportunity to obtain self-motivation and emotional support that humans eminently need.
In regards to self-motivation, a number of scholars found that social media platforms are indeed very much helpful in boosting self-motivations. Based on a study conducted by Nurliyana Kamilah Khairul Anuar et al. (2021), postings on inspirational Instagram accounts had inspired social media users to be motivated in navigating certain aspects of life particularly personal life and relationship matters. This was supported by Farah Hazween Amanah et al. (2021) in which Instagram users especially young adults agreed that inspirational contents on Instagram as the ultimate factor in boosting their self-motivations. The result in that study showed that inspirational contents on Instagram had indeed lifted them up to the point of feeling a sense of calmness and relief after reading or viewing the inspirational contents on Instagram.
According to Rieger & Klimmt (2019), while social media users tend to relate the label inspiration to motivation and success topics, the label meaningful was rather associated to aesthetic and philosophical topics. Among the themes that were defined as inspirational were also being tagged in posts on Instagram in which the hashtags related to motivation such as #motivational, #motivation, for example, might be connected to themes of encouragement and hope (Dale et al., 2017).
Inspirational themes consist of the appreciation of beauty and excellence, through hashtags such as
#beauty, #art, #nature, and #poetry.
Moments of meaningfulness, motivational and inspirational seem to be the elements of social gratifications that users frequently acquired through social media. Thus, social media platforms are implied to have effects on social media users’ eudaimonic well-being (Rieger & Klimmt, 2019). As for the avid social media users, study signifies that individuals with a high level of openness and extraversion tend to be more active online. This finding is in line with the notion that Generation Y turns to social media platforms to experience a sense of belonging to their own selected society and to virtually mingle with other like-minded individuals (Hruska & Maresova, 2020) that could inspire and help them gain social support that they need.
2.1 Problem Statement
As social media is gaining users from time to time, the study about the area is also expanding. There are many past research that were conducted to understand multiple spectrums about social media such as effects, elements and more.
Social media are now a common platform use by different parties including individual, groups, businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), corporates and even governments all across the globe. According to Ramlan (2017), the use of social media at corporate level mainly caters to build, expand and sustain the branding and reputation. This is also evident at some personal level such as politicians and governments.
However, despite many studies on the use of social media by corporate sector have been conducted, a huge number of users are actually at individual level. Which mean, the area for study on social media is yet fully covered. As social media covers many platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, users have different reasons and factors for using them such as for educational, personal, entrepreneurial and even as to gain some motivations (Bolton et. al, 2013).
As the researchers gone through previous literature, it is found that not many researches were conducted to study Instagram and its relation to perception among young adults. Therefore, this study attempts to study the perception of young adults specifically towards inspirational Instagram accounts that relates to their motivation.
3. Method
This study applied quantitative method by using questionnaires. The questionnaires consist of two parts; A and B were distributed to the members of Faculty of Communication and Media Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Rembau. The total population at the Faculty is 1530 including staffs and students
The questionnaires were distributed online via Google Form as face-to-face distribution could not be performed due to the movement control order by the Malaysian government. Upon completion, the gathered data then analysed using SPSS and results were tabulated in table form.
3.1 Materials
A set of questionnaires was designed by the researchers which consist of two parts; (A) demographic information and (B) that seek response of the respondents on their perceptions towards inspirational Instagram accounts.
Part A consists of multiple choices questions that covers basic demographic information which require respondents to select answers from given answers. As for Part B, respondents are required to select their answer based on Likert scale of four points to assess the level of agreement or disagreement on the statements.
The questionnaires were distributed online using Google Form as an alternative to face-to-face distribution due to the unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic globally.
3.1.1 Samples
The questionnaires were distributed to members of the Faculty of Communication and Media Studies at Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Rembau. The respondents included academic staff, technical staff and students of the Faculty.
The total population of the member of the Faculty is 1531, and a total of 312 of them took part in the survey which slightly exceed the 308 as per initial projected sample size. The calculation for the sample size is guided and determined by Kreicjie & Morgan formula on sample size. Refer 3.1.3 for detailed calculation.
3.1.2 Site
As the COVID-19 pandemic strikes and the announcement of Movement Control Orders (MCOs) by the Malaysian Government, the researchers had utilized online platform; Google Form as a way to distribute the questionnaires. The respondents were members of the Faculty of Communication and Media Studies at the Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Rembau. A number of 312 respondents among students and staffs of the Faculty answered the questionnaires.
The site is chosen as it is convenient for the researchers to distribute the questionnaires and Faculty members are familiar with media and social media. Thus, made it a good fit as site for the study.
3.1.3 Procedures
The questionnaires were designed to know the perceptions of young adults towards inspirational Instagram accounts among the population. Therefore, the questions asked include demographic information of the respondents and about the way they perceive inspirational accounts on Instagram.
In order to know the perceptions, the researchers used Likert scale questions as to give respondents freedom to choose their level of preference to the statement linked to perceptions. There are eight questions in total that seek to study the perceptions of the respondents towards inspirational Instagram accounts.
To ensure the questions are valid and consistent, the researchers perform Cronbach’s Alpha to the set of questions. Refer 3.3.1 for further details.
As for the sample size, a total of 312 respondents have answered the questionnaires. For the record, the total of number of the target population is 1530 including staff and students. Therefore, in order to get the sample size (n), it is calculated according to the formula by Kreijcie & Morgan:
n = [z2 * p * (1 - p) / e2] / [1 + (z2 * p * (1 - p) / (e2 * N))]
z = 1.96 for a confidence level (α) of 95%
p = proportion (expressed as a decimal) N = population size
e = margin of error
z = 1.96, p = 0.5, N = 1530, e = 0.05
n = [1.962 * 0.5 * (1 - 0.5) / 0.052] / [1 + (1.962 * 0.5 * (1 - 0.5) / (0.052 * 1530))]
n = 384.16 / 1.2511 = 307.061 n ≈ 308
The sample size (with finite population correction) is equal to 308. However, as mentioned, the researchers manage to get slightly more respondents to answer the questionnaires with 312 respondents.
3.2 Measurement
The questions in Part A of the questionnaires are about demographic information such as age and gender. Thus, multiple-choices questions were used to gather the data. As for Part B, there are eight questions revolving the perceptions of the respondents towards inspirational Instagram accounts. All eight questions were four points Likert scale with (1) strongly disagree, (2) disagree, (3) agree and (4) strongly agree as options for respondents to choose that reflective of their preference to the statements given.
3.3 Data Analysis
The questionnaires were distributed using Google Form to the sample population and the gathered data were analysed using SPSS. The analysed data were analysed using descriptive analysis to produce percentages to form the findings and draw conclusions.
3.3.1 Validity and Reliability
A pilot test is a small-scale or preliminary study that is used to investigate whether a research instrument is feasible and reliable or otherwise (Cadete, 2017). In this study, a pilot test was conducted by distributing the instrument to 31 the target population.
The data collected from the pilot test has been analysed using SPSS (Version 26) to get the Cronbach’s Alpha value. Cronbach’s Alpha is commonly used to measure internal consistency especially in a Likert scale questions. It reflects as measurement of reliability scale on how closely related a set of items used or asked as a group (Taber, 2018).
The Cronbach’s Alpha value for the instrument used to answer the research objective is as follows:
Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.776 8
Table 1: Cronbach’s Alpha Value
4. Results and Discussion
Upon analysing the data, it was found that from 312 respondents, majority of them are female with 69.2% and the remaining 30.8% are male. As the study aimed the young adults as the age group, it can be seen that majority of the respondents come from younger group of the age between 18 – 20 years old with 40.4%, followed by 21-22 years old (20.5%), 23-25 years old (19.9%), 26-28 years old (13.5%) and the least was 29-30 years old (5.8%). This is due to the majority of the members of the Faculty of Communication and Media Studies at Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Negeri Sembilan Kampus Rembau are students and majority of them are female. Likert scale questions were asked in Part B of the questionnaires and the findings were analysed and tabulated in the table below:
Item Statement Strongly
Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
B1
I think that inspirational accounts on Instagram can help to boost my motivation from time to time.
2 (0.6%)
4 (1.9%)
126 (40.4%)
178 (57.1%)
B2
I can relate to the contents by the
inspirational accounts on Instagram. 0
(0%) 12 (3.8%) 138 (44.2%)
162 (51.9%)
B3
I feel like someone understands me when I
read the content. 2
(0.6%) 34 (10.9%) 112 (35.9%)
164 (52.6%)
B4
I feel that inspirational accounts on Instagram is good to keep me through hard times in life.
4 (1.3%)
28 (9.0%)
120 (38.5%)
160 (51.2%)
B5
I feel that inspirational accounts on Instagram is one of the easiest sources of motivation available.
0 (0%)
12 (3.8%)
120 (38.5%)
180 (57.7%)
B6
When I view contents by inspirational accounts on Instagram, I tend to reflect on my life.
0 (0%)
24 (7.7%)
104 (33.3%)
184 (59.0%)
B7 I think that inspirational accounts on Instagram are overrated.
72 (23.1%)
132 (42.3%)
64 (20.5%)
44 (14.1%)
B8
I do not feel inspired after viewing contents
in inspirational accounts on Instagram. 126 (40.4%)
110
(35.3%) 48 (15.4%) 28 (9.0%) Table 2: Perceptions of Young Adults Towards Inspirational Instagram Accounts
As seen in Table 2, item B1 asked about if inspirational Instagram accounts can help to boost the motivation of the respondents from time to time. It is found that majority of the respondents responded positively with 57.1% and 40.4% answered strongly agree and agree respectively. This is evident that inspirational Instagram accounts do have positive impact towards motivation. It can be said that such positive feedbacks may be because of the contents in such accounts are relatable to the respondents.
As seen in the table, 51.9% and 44.2% of the respondents strongly agree and agree to the statement in B2 which sought if they can relate to the contents.
This finding is further supported by the results in B3 as 52.6% (strongly agree) and 35.9% (agree) of the respondents felt like they are understood upon consuming contents on inspirational Instagram accounts. All these three items can be seen that majority of the respondents do perceived such Instagram accounts positively as the contents are relevant and timely to the young adults.
It is also found that the inspirational contents on Instagram accounts do help the respondents to get through hard time. Evidently, from the 312 respondents, 51.2% and 38.5% of them answered strongly agree and agree to the statement in B4. Such high positive responses could be due to the accessibility to inspirational contents on Instagram as seen in B5 that sought the respondents to answer if they perceive Instagram as one of the easiest sources of motivation available. The majority of respondents answered positively with 57.7% (strongly agree) and 38.5% (agree) to the statement in B5. As the Internet and social media are no longer a luxury but rather necessity, the contents on Instagram can be accessed by anyone and at any time. Should anyone feel the need to look for inspirational contents to get themselves motivated, they can do so at the ease of fingertip. This echoed Ramlan (2017) and Nurliyana Kamilah Khairul Anuar et. al (2021) findings on the access, engagement and proximity to social media played a role in terms of motivating users.
Item B6 in Table 2 also shows that majority of the respondents tend to reflect on their life after viewing or consuming contents from inspirational Instagram accounts with 59% and 33.3% of the respondents strongly agree and agree respectively. When asked if they feel that such accounts on Instagram are overrated in B7, it can be seen that majority of them strongly disagree (23.1%) and disagree (42.3%) to the statement. Such perception can be contributed to the fact that they do felt inspired and motivated upon viewing the contents on inspirational Instagram accounts. Evidently, 40.4% and 35.3% of the respondents strongly disagree and disagree to the statement asked if they do not feel inspired after viewing the contents on inspirational accounts in B8.
All the findings from the questions asked to the respondents showed positive perceptions towards inspirational Instagram accounts in general. As the contents are close to their daily lives, the respondents tend to reflect on their lives and thus, keep them motivated to keep moving forward. The findings also found that the respondents do not feel that such accounts as overrated and the contents are mainly inspiring to them. This may due to the fact that the contents in inspirational Instagram accounts is a much accessible alternative for emotional support as proposed by Andalibi et. al (2017).
The findings also amplified Casalo et. al (2019) statement that Instagram and its content does have an effect towards emotional state among its users.
5. Conclusion
This study has found that that inspirational Instagram accounts are perceived positively among the respondents especially in keeping themselves motivated through hard times. The contents are accessible, convenient and relatable to them, which contributed to the positive perceptions towards inspirational accounts on the platform. This proved that inspirational Instagram accounts are one of the sources for self-motivation among young adults and will be an avenue for them to access contents that make them motivated from time to time. Despite the common negative perceptions of the public towards social media; Instagram in this case, this platform does seem to give positive impacts in term of motivations towards its users especially from inspirational accounts.
6. Acknowledgement
Appreciation to fellow researchers and all parties who are involved directly and indirectly in completing this study.
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