DESIGN FOR MAINTENANCE:
A CASE STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL OF GBI DESIGN VERIFICATION
IN IMPROVING THE MAINTENANCE QUALITY OF MOSQUE
BY
RIZAL BIN HUSIN
A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services
Engineering
Kulliyah of Architecture and Environmental Design International Islamic University Malaysia
JANUARY 2018
ii
ABSTRACT
Mosque properties are Waqf assets that are non-removable and are meant to be in operation, managed and sustained for an extended period of time. The main challenge is that the mosques are usually run voluntarily by a group of community leader that plays the role of mutawwali (trustee) to waqf properties. Yet, the mutawwali is seldomly trained in building maintenance management. The two key issues identified are inconsistency in maintenance management and the lack of proper guidelines in building maintenance. The introduction of Green Building Index (GBI) rating system, whilst offering green benefits to building, does offer the potential solutions for these issues, especially the requirement of produces Building User Manual (BUM) that encourages the designing and planning of maintenance management process in buildings from the initial design phase. It is envisaged that with a proper BUM design verification process, a proper building maintenance will be ensured throughout the building life-cycle. The research used a cross-sectional descriptive research on two mosques that show distinct green building qualities and GBI certification. This research was guided by relevant literature on maintenance management and green buildings verification process. The result shows that despite the fact that GBI design verification process mostly concentrate on equipment performance, particularly in the green building features. The availability of BUM highly affect on the overall performance of building maintenance management. The mosques were better in most of the maintenance management areas, especially in the proper documentation, standard operation procedure, response duration and regular monitoring of mosque performance. The research also found that the main obstacles to the fullest potential of BUM in improving mosque maintenance are weakness in the management of funds as well as the knowledge gap between the design and maintenance teams. The research concludes that even though GBI design verification and BUM have not been utilised to the fullest potential, they have laid a good foundation for preventive management practice and a great potential for improving the quality of mosque maintenance management.
Keywords: Maintenance management, green building, building user manual, design verification, mosque, Malaysia
iii
ثحبلا ةصلاخ
دجاسلما تاكلتمم نإ ةيفقو تاراقع يه
ل ةلباق يرغ لإ
،ةلاز يغبنيو نوكت نأ ديق امئاد
ا ةرادلإاو لامعتسلا
.نمزلا نم ةليوط ةترفل و
ةعوممج لبق نم ةيعاوط رادت ام ةداع دجاسلما نأ وه سيئرلا يدحتلا ينيرادلإا نم
يذلا ن نوموقي ب تلما رود و في )يصولا( لي لا
تاراقع فقولا
ةي و ، بيردت متي ام اردنا لما
ليوت ىلع ةنايص ةرادإ
اهمديدتح تم ناتللا ناتسيئرلا ناتلأسلماو .نيابلما في نلاثمتت
ةنايصلا ةرادإ في قاستلاا مدع
، دوجو مدعو
هيجوت تا ل ةحضاو نيابلما ةنايص
، يمدقتو ءارضلخا نيابلما فينصت ماظن قيبطت يذلا ،
ياازم مدقي لل
نيابم
ءارضخ و ،يااضقلا هذله ةلمتمح لاولح اصوصخ
تابلطتم عضو
ليلد لم مدختس ي ىلع عجشي يذلا ءانبلا
نم نيابلما في ةنايصلا ةرادإ ةيلمع طيطتخو ميمصت ةيادب
ميمصتلا ساسلأا
و .ي عقوتلما نم ةيلمع متت نأ
ةبسانلما ةنايصلا لإ
لكشب نيابلما ةنايص نامضل نيابلما ةراد ديج
لاوط دوجو ةترف نىبلما
. ثحبلا مدختساو
لا جهنلما يفصو ىلع هقيبطت تمو نيدجسم
امهيلع رهظت تافص
ءارضلخا تياانبلا ىلع نازئاحو ،ةزيمتلما
ةداهش ءارضلخا نيابلما ماظن و .
رانتسا تايبدلأبا ثحبلا اذه ةقلعتلما
بإ نم ققحتلا ةيلمعو ةنايصلا ةراد
نم مغرلا ىلع هنأ ةجيتنلا رهظتو .ءارضلخا نيابلما جو
ءارضلخا نيابلما ماظن دو نإف
نم ققحتلا ةيلمع لا
ميمصت
ىلع بلاغلا في زكرت ليلآا ءادلأا
في ةصاخو ، رهاظم
ءارضلخا نيابلما نأو ،
رفاوت يمدختسلم ةنايصلا ليلد
.نيابلما ةنايص ةرادلإ ماعلا ءادلأا ىلع ةيلاع رثاآ هل نيابلما نأ ينبتو
دجاسلما تناك
مظعم في لضفأ قاطن
ةرادإ في ةصاخ ،ةنايصلا ةحص
و ،ةيسايقلا ليغشتلا تاءارجإو ، قيثوتلا نمز
ةباجتسلاا
، و ةباقرلا مظتنلما ة
نم ةنكمم ةدافتسا ىصقأ قيقتح نود لوتح تيلا ةيسيئرلا قئاوعلا نأ لىإ ثحبلا لصوت امك .دجسلما ءادلأ قيدانصلا ةرادإ فعض يه دجاسلما ءادأ ينستح
، ف ينب ةيفرعلما ةوجفلا كلذكو و ميمصتلا قر
تاءارجإ
.ةنايصلا خو
نم مغرلا ىلع هنأ لىإ ثحبلا صل قيقتح
ميمصت ءارضلخا نيابلما ماظن مادختسا ليلدو
ةنايصلا
لم انهإف لىإ مدختست نكمم دح ىصقأ
، منهأ لاإ اودعأ ةيئاقولا ةرادلإا ةسراملم اديج اساسأ
، يرفوتو تنااكمإ
ينسحتل ةيربك ةدوج
.دجاسلما ةنايص ةرادإ
iv
APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering.
………..
Abdul Razak bin Sapian Supervisor
I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering.
………..
Zuraini Denan Internal Examiner
This dissertation was submitted to the Department of Architecture and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering..
………..
Noor Hanita Abdul Majid
Head, Department of Architecture This dissertation was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Building Services Engineering.
………..
Abdul Razak bin Sapian
Dean, Kulliyah of Architecture and Environmental Design
v
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
Rizal bin Husin
Signature ... Date ...
vi Copyright Page
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
DESIGN FOR MAINTENANCE: A CASE STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL OF GBI DESIGN VERIFICATION
IN IMPROVING THE MAINTENANCE QUALITY OF MOSQUE
I declare that the copyright holders of this dissertation are jointly owned by the student and IIUM.
Copyright © 2018 Rizal bin Husin and International Islamic University Malaysia.
All rights reserved.
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries.
By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.
Affirmed by Rizal bin Husin
……..……….. ………..
Signature Date
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, it is my utmost pleasure to dedicate this work to my dear parents and my family, especially my wife and children who granted me the gift of their unwavering belief in my ability to accomplish this goal: thank you for your support and patience.
I wish to express my appreciation and thanks to those who provided their time, effort and support for this project. To the members of my dissertation committee, thank you for sticking with me.
Finally, a special thanks to Professor Dr. Ar. Abdul Razak bin Sapian and Asst.
Prof Zuraini Denan for their continuous support, encouragement and leadership, and for that, I will be forever grateful.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ... ii
Abstract in Arabic ... ii
Approval Page ... iv
Declaration ... v
Copyright Page ... vi
Acknowledgements ... vii
List of Tables ... xii
List of Figures ... xiv
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 2
1.3 Purpose of the Study ... 5
1.4 Objectives of the Study ... 5
1.5 Research Questions ... 5
1.6 Significance of the Study ... 5
1.7 Assumptions of the Study ... 6
1.8 Limitations of the Study. ... 6
1.9 Delimitations of the Study ... 7
1.10 Outline of the Study ... 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERITURE REVIEW ... 9
2.1 Introduction... 9
2.2 General Information... 9
2.2.1 Sustainable Building Maintenance ... 9
2.2.2 Historical Development of Maintenance Management ... 10
2.2.3 Recent development on the rising importance of Building Maintenance ... 11
2.3 The Components of Building Maintenance ... 12
2.3.1 Maintenance Management in Conventional Buildings ... 13
2.3.2 Types of Maintenance Practices ... 14
2.3.2.1 Corrective Maintenance ... 15
2.2.1.2 Preventive Maintenance ... 16
2.3.2.2 Condition-Based Maintenance ... 17
2.3.3 Maintenance Works in Conventional Buildings ... 18
2.4 Design Approach to Maintenance Management... 20
2.4.1 The importance of proper design and construction to maintenance ... 20
2.4.2 The importance of maintenance strategy at design stage ... 21
2.4.3 Maintenance strategy and energy efficiency ... 21
2.4.4 Maintenance strategy of green building ... 22
2.4.5 Operational Efficiency of Maintenance Management ... 23
2.4.6 Mosque Maintenance Management ... 24
2.5 Components of Sustainable Maintenance in Green Buildings ... 25
2.5.1 Sustainable Maintenance in GBI rating system ... 26
ix
2.5.2 Building User Manual ... 34
2.5.3 Key Drivers in Maintenance Management ... 35
2.6 Conceptual Framework ... 37
CHAPTER THREE : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 39
3.1 Introduction... 39
3.2 Research Design ... 39
3.3 Pre-Data Collection ... 40
3.4 Data collection ... 41
3.5 Target Population... 42
3.5.1 Target Respondent ... 43
3.5.2 Determining Population Size ... 44
3.6 Determining Sampling Size ... 45
3.6.1 Involvement up to Practical Completion Phase: Sample Size ... 46
3.6.2 Involvement upon Practical Completion or Operation Phase: Sample Size ... 46
3.7 Sampling frame ... 47
3.8 Design of Survey Questions ... 48
3.8.1 Involvement up to Practical Completion Phase ... 48
3.8.2 Involvement upon Practical Completion or Operation Phase ... 49
3.9 Distribution of survey. ... 50
3.9.1 Data Collection Instruments... 51
3.9.2 Data Analysis ... 52
3.9.3 Statistical Analysis ... 52
3.10 Validity of the Study and Research Instruments ... 54
3.11 Reliability of the Research findings ... 54
3.12 Chapter Summary ... 54
CHAPTER FOUR : RESULT, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ... 56
4.1 Introduction... 56
4.2 Stratum A: Respondent Background ... 57
4.2.1 Involvement in mosque project ... 57
4.2.1.1 Result ... 57
4.2.1.2 Role in the project... 57
4.2.1.3 The level of involvement based on the phases ... 57
4.2.1.4 Analysis ... 58
4.2.2 Motivation towards building a mosque with green features ... 59
4.2.2.1 Result ... 59
4.2.2.2 Analysis ... 60
4.2.3 Maintenance management Consideration/Strategy ... 61
4.2.3.1 Result ... 61
4.2.3.2 Analysis ... 61
4.2.4 Awareness about the existence of the Building User Manual (BUM) of the mosque ... 61
4.2.4.1 Result ... 61
4.2.4.2 Analysis ... 62
4.2.5 Attention given to green building’s salient features ... 62
4.2.5.1 Result ... 62
4.2.5.2 Analysis ... 63
x
4.2.6 Type of Maintenance Strategy ... 63
4.2.6.1 Result ... 63
4.2.6.2 Analysis ... 64
4.2.7 Maintenance Considerations during the Design Phase. ... 64
4.2.7.1 Result ... 64
4.2.7.2 Analysis ... 66
4.2.8 The extent the preparation of the BUM has improved the building maintenance: ... 67
4.2.8.1 Result ... 67
4.2.8.2 Analysis ... 67
4.3 Stratum B: ... 69
4.3.1 Respondent Background ... 69
4.3.2 Roles and Involvement... 69
4.3.2.1 Result ... 69
4.3.2.2 Analysis ... 69
4.3.3 Involvement in mosque maintenance ... 70
4.3.3.1 Result ... 70
4.3.3.2 Analysis ... 70
4.3.4 Knowledge/Experience in building maintenance ... 71
4.3.4.1 Result ... 71
4.3.4.2 Analysis ... 72
4.3.5 Awareness about BUM ... 72
4.3.5.1 Result ... 72
4.3.5.2 Analysis ... 73
4.3.6 Involvement in the preparation of BUM ... 73
4.3.6.1 Result ... 73
4.3.6.2 Analysis ... 73
4.3.7 Level of BUM usage ... 73
4.3.7.1 Frequency of BUM usage ... 73
4.3.7.2 Adherence to Instruction and Guideline in BUM ... 74
4.3.8 The impact of BUM in improving building maintenance ... 75
4.3.8.1 Result ... 75
4.3.8.2 Result ... 76
4.3.9 Resistance towards full implementation of BUM ... 77
4.3.9.1 Result ... 77
4.3.9.2 Analysis ... 79
4.3.10 Mosque Maintenance: Performance and Quality ... 79
4.3.10.1 Maintenance Management Team ... 79
4.3.10.2 Human Resource Management ... 82
4.3.10.3 Performance and Quality Management ... 84
4.3.10.4 Preventive Maintenance Management ... 86
4.3.10.5 Inventory and Parts Management ... 88
4.3.10.6 Fund and Financial Management ... 90
4.4 Discussion on the Findings ... 92
4.4.1 Stratum A ... 92
4.4.2 Stratum B ... 93
4.5 Summary ... 95
xi
CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSION ... 96
5.1 Thesis summary ... 96
5.2 Conclusion ... 97
5.3 Future research... 100
REFERENCES ... 101 APPENDIX A: GBI Non-Residential New Construction (NRNC)’s Criteria and Submission Format
APPENDIX B: Stratum A: Survey Questionnaire APPENDIX C: Stratum B: Survey Questionnaire
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 GBI rating classification 28
Table 2.3 List of criteria for NRNC category under GBI 30 Table 2.4 GBI NRNC criteria that give impact at only up to completion phase
and maintenance is not required. 32
Table 2.5 GBI NRNC criteria that give impact up to the operation and
maintenance phase and maintenance is required 33
Table 3.1 Sample of Stratum A survey questions 49
Table 3.2 Sample of Stratum B survey questions 51
Table 4.1 Summary of response to the surveys 56
Table 4.2 Influence factors that motivate the acquiring of green certification 59 Table 4.3 Influence factors that motivate the acquiring of green certification
(percentage and Mean Score Value) 60
Table 4.4 Green building salient feature that was given most attention 63 Table 4.5 The extent maintenance consideration aspect was given attention
during the design phase (Percentage Score) 65
Table 4.6 The extent maintenance consideration aspect was given attention during the design phase (Percentage and Mean Score Value) 66 Table 4.7 The extent the preparation of the BUM has improved the building
maintenance (Percentage and Mean Score Value) 68
Table 4.8 Involvement in mosque maintenance 70
Table 4.9 Level of Knowledge/Experience 71
Table 4.10 Level of knowledge (frequency of hit) 72
Table 4.11 Responds on how often BUM is referred 74
Table 4.12 Respond on adherence to instruction and guideline in BUM 74 Table 4.13 Percentage score: Impact of BUM in improving building
maintenance 75
Table 4.14 Mean Score Value: Impact of BUM towards building
maintenance 76
xiii
Table 4.15 Percentage Score: Resistance factors towards full implementation of
BUM 78
Table 4.16 Mean Score Value: Resistance factors towards full implementation
of BUM 78
Table 4.17 Percentage Score: Maintenance management team factors 80 Table 4.18 Mean score value: Maintenance management team factor 81 Table 4.19 Percentage Score: Human resource management factors 83 Table 4.20 Mean Score Value: Human resource management factors 83 Table 4.21 Percentage score: Performance and quality management 85 Table 4.22 Mean Score Value: Performance and quality management 85 Table 4.23 Percentage Score: Preventive maintenance factor 87 Table 4.24 Mean Score Value: Preventive maintenance factors 87 Table 4.25 Percentage Score: Inventory and parts factors 89 Table 4.26 Mean Score Value: Inventory and parts factors 89 Table 4.27 Percentage Score: Fund and financial management factors 91 Table 4.28 Mean Score Value: Fund and financial management factors 91 Table 5.1 Research Questions, Objectives and Methodologies 96
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1 Respondent background 57
Figure 4.2 Respondent involvement 58
Figure 4.4 Respondents that were involved in BUM preparation 62
Figure 4.5 Type of Maintenance Strategy 64
Figure 4.6 Respondent roles in maintenance management 69
1
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
One of the major global challenges in the twenty-first century is how to cope with climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (United Nations, 2007). The building industry has been identified as the biggest energy consumer, one solution might be to ensure that the design, construction and management of the built environment is done in a more sustainable manner (Brown, Southworth & Stovall 2005; Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, 2007).
In the last decade, there has been the significant international involvement and support from governments, the construction and property development industry, private, the public organisations in furthering a sustainable and climate-friendly built environment through building “green” carbon-reducing buildings. The term “green building” is applied to identify a building that is more energy and resource efficient, releases less pollution into the air, land and water, and is healthier for occupants compared to standard buildings. These are buildings which by an integrated and holistic approach to location, siting, design, specification and use of energy and resources, seek to minimize their environmental impact. Critically, the integration of innovative technology that is efficient and appropriate to sustainable design need to be applied, environmentally sensitive in site planning, ecological footprint through innovative new building material at minimal cost has been achieved. (Ragheb, Ashraf, Jacobs, 2010).
In Malaysia situation, the government has taken a few steps in facing these challenges; in April 2008, the Green Building Index (GBI) was initiated as the first
2
Malaysian green building rating system specifically design to suit Malaysian climate (Leong, 2010), the Housing and Local Government Ministry is reviewing the Uniform Building By-Laws in promoting the use of green technologies in buildings (The Star, 2010), apart from GBI, the government also introduced monetary and non-monetary provisions toward green technologies, as well as tax incentives to stimulate the industry.
In a more promising move, The Malaysian Standard or MS 1525 Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency had yet to be fully adopted and incorporated into buildings at their design stage. The main implication to this is move is all new building including mosques must fulfilled the MS 1525.
Various surveys were done in identifying the value of green building conventional commercial building, but very little number of the same study were done on mosque (Muin, Sapri, Sipan, & Adjei-twum, 2016). Some study concluded that mosques in Malaysia have already shown sustainable qualities in term of design (Baharudin & Ismail, 2014). It is envisioned that if green buildings were perceived as outperforming conventional commercial buildings in terms of occupant wellbeing, building value and return on investment (Ahmad Yusni et al., 2007), it should be promising the same for mosques. It should be noted that the consideration of being sustainable should be initiated at as early as the conception phase of the constructions to ensure the most benefits from being green (Bownass, 2015).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In most part of Malaysia, mosques are playing an important role as a centre for Islamic activities of an area (qariah) and usually run voluntarily by a group of community leader (Fatin,2015). The mosque properties are usually managed as Waqf assets that is non-removable and meant to be in operation, managed and sustained for a
3
very long extent of time. In ensuring that mosques are in its best form all the time, a standard building operation manual is important to improve and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of management of the Waqf properties.
Even though the concept of mosque as a Waqf asset is quite clear, there is an uncertain in the maintenance management of the mosque. The Mutawwali (trustee) to the Waqf properties are not usually trained in building maintenance management. From a building maintenance point of view, the maintenance management practices of the mosques were inconsistent and lack of proper management guidelines. It should be noted that the managements are monitored by the respective State Islamic Religious Councils(SIRCs) as well; due to that the mosque management among the mosques usually has different vision as well as strategies for the maintenance. In another puzzling scenario, with the green movement being a novel concept and seen as aligned the principles in Islam; yet very few mosque buildings boasting green status in Malaysia, serious questions in the maintenance management of these buildings plead need to be answered.
It has been reported that companies will innovate to greener processes (RICS, 2004) if incentives are in place. The incentives being provided in the construction industry range from financial incentives such as higher rental rates or property tax rebates to reputation in the community. The Malaysian Government has given a few incentives in term of tax reduction, yet this is only attractive to the business oriented body but not voluntary basis bodies. In case of mosque, this incentive is less applicable since they are considered as the latter and not going to be benefitted much from the incentives.
McMullen (2001) observes that many companies are pursuing sustainability because they are finding business value in it. Miller et al. (2008) investigated over 2.4
4
million properties and determined that tenants are willing to pay higher base rents for greener buildings. As discussed earlier, mosque is functioned as a Waqf asset, where the social value is positions over the business value and the maintenance funds are from various voluntary basis contribution. Therefore, business value is not expected to be a main factor for the mosque to be designed as a green building.
The intent of green buildings is to promote high performance, healthful, durable, affordable and environmentally sound practices. Thus, facility organizations and owners of buildings have seen the importance of green operations and maintenance to cut down on maintenance budgets since energy efficiency is no longer an option but a necessity. In addition, Gregory (2011) stresses that we can make the greenest products in the world, but all of that is invalid if they are not properly installed and maintained.
The same dilemma might be applicable to mosque since the intent of green building is so gratifying but some additional investment need to be done plus the need for better maintenance. Once again, since mosque is managed by voluntary bodies, spending extra money on the installation of green features might be seen as being lucrative since a cheaper option is obvious, even for a relatively short-term benefit.
Effective operations and maintenance techniques coupled with the right vision as well as proper application have been promising a better future for a lot of benefits to the green building’s stakeholders. Little research has been done with regard to the maintenance management of ‘green’ mosques and as such this study sought to address the existing knowledge gap. As mosque managements should move toward sustainable construction and design, it is becoming increasingly important that they have available managerial tools and methodologies to gauge and to help not only maintain but improve their ‘green’ performance. It is said that the difference in cost between a conventional and green building is marginal, but the difference in performance is quite significant.
5 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The study intended to recognise the potentials of green rating design verification process in improving the maintenance management process of mosques in Malaysia.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study were:
1. To identify the component of the maintenance strategy in designing a green mosque in Malaysia.
2. To identify the type of maintenance practices used in mosques in Malaysia.
3. To determine the improvement of maintenance management in a certified GBI mosque.
4. To explore the potential areas where BUM design verification potentially improves the quality of maintenance works of a mosque.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions of this study were:
1. Is the maintenance strategy considered as a factor in the design of a green mosque in Malaysia?
2. What types of maintenance practices are used in mosques?
3. How far the GBI certification has improved the maintenance quality of the certified mosque?
4. In which areas does BUM design verification has improved the maintenance management of a mosque?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is hoped that this research will develop awareness amongst the stakeholders in the mosque management in the design and implementation of effective maintenance
6
management for mosques. This will in turn enhance energy efficiency and other sustainability initiatives through green operations and maintenance, thus cutting down maintenance budgets. The findings of the study may also help in enlightening the mosque’s users on how to participate more in the operation and maintenance of these buildings.
The findings of the study may also be used by supporters of the ‘green movement’ to push for legislation for mandatory construction of green building in Malaysia and for the retrofitting of conventional buildings to green buildings. In addition, the findings of the study will also be a springboard for stakeholders in the construction industry to dive into the pool of sustainability literacy and awareness.
To academicians and professionals in the construction industry, the research will help them understand the need for sustainable professional practices that safeguard people’s lives and their future.
1.7 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
The study was guided by the assumptions that all ethical considerations had been adhered to and the findings of the study would not be harmful; the sample was representative of the population; the data collection instrument had validity and measured the desired constructs; the respondents answered the questions correctly and truthfully.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.
This study was limited by a lot of bureaucracy and procedure in accessing some of the resourceful areas for data collection leading to a long duration. Access to some of services facilities the selected case studies involved a lot of procedures for security reasons. Some of the data, such as drawings or specifications for the case studies was
7
held back by the owners or facility managers of the mosques due to security reasons and design exclusive right. Even the permission to access the important documents for this study such as the Building User Manuals (BUMs) took a lengthy time to be decided.
On official request, the drawings and photos of the building were captured where necessary.
1.9 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The survey concentrated on early design and operational aspects of maintenance management other than other facets of construction and building management. This was because while other facets of building management were not greatly moved by whether a building was green or not, the early design maintenance management required special expertise. In addition, because the study is done in Malaysia, the Malaysian Green Building Index (GBI) was used as the green rating system as the basis for the comparison. This therefore implies that the study findings cannot extend the buildings selected for the survey. However, the findings were relevant to enhance better maintenance management for green buildings within Malaysia and those envisioning going green.
1.10 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY
The study has been organized into five chapters. The first chapter presents the background, research questions and justification of the field study. It also gives the reader an understanding of the research problem. The second chapter reviews literature of the same maintenance management problem from different sources. This affords the reader an understanding of the different dimensions of the research problem. The third chapter explains the methodology of the research where it highlights the research design, defines the population of the study and explains the sampling techniques
8
employed. This chapter also describes the data collection methods, instruments and the type of analysis used. The fourth chapter shows the findings of the analysed information and moves over a relevant interpretation of the same. The fifth and final chapter discusses the findings and compares it with the literature review while relating this to the study objectives.
9
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERITURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The second subchapter provides insight on design approach to maintenance management with emphasise to the green building. Further, the components of the Malaysian Green Building Index (GBI) that are related in sustainable maintenance is distilled to find the components that determinedly related to the research objectives.
The third subchapter describes briefly the background of two mosques that were selected in this study. This will provide a better understanding on the green initiatives and features that were adopted in realising the mosque from the initiation up to the current operational stage.
The fourth subchapter gives a conceptual framework that demonstrates the interrelation between the dependent and interdependent variables.
2.2 GENERAL INFORMATION
2.2.1 Sustainable Building Maintenance
Sustainable buildings emerged throughout the 19th and 20th centuries (Cassidy, 2003; Wu & Sui Pheng, 2010). There are several terms in sustainable buildings and green buildings. Sustainable building practices are to nurture the natural surroundings and reducing pollution (Lukachko at al, 2008). Samer (2013), summarised that sustainable building practice as a procedure to build buildings and infrastructure in order to protect available resources, decrease negative impact on the environment, and create to a higher standard environment for inhabitant.
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Since building maintenance is not a new field and this research is focused on sustainable maintenance, the literature review will concentrate on the practice of sustainable building maintenance with relation to green building rating system. In a process of identifying the components of sustainable maintenance, there is a need to look back to the history of building maintenance; why and when the sustainable maintenance was comprehended and initiated at the beginning. Along with the review, some of the challenges and resistance in practicing the sustainable maintenance will be discussed. As much as possible, upon discussion of each issue, the review will try to insert in the historical lesson in Malaysian context.
2.2.2 Historical Development of Maintenance Management
According to Shenoy and Bhadury (1998), in the pre-World War II era, people thought of maintenance as an additional cost to the plant or facility which did not raise the value of the finalised product. Thus, the maintenance at that era brings up to fixing the unit when it starts giving trouble, because it was the most inexpensive option. In Malaysia context, the mentality was claimed to be remained in the practice of Malaysian building maintenance, once the former prime minister of Malaysia claimed that the nation as having the first-class facilities but with the third class maintenance mentality.
During and after World War II, at the time when the advances in engineering science and scientific technology developed, preventive maintenance were developed.
Masses in this era classified maintenance as a part of the output organization. In preventive maintenance, care and services are organised by providing for systematic inspection, detection, and correction of emerging failures either before they happen or before they develop into major defects.
