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Faculty of Engineering

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR MICRO HYDRO SYSTEM

LAURIDSON ANAK MITA 47262

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) In Electronics Engineering (Computer)

2018

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade: _ _ __ _ Please tick (V)

Final Year Project Report

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Masters

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PhD

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DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the ... ~~..... day of JUNE 2018.

Student's Declaration:

[LAURIDSON ANAK iVIITA. 47262, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING hereby declare that the work entitled ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR MICRO HYDRO SYSTEM is my original work. I have not copied from any other students' work or from any other sources except where due reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by another person.

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Date: LAURIDSON ANAK MITA (47262.)

Supervisor's Declaration:

I PROF. MADYA DR. THELAHA BIN HAJI MASRI hereby certifies that the work entitled ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR MICRO HYDRO SYSTEM was prepared by the above named student. and was submitted to the "FACULTY" as a ;, partial/full fulfillment for the conferment of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) IN ELECTRONICS (COMPUTER) ENGINEER, and the aforementioned work, to the best of my knowledge. is the said student's work.

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HELAHA BIN HAJI MASRI) I

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR MICRO HYDRO SYSTEM

LAURIDSON ANAK MITA

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours In

Electronics (Computer) Engineering

Faculty of engineering University Malaysia Sarawak

2018

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To my beloved family, advisor and friends

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Faculty of Engineering of University Malaysia Sarawak for giving me an opportunity to complete my final year project (FYP) in this campus. During completing this Final Year Project, I learn many thing and gain more knowledge especially in hydropower system.

Next, I would like to express my fulfillment on the completion of this final year project report submission as a part of the course outcome for final year project. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Professor Madya Dr. Thelaha Bin Haji Masri for his helpful guidance during the entire period of the project as an inspiring, interactive and dedicated lecture. Her professional support and advices has helped us to succeed in this project.

Apart from that, I would like to thank to Dr Kuryati bt Kipli for her help as a final year project coordinator. Then I would like to thank to my family who support me during my completion time on doing this final year project.

Lastly, I would like to say thanks to my friend Eusebius Derald anak Delia for helping me in conducting this Final year Project. Since we have the same supervisor, he helps me a lot in finding source regarding Micro Hydro System. Lastly, I want to thank to everyone who might be helping me throughout the period of time conducting this study without realizing.

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project is to study about micro hydro system, to design and stimulate an energy storage system for micro hydro system. Basically, micro hydro system is a system that generate a renewable energy. In the power house of the micro hydro system, there is an electronic load controller unit that control and manage the power generated by the system.

The electronic load controller will divert or channel the power to the main load. The excess of the power generated will be channeled to the dummy load. The power that channelled to the dummy load will be burn. The power consumed by the dummy load and main load must be equal with the power generated by the system. There is no energy storage for the system. So, this project will design an additional circuit in the electronic load controller unit that can channel the excess of the power to the second dummy load (energy storage) instead of channel it directly to the dummy load for burn the energy.

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ABSTRAK

Tujuan projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji sistem hidro hidro, merancang dan menjalankan simulasi terhadap sistem penyimpanan tenaga untuk sistem hidro mikro. Pada asasnya, sistem mikro hidro adalah merupakan sistem yang mampu menghasilkan tenaga boleh diperbaharui. Di rumah jana kuasa sistem mikro hidro, terdapat satu unit pengawal beban elektronik yang dapat mengawal dan menguruskan kuasa yang dihasilkan oleh sistem ini.

Sistem pengawal beban elektronik ini akan menyalurkan kuasa kepada beban utama. Lebihan kuasa yang dihasilkan akan disaluran kepada ballast. Kuasa yang disalurkan kepada ballast akan dibakar. Kuasa yang digunakan oleh ballast dan beban utama mesti sama dengan kuasa yang dihasilkan oleh sistem. Untuk sistem ini, tiada tempat untuk penyimpanan tenaga direka.

Oleh itu, projek ini akan merekabentuk litar tambahan dalam unit pengawal beban elektronik yang boleh menyalurkan lebihan kuasa ke beban ballast yang kedua (penyimpanan tenaga) dan bukannya menyalurkan secara langsung kepada ballast untuk dibakar dan dibazirkan.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1.0 Kampung Assum Load Profile under Normal Electricity usage. [10]

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1.1 Kampung Assum Load Profile during festive season [10] 4 2.0 The elevation pro file from Kampung Assum to Power

House [10]

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2.1 The Elevation Profile from Power House to Weir [10] 7

2.2 The hydropower system [11] 8

2.3 Main component of Micro Hydro at Pa’ Ramapuh A & B, Bario

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2.4 Component in power house 11

2.5 The Block Diagram of existing Micro-Hydro System an Kampung Assum, Padawan

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2.6 The Power House Installation [19] 13

2.7 Layout for MHP-ELC [15] 15

2.8 The ELC performance 16

2.9 Proposed Battery energy storage with dc-dc buck converter [6].

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2.10 The Underground CAES [6] 19

2.11 Pump Hydro Storage (PHS) [3] 21

3.0 The electronic load controller board (ELCB) 24

3.1 The flowchart for the proposed alternative energy storage 25

3.2 The Block Diagram for this project 27

3.3 The Proposed alternative energy storage system block diagram

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4.0 Kampung Assum Load Profile under Normal Electricity usage

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4.1 Kampung Assum Load Profile during festive season 31 4.2 The overall working model for alternative energy storage

system

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4.3 Connection of three relays to Arduino Uno 34

4.4 Connection of Temperature Sensor (LM35) to Arduino Uno

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4.5 Connection of Charged Battery to Arduino Uno 36

4.6 Connection of Liquid Crystal Display to Arduino Uno 37 4.7 Connection of Light Dependent Resistor to Arduino Uno 38 4.8 The flow chart of the alternative energy storage system 39

4.9 Checking if the value of x equal to 0 40

4.12 The overall working model for alternative energy storage system

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4.13 Part 1, the water heating part 46

4.14 Part 2, the battery 47

4.15 Part 3, turn on the motor to pull up weight 48

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1.0 Types of Hydropower System [9] 2

2.0 Proposed micro hydro system (59.3 kW) [10] 6

2.1 The explanation of the formula 12

2.2 Diverted power by ELC [9]. 14

2.3 Type of Energy Storages 17

3.0 The Gantt chart of the project 29

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

Micro Hydro system is a system that generate a renewable energy by using high pressure of water flow in the rivers. Hydro power needs the high pressure of the water flow in the river to turn the blade of the turbine and generating an electricity. The rotating blade will turn the generator that convert the kinetic energy of the rotating turbine to an electrical energy.

The amount of energy produced is depend on the speed of the turbine. The more speed of the turbine spinning, the higher the electricity generated.

Why do we need a hydropower system? The reason why we need hydropower system is because the power is generated by the system is using the high pressure by of water flow.

So, the hydro power will not pollute the environment since it only need water to generated power instead of chemical. Besides that, the advantage of hydropower is, the energy generated by the system is a renewable energy. This is because the process of generating energy is relies on the water cycle. This means it can be generated continuously and become a reliable source of energy.

There are many types of hydropower system. The type of hydropower system can be classified based on the amount or energy generated per day. The classification of the hydropower system as shown in Table 1.0.

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Table 1.0: Types of Hydropower System [9]

Type of Hydro Power Generated

Small-hydro 2 MW-5 MW

Mini-hydro 500 kW-2 MW

Micro-hydro <500 kW

Pico-hydro <5 kW

From Table 1.0, it is shown that micro hydro system is suitable to use in rural area. This is because the system is small, and it is easily transport to the rural area. [9]

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1.2 Problem Statement

The lack of energy in the rural area can be solved by implementing a micro hydro system for that area. The micro hydro system can generate energy everyday if there is the flowing of water which can turn on the turbine to generate electricity. The problem is when the consumption of energy in that area is not utilized the power generated by the system.

The power consumption is less during non-peak hour. The non-peak hour is when the consumer is not using the electricity. The non-peak hour is usually during midnight from 12am to 8am. This is because during that time, most of the villagers or consumer will sleep and the consumption of electricity will be less. Figure 1.0 and Figure 1.1 will show the load profile of power demand at Kampung Assum, Padawan. These figures were taken from Feasibility study for green energy island [10].

Figure 1.0: Kampung Assum Load Profile under Normal Electricity usage. [10]

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Figure 1.1: Kampung Assum Load Profile during festive season [10]

From the Figure 1.0 and Figure 1.1, it is clearly stated that there is period of time where the power consumption is very low. This will cause the system in the power house to channel the excess of power to dummy load. Dummy load is usually a place where the excess of energy generated is being release or burn. This process clearly shows that the excess of energy that is not fully utilized by the consumer was wasted. So, the reason of conducting this study if to reduce the energy wasted for micro hydro system.

Hence, to solve the energy wasted problem, a controlling circuit is designed to channel the excess of energy to the to the alternative energy storage. The alternative energy storage can be replaced by any kind of existing energy storage. The energy storage used is based on the location where the micro hydro system is implemented. There are many type of energy storage can be used for the system such as:

 Water heater system

 Battery charger system

 To turn on a pump turbine

 To turn on a motor to pull up weight

 High pressurized tank.

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1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this study are:

1. To study the working principle of Micro Hydro System components.

2. To design a controlling circuit to channel the excess of power to the alternative energy storage system.

3. To develop a working model of the alternative energy storage.

1.4 Scope of Work

For this project, the scope of work is to study the performance of micro hydro system.

Besides that, this project also need to study about electronic load controller since the electronic load controller is the most important part in micro hydro system. This project also needs to design an additional circuit for electronic load controller unit which can divert the excess or energy to the second dummy load. The second dummy load will act as the energy storage for the system. Lastly, I will do the fabrication of a working model on how my design system to be operated.

By the end of this project, I ensure that the knowledge regarding hydropower system can be improved. The circuit can operate well and the model can show clearly how the designed circuit works.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Hydropower System

Based on Feasibility study for green energy island, Final report Vol. 1 and Vol. 2[9,10], a team from Centre of Renewable Energy (CREN), Unimas went to Kampung Assum on 18 December 2011 for a site visit. The team has decided to propose and implement a micro hydro system in that village. They had proposed a 15kW micro hydro system for Kampung Assum.

This is due to the number of houses and villagers. For Kampung Assum, the hydropower system must generate at least 9kW amount of energy for 30 houses. Each house is allocated with 300W. Table below shows the specification of the proposed micro hydro system for Kampung Assum.

Table 2.0: Proposed micro hydro system (59.3 kW) [10]

No. Item Details

1 Head 76 m

2 Flow rate 199 l/s

3 Possible power generated 148.4 kW

4 Proposed generated power 59.3 kW (Assuming 60%loss)

5 Pipeline/penstock length 182 m

6 Transmission line length 1.16 km

7 Turbine type Pelton

8 Number of houses 30

9 Current energy demand (300W/house) 9 kW

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Figure 2.0: The elevation profile from Kampung Assum to Power House [10]

Figure 2.1: The Elevation Profile from Power House to Weir [10]

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The Figure 2.0 and 2.1 show the elevation profile from power house to weir and the elevation profile from Kampung Assum to the power house. The importance of the elevation is to determine the amount of energy can be generated by the system. There are two main factors that can affect the amount of energy generated by the system. The first one is how far the water falls. The farther the water falls, the more power it can generate. Generally, the distance that the water falls is depends on the size of the dam implemented for the system. The higher the dam, the farther the water falls and the more power can be generated by the hydropower system. Engineers may say that the potential energy of falling water is directly proportional to the distance from where the water falls. Figure 2.2 shows the hydropower system.

Figure 2.2: The hydropower system [11]

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Micro hydro system was a system that usually generate up to 100 kilowatts of electricity. To generate electricity, the micro hydro system need many component which can convert the kinetic energy from the flow of water to the electricity. For micro hydro at Pa’

Ramapuh A and B, Bario, Sarawak, the six main component that was needed to build a successful micro hydro system. The first main component was weir. The weir also known as a small dam. The function of this weir is act as the run-off of the river at Pa’ Ramapuh A and B BArio. The advantage of the weir was during heavy downpour, the water will flow smoothly out of the weir into the stream.

The second main component of the micro hydro system was the fore-bay. The fore-bay was an artificial pool that keep the water clean. All the debris will be filtered out form the water before entering the main pipeline. This was to ensure that the pipeline will not be block by the debris in the pipe.

The third main component of micro hydro system at Pa’ Ramapuh A and B, Bario was Penstock. The penstock was used to supply the water from the fore-bay to the turbine at the power house. The type of pipe used for was a High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe. The high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe was recognised in the industry for its high performance, zero leak rate and long life expectancy.

The fourth main component for the micro hydro was power house. The power house is where the place where the electricity generator taking part. There are many component in the power house. Inside the power house, there were turbine, alternator, ballast, and electronic load controller unit. The water from the penstock will enter the power house and turn ON the turbine.

After turn the turbine, the water will be released back to the river.

The fifth main part of the micro hydro was the transmission lines. The transmission line used for this system was used the over-head cable and poles. This is to transmit the electricity to the consumer. The sixth main part of the micro hydro was the consumer. The consumer is the villagers of the village at Pa’ Ramapuh A and B, Bario, Sarawak.

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Figure 2.3: Main component of Micro Hydro at Pa’ Ramapuh A & B, Bario

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Figure 2.4 shows the main component in the power house. Inside the power house there were turbine, alternator, and ballast and electronics load controller. These component will generate by converted the kinetic energy to an electricity. For micro hydro at Pa’ Ramapuh A and B, Bario, the type of turbine used was the cross-flow type. This turbine will turn the alternator and the electricity was generated. The electricity that was generated by the turbine and the alternator will be controlled by the electronic load controller. The electronic load controller controlled the stability of the system and produced a stable power supply. The power supply produced around 200 to 240 volts. The electronic load controller was connected to the ballast. The ballast also known as dummy load. For this micro hydro, the ballast was set to about 15 kilowatts of power. The power was dumped into the ballast first before the energy transmit to the consumer through the transmission line

Figure 2.4: Component in the power house