DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT MATERIAL DATABASE AND TRACEABILITY MODEL SYSTEM FOR
BOTANICAL GARDEN
BY
NUR HIDAYAH BINTI MASTOR
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Halal Industry Science)
International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART)
International Islamic University Malaysia
SEPTEMBER 2018
ii
ABSTRACT
Effective inventory management can be extremely difficult owing to various types of plants in Putrajaya Botanical Garden. These databases are required to provide high- level effective and accuracy. Usually, staff will make file in Microsoft Excel for new species. Consequently there are often difficulties in accessing information and data re- entry problems. By using 2D barcode, this study presents a novel system called Development of Plant Material Databases and Traceability Model System for Putrajaya Botanical Garden. These development based on databases system and 2D barcode system to troubleshooting in difficulties in finding information regarding plant morphology, difficulties of keeping track of new plant record and existing manual system. Development of Plant Material Databases and Traceability Model System is a new approach in the field of botanical garden design and landscape where it is necessary to handle large data to complete an inventory management. This combines information technology and landscape knowledge. The idea began with looking at the palm plantation, which is the main model of this thesis study. The study on the plant morphology is carried out at two site sites namely palm hill and lakeside in front of the lakeside. It can be said there is no database of the palm plant species based on the plant morphology in Putrajaya Botanical Garden. Research planning uses the Species study, Databases system and Barcoding system, and also System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The implementation of the system is by the aid of many software which including PHP and JAVA (programming language), Visual Basic and JavaScript (Script Language), Mysql and SQL (database) and Joomla (web development) as to make sure the smooth running of the project. By using Development of Plant Material Databases and Traceability Model System, the inventory data well managed thus ease for managing and monitoring.
iii
ثحبلا ةصلاخ
ببسب ةيتابنلا اياجارتوب ةقيدح يف ةلاعفلا ةرادلإا هجاوت ةمج تابوعص كانه عاونلأا
طم هذه تانايبلا دعاوقو ،ةيتابنلا ةقيدحلا يف تاتابنلل ةفلتخملاو ةديدعلا وتل ةبول
ريف
ةيلاعف حلا جمانرب يف فلم دادعاب ةداع نوفظوملا موقي .ىوتسملا ةيلاع ةقدو بوسا
ه نوكت ام ًابلاغ يلاتلابو ،ةديدجلا عاونلأل )لسكإ تفوسوركيام( ب فورعملا كلان
يف مههجاوت يتلا لكاشملا ىلإ ةفاضلإاب ،تامولعملا ىلإ لوصولا يف تابوعص ختساب ةساردلا هذه مدقت .تانايبلا لاخدإ ةداعإ رابلا وأ يطيرشلا زمرلا ماد
نثلا دوك يئا
ن جذومنو ةيتابنلا داوملا تانايب دعاوق ريوطت ىمسي ًاديدج ًاماظن داعبلأا تتلا ماظ
عب
ع ريوطتلا اذه دمتعي .ىرخأ ةيتابن ةقيدح يأ وأ ةيتابنلا اياجارتوب ةقيدحل ساسأ ىل
ص حيحصتل داعبلأا يئانثلا دوكرابلا ماظنو تانايبلا دعاوق ماظن روثعلا تابوع
ىلع
بن لجس عبتتب ةقلعتملا تابوعصلاو ،تابنلا ايجولوفرومب ةقلعتملا تامولعملا ديدج تا
جذومنو ةيتابنلا داوملا تانايب دعاوق ريوطت ربتعي .يلاحلا يوديلا ماظنلاو لا ماظن
عبتت
هنأ ثيح ةيعيبطلا رظانملاو ةيتابنلا قئادحلا ميمصت لاجم يف ًاديدج ًاماظن نم
رضلا دوجوم وه ام وأ نوزخملا ةرادإ لامكتسلا ةريبك تانايب عم لماعتلا يرو آ
،ًاين
.ةيعيبطلا رظانملاب ةقلعتملا ةفرعملاو تامولعملا ايجولونكت نيب عمجي اذهو هذه تأدب
.ةساردلا هذهل يسيئر جذومنك تذخُأ يتلاو ،ليخنلا عرازم ةظحلام دعب ةركفلا نلا ايجولوفروم ىلع ةساردلا تيرجأ لا مامأو للاتلا ليخن امه نيعقوم يف تاب
.ةريحب
سسأ ىلع ليخنلا تاتابن عاونلأ تانايب ةدعاق دجوت لا هنأب لوقلا انناكماب ،يثحبلا طيطختلا مدختسا .ةيتابنلا اياجارتوب ةقيدح يف ةيتابن ةيجولوفروم و
ةسارد
ةايح ةرود اضيأو ،يدوكرابلا ماظنلاو ،تانايبلا دعاوق مظنو ،عاونلأا ريوطت
ا ماظنل
( ذ يف امب يتلا جماربلا نم ديدعلا ةدعاسم للاخ نم ماظنلا ذيفنت مت .) SDLC
كل
جمانربلا ةغل( تبيركس افاجو ،كيساب لاوجيفلاو ،)ةجمرب ةغل( افاجو PHP
و ،لكسيمو ،)يصنلا ( لاموجو ،)تانايبلا ةدعاق( SQL
Joomla )ةكبشلا ريوطت( )
.عورشملا تايلمع ةسلاس نم دكأتلل انايب دعاوق ريوطت ماظن جذومن مادختسابو
ت
كشب رادت فوس ةنوزخملا تانايبلا نإف ،عبتتلا ماظن جذومنو ةيتابنلا داوملا ،ديج ل
.اهدصرو اهترادإ ةيلمع ليهست يلاتلابو
ABSTRACT IN ARAB
iv
APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science (Halal Industry Science).
………..
Rashidi bin Othman Supervisor
………..
Khairusy Syakirin Has-Yun Hashim
Co-Supervisor
I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science (Halal Industry Science).
………..
Internal Examiner
………..
External Examiner
This thesis was submitted to the International Institute for Halal Research and Training and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Halal Industry Science).
………..
Irwandi Jaswir
Deputy Dean, International Institute for Halal Research and Training
This thesis was submitted to the International Institute for Halal Research and Training and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science (Halal Industry Science).
………..
Hamzah Mohd Salleh
Dean, International Institute for Halal Research and Training
v
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.
Nur Hidayah Binti Mastor
Signature ... Date ...
vi
COPYRIGHT PAGE
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH
DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT MATERIAL DATABASE AND TRACEABILITY MODEL SYSTEM FOR PUTRAJAYA BOTANICAL
GARDEN
I declare that the copyright holders of this dissertation are jointly owned by the student and IIUM.
Copyright © 2017 Nur Hidayah binti Mastor and International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved.
No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below
1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement.
2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.
3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieved system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries.
By signing this form, I acknowledged that I have read and understand the IIUM Intellectual Property Right and Commercialization policy.
Affirmed by Nur Hidayah Binti Mastor
……..……….. ………..
Signature Date
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First, I would like to devote my utmost gratitude to Allah S.W.T for His blessings and guidance He has bestowed strength upon me to complete my research project.
Although the duration provided to complete this study was limited, I am incredibly thankful for the endless support and encouragement from various parties. To begin with, I would like to take this opportunity to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rashidi Bin Othman who provided profound insights and ideas as a dedicated supervisor throughout the course of completing the research project. The internal and external panels both shared their ideas for the improvement of my research project and I am humbly thankful for it.
Outside my academic circle, my family especially my husband, my daughter and my parents, are nothing but bring me the inspiration, support, and encouragement.
I also feel honoured to have received guidance and advice from my fellow friends and researchers.
It is in my humble ambition that the findings of this research project could be extended to improve and benefits future projects.
Thank you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract……… ii
Abstract in Arabic……… iii
Approval Page………. iv
Declaration……….. v
Copyright Page……… vi
Acknowledgments………... vii
List of Tables………... x
List of Figures……….. xi
List of Abbreviations………... xiv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION……….. 1
1.1 Background of the Study………... 1
1.2 Problem Statement………. 2
1.3 Research Objectives………... 3
1.4 Research Aim……… 4
1.5 Significance of the Study………... 4
1.6 Research Framework……….. 6
1.7 Thesis Organization………... 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW………. 9
2.1 Islamic Perspective……… 9
2.2 Landscape Industry……… 10
2.3 Botanical Garden………... 12
2.4 Technology Growth……… 13
2.5 Barcoding System……….. 15
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES………. 19
3.1 Introduction……… 19
3.2 Species Studies……….. 20
3.2.1 Observation Technique………. 22
3.2.2 Interview Survey Technique………. 27
3.3 System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)………. 30
3.3.1 System Planning and Selection………. 31
3.3.2 System Analysis……… 32
3.3.3 System Design……….. 35
3.3.4 System Implementation and Operation……….... 36
3.3.4.1 Coding……….. 38
3.3.4.2 Testing……….. 38
3.3.4.2.1 Testing Process……….. 38
3.3.4.3 Installation……… 39
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……….. 40
4.1 Development of Plant Material Database System for Palm Species in Putrajaya Botanical Garden………... 40
4.2 Characterization of Palm Species……….. 88
ix
4.3 Summary of Characterization of Palm Species………. 90
4.4 Ethnobotany of Palm Species……… 92
4.5 Database Analysis and Findings……… 105
4.5.1 Analysis from Checklist………... 106
4.6 Development of Plant Material Database and Traceability Model System for Putrajaya Botanical Garden……… 110
4.6.1 Admin Login……… 111
4.6.2 Home Page (View Option 1)………... 111
4.6.3 Home Page (View Option 2)………... 112
4.6.4 Home Page (View Option 3)………... 112
4.6.5 Add New Plant………. 113
4.6.6 View List and Edit………... 114
4.6.7 Edit and Update Info……… 114
4.6.8 Admin Success Update……… 115
4.6.9 Output Result………... 116
4.7 Discussion………. 117
4.8 Limitation……….. 122
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS………… 123
5.1 Conclusion………. 123
5.2 Recommendations……….. 123
REFERENCES………... 125
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
3.1 Sample of database checklist 21
3.2 Observation 24
3.3 Palm species to be studied 25
3.4 Form question of interview 29
3.5 Interview checklist form 29
3.6 Software requirements 37
4.1 Summary of palm 90
4.2 Ethnobotany palm – food 92
4.3 Ethnobotany palm – Medicine 95
4.4 Ethnobotany palm – Cosmetic 99
4.5 Ethnobotany palm – Ritual 100
4.6 Ethnobotany palm – Utility 100
4.7 Palm species based on locations at Putrajaya Botanical
Garden 108
4.8 Summaries of the system evaluation results 121
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No.
1.1 2D Barcode used in plant material at Putrajaya Botanical Garden
7
3.1 Flowchart of research methodology in this research 19
3.2 A System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) 30
3.3 The use of case diagram for plant material traceability
model system 34
3.4 Interface design for administration staff 36
3.5 Testing process 39
4.1 Archontophoenix alexandrae 41
4.2 Arenga pinnata 42
4.3 Attalea cohune 43
4.4 Arenga obtusilia 44
4.5 Borassondendron machadonis 45
4.6 Borassus flabellifer 46
4.7 Carpentaria accuminata 47
4.8 Caryota mitis 48
4.9 Caryota urens 49
4.10 Cocos nucifera 50
4.11 Cyrtistachys lakka/renda 51
4.12 Chamaedorea seifrizii 52
4.13 Corypha umbraculifera 53
4.14 Chrysalidocarpus lutuscens 54
4.15 Corypha utan 55
4.16 Dypsis decaryi 56
4.17 Dypsis lutuscens 57
xii
4.18 Dictyosperma album 58
4.19 Dypsis leptocheilos 59
4.20 Dictyosperma album var. aereum 60
4.21 Elaeis guinensis 61
4.22 Hyhorbhe lagenicaulis 62
4.23 Johannesteijsmnnia altifrons 63
4.24 Johannesteijsmnnia magnifica 64
4.25 Licuala grandis 65
4.26 Livistona rotundifolia 66
4.27 Livistona speciose 67
4.28 Latania lontaroides 68
4.29 Liyistonia chinensis 69
4.30 Liyistonia saribus 70
4.31 Licuala spinose 71
4.32 Oncosperma tigillarium 72
4.33 Oncosperma horridum 73
4.34 Phoenix dactylifera 74
4.35 Phoenix roebelenii 75
4.36 Ptychosperma macarthurii 76
4.37 Phoenix borsigianum 77
4.38 Pritchardia pacifica 78
4.39 Pinanga coronate 79
4.40 Rhapis excels 80
4.41 Rhapis humillis 81
4.42 Roystonea regia 82
4.43 Rhopaloblaste ceramic 83
4.44 Roystonea oleracea 84
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4.45 Salacca zalacca 85
4.46 Veitchia merrillii 86
4.47 Washingtonia fillifera 87
4.48 Total of palm species in Putrajaya Botanical Garden 106 4.49 An activity diagram of the system testing for development
of plant material database system for Putrajaya Botanical
Garden 110
4.50 Palm species data retrieval flowchart 110
4.51 Login and sign up for admin 111
4.52 List of palm by view all option 111
4.53 List of palm by entering plant name at search box 112 4.54 List of palm by select show number entries 112
4.55 Add or update new palm species 113
4.56 Admin view list page and edit button 114
4.57 Admin edit or update page 114
4.58 Admin success update before 115
4.59 Output result of plant material database system for plant species
116
4.60 2D Barcode signage palm at Putrajaya Botanical Garden 117
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
saw Salallahu ‘alayhi wa sallam
QR Quick response
2D 2 dimension
SDLC System Development Life Cycle PHP Hypertext preprocessor
SQL Structure Query Language
MySQL Open source relational database management system RAD Rapid Application Development
ORNIS Online Registration New Student Intake System MCIR
B2B
Magnetic-ink Character Recognition Bussiness to Consumer
C2C Consumer to Consumer IE Internet Explorer
1
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The use of 2D barcode is a transformation from manual identification to automated identification. The 2D barcode is an automated identification for areas industry, labels, and smart cards. Many industrial products are widely used barcode for automated data collection and inventory control (Chang, Lo, & Hsieh, 1997).
However, the use of barcodes in the landscape industry has not been found primarily on plant species. The limitation of inventory data causes plant information to be difficult to find. This is happening at a research site at Putrajaya Botanical Garden.
This study proposed Development of Plant Material Databases and Traceability Model System for Putrajaya Botanical Garden. The database is designed as a development application. This is a free of charge for guest user scan 2D barcode. Data can be retrieved and printed locally in PDF file. Database palm species is also contribute to the development of website process. This is because, the output of the website dependent on the quality of the database. The unique inventory number on each palm helps contribute unique class id for database information system. Palm characteristic that make them structurally. This is because, research on palm species is very little and it is difficult to obtain various references. Therefore, this is one of effort to improve the study of palm species, and palm species is a model system for this study. Two different users using this model system are staff and guest. Staffs are responsible for monitoring website, editing and updating information. While guest users can enjoy the beauty of the garden while studying the plant collection in Putrajaya Botanical Garden.
2 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Problems regarding plant diversity in Putrajaya Botanical Garden are as follow:
i. The major constraint is the insufficient information on the diversity of plant.
The importance of plant morphology study is to identify plant ethnobotany, anatomy, and structure analysis. There are many types of plant species arranged by the type of family, in Putrajaya Botanical garden, as the area is very spacious. Based on the discussion with the staff, there is no detailed information on the plant species in Putrajaya Botanical Garden. The information is provided in manual files, containing only the name, family species, location, and the plant origin. The files are saved in Microsoft Excel file. Therefore, the existing database information is only limited to the plant nomenclature, category, inventory number, and plant origin. This information is also displayed using a signage placed on the board for the visitors to find and identify a specific plant. These problems opened up opportunities for the researcher to develop a complete database of plant collection based on plant morphology.
ii. Difficulties of keeping track on the new plant record
The Putrajaya Botanical Garden has no suitable software to be used to manage the plant collection. There is a difficulty to monitor the recorded data such as the detailed data of plant collection, plant morphology, as well as the ethnobotany. In addition, the data sometimes are inaccurate, when the record is being updated and deleted. Based on these problems, a convenient model system is required to improve the management efficiency in Putrajaya Botanical Garden.
3
iii. Existing manual system or other terms traditional method
The existing manual system involves the use of a traditional manual system such as keeping data in files and folders, making it inconvenient to track the data. It is hard to maintain the record when the management of Putrajaya Botanical Garden is still using the manual system. For example, the staffs have to update the whole file if he/she needs to add a new species in the system. Otherwise, the data will become inaccurate.
Besides, by using a manual system, the staffs need more time to search and update the data, and the process is different when using the current system. Furthermore, the staffs will need more space to keep all folders and files. Indirectly, this will decrease the employee efficiency and affect the organization.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to develop an integrated software and barcoding systems, fully computerised for plant material database in botanical garden. The objectives of this research are:
i. To identify the components of plant material in botanical garden.
ii. To produce a new system and organised the data properly based on the problems identified.
iii. To develop a new, high performance and cheap media formulation to trace species based on the morphology study for botanical garden.
4 1.4 RESEARCH AIM
The aim of this research is to develop an integrated software and barcoding systems, fully computerised for plant material database in Botanical Garden. This is a simple but far too often neglected wisdom. Very often, failure of establishment in the field can be directly related to insufficient care in the nursery stage. Similar to the call for quality germplasm such as in the Putrajaya Botanical Garden, quality seedling production is a necessary prerequisite for quality tree production. This change in demand has created opportunities as well as problems for the established Botanical Garden as well as local authorities in the maintenance and management of trees. The question of quality, the predictability of requirement, higher cost of production and understanding the biology of these plants becomes obvious. Therefore, there is a need to change the strategies in the management of landscape plants to satisfy the needs of the more technologically advanced market. One of the most promising new urban tree management techniques is the development of landscape management system using barcode using 2D Barcode system.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY i. Cost Effective
Limited financial resources are required for a cost-effective management.
This is because an effective cost management can implement a strategized process with several principles. In this study, the three principles to ensure cost-effective management are:
a. Identify aims and objectives
5
The process of managing cost efficiently is a strategic and an operational process. It starts with clear aim and objective that are focused on finding and correcting the underlying causes of ineffective cost management.
b. Provide the tools and knowledge needed for success
The specific costs are determined. It means that the specific tools are needed to implement the project. In addition, an insight into a specific process and day-to-day activities are needed to identify the opportunities for an effective cost management.
c. Planning
The best strategy is always planning, as the cost-effective management is about being proactive instead of reactive.
ii. Easy to be used
The second objective of this study is to produce a new system and organised the data properly. To achieve the target objective, the first step is to be a user-friendly model design. Five principles to ensure the implementation of user-friendly model design are:
a. Simplify
An effective design should consist of less than three theme colours.
In this study, only two colours are used for the themes, which are green and white, while graphics are only created if it can help a user to perform a specific function.
b. Navigability
6
Include a search box near the top site so that the users can search by keyword. Other than that, breadcrumbs on every page are created except for the homepage.
c. Consistency
The overall look should be consistent across all pages.
Backgrounds, colour schemes, types, and even tone writing in all areas have to be consistent and positively reflect the usability.
d. Accessibility
In order to provide a great user experience, the site needs to be compatible with different devices (operating systems, browsers) used by the users. Investing in a website structure that is highly flexible, with responsive design, and the content automatically resized and reshuffled to fit the dimensions of whichever device the users used are among the benefits to the website.
e. Conventionality
There are certain web design conventions applied in this study, such as a logo at the top of a page and links exchange when the user hover over them
1.6 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
The information were documented in PDF file for admin user and guest user. This designed for ease the authorized admin access and update and improved the information. The good database can impact the expectation website system. There are techniques for combine knowledge to resolve the problem. The integrated tools are being develop to speed the process data entry. Nowadays, the interactive education
7
and information from many sources such as video, other media system and etc.
permits to user to learn and ability new thing. The saving tool such as this model system, its can reduce of expand time used for searching information, and such as the manual way retrieved information through book. Overall, the model system for palm material will benefit not only the people in the botanical garden, but it will bring benefit the whole who are needed in the plant study.
Figure 1.1 2D Barcode used in plant material at Putrajaya Botanical Garden
1.7 THESIS ORGANIZATION
The outline of the chapters in this thesis is as follows:
i. Chapter One comprises of background, problem statement and significant of this study.
ii. Chapter Two reveals the literature review that is related to the study on landscape and barcoding systems.
iii. Chapter Three discusses the details of research methodologies used in this study.
iv. Chapter Four presents the results and discussion on the research conducted.
(a) Signage plant board (b) Web (c) Pdf
8
v. Chapter Five gives the conclusions of the research with recommendations for further related studies.
9
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
As prescribed in the Qur’an and hadith, Muslims are bound by the Islamic rules and must comply to them (Al-A’ali, 2008). The Qur'an and hadith are the main sources of the broad principles and guidelines in the Islamic life (Beekun & Badawi, 2005). Al- A'ali (2008) describes the name of Islam in Arabic which means a submission and peace, for it is in submitting to God’s will, will the human beings gain peace in their lives in this world and in the hereafter. Based on the Qur’an, the human race is considered the Khalifah (trustee) of God on earth, and life on earth is a ‘test’ for the humankind (Qur’an, 67:2). This verse means that, to be the trustee of God on earth, our actions must be in accordance with the conditions of belief and will emulate the Prophet (saw) as the quintessential role model (Beekun & Badawi, 2005). God uses the word ‘khuluq’ in describing the Prophet’s (saw) behaviour (Qur’an, 68:4). The meaning of this word is derived from the word ‘akhlaq’, and a comparable word for ethics in Islam (Siddiqui, 1997). Islam is considered as a comprehensive religion and its ethical system is given the utmost priority (Al-A’ali, 2008). According to Al-A'ali (2008), establishing an ethical system in the field of Information Technology (IT) is important especially at the present time due to the ever increasing ethical problems.
He also describes that, “Working with computers without gaining an understanding an appreciation of ethics is like sailing without a compass.” High technology computers play a major role in determining how computers affect our social life and interactions.
Therefore, the appropriate computer knowledge is essential (Namlu & Odabasi, (2007). The main issues, which can be attributed to ethics related to IT are hacking,
10
privacy, software piracy, and IT personnel work ethics (Al-A’ali, 2008). Whenever a Muslim is properly acting out his or her role as God’s trustee, a Muslim is performing an act of worship (Qur’an, 21:107, 9:34, 48:28, 61:9, and 34:28). Most people are subjected to various problems and risks such as theft, deception, and inaccuracy of data (Al-A’ali, 2008).
In short, the Qur'an is a guidebook, which contains general principles that can be used regardless of time and place. All principles and guidance are related to all areas of life, including the domain of IT (by analogy) (Al-A’ali, 2008). Islam emphasises the importance of seeking divine and earthly knowledge (Al-A’ali, 2008).
As stated in the Qur’an: “Read the name of your Lord Who created” (96:1). Prophet Muhammad (saw) said “Seeking knowledge from the cradle to the grave”. Thus, Islam stresses not only on productivity but also excellent at work. The Qur’an also emphasises that reward should be commensurate with effort (3:136, 99:7, 48:19). This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of computer ethics towards the management system from the Islamic perspective. The principles and measurement were based on primary sources.
2.2 LANDSCAPE INDUSTRY
Landscape is the enhanced of outdoor terrain in either residential or non-residential area. It engaged with the exterior work, gardening, planting trees, flowers, shrubs, grasses, water, fountains, construction of curbs, walkways, pavement, and drainage (Davesgarden, 2002). The process of arranging soil, water, plant, and structures to develop a space in a particular zone or appearance is also, what embodies landscape (Davesgarden, 2002). Ndubisi & Chukwonso (2005) described landscape as the land modified for permanent human occupation and shape. In the past, landscape
