THERMAL COMFORT CONTROL IN SMART HOME ENVIRONMENT BASED ON CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM

(1)

THERMAL COMFORT CONTROL IN SMART HOME ENVIRONMENT BASED ON CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM

Wilson Lim Wei Chien

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics (Computer) 2016/2017

(2)

UN IVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Grade: _ _ _ __

Please tick (~)

Final Year Project Report ~

Masters

D

PhD

D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the .JL day ofj~ly' 20 I7.

Student's Declaration:

I 'Y1!e.SQ!,!..qM..w.!).I..q!l.E.I'i,A1.6~~.,-"Ac;::t)I"Ty.of.g.l'iq!,!.~g.llJ~Iq hereby declare that the work enti tled T.\tI;:.RM.~!e..GQt!I.FQ!E..c;::.o.I'I.m9.Ie.1.1'(. ~M.~RTJiQMg..!\!'!.Y.PWI'iM.I;:.I'iL!l~~.!\P...9.1'i

~Y.~JJ~~_-:.r.H.Y.~I(:.':\.f:...~'y'5.r~_~.. is my original work. T have not copied Crom any other students' work or from any other sources exct::pt where due reference or acknowledgement is made explicjtly in the text, nor has any part been wrinen for me by another person.

17 JULY2017

Dale submitted WILSON LIM WEI CHIEN (44623)

Supervisor!s Decl~'ration:

t .I~Ji.9.J&E..ql.l.l'i hereby certifies that the work entitled J.!-!.E.RMAkGQ(11:!'QR.T.C;::'o!'!.IR9."'..!1'I

~MART.!t9.M.E. .E!,!.y'J.lN.I'iM.E.!'!T. .~M)g.Q.Q!,!.C;::Yl,l!\R·.\'t!'y'~!C;::.A.'"..~.Y.~HM..was prepared by the above named student, and was submitted to tht:: ·'FACULTY )) as a *' partial/full fulfilment for the conferment of .~.A~.t!~JPR.~f.t;:.I'(Q.!!'I.",!\g!!'Ig....!th.t1.9,1'(9.~.jn.g.",!\U~.9.!,!J.C;::..l~.9.M.~.l}1:~.I,l), and the aforemenlioned \vork, to lhe best of my knowledge, is the said student's work.

Received for examination by: _ __ _ __ __ Date: _ _ _ _ __

(DR. KHO LEE CHIN)

(3)

I declare thaI ProjecVThesis is classified as (Please lick (~»:

o

CONFJDENTIA L (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*

o

^RESTRI^C^TED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done) .;.

Cd

OPEN ACCESS

Validation of Projectrrhesis

J therefore duly affirm with free consent and willingly declare that lhis said ProjectIThesis shall be placed officially in the Centre for Academic rnformation Services wi th the abiding interest and fights as fo ll ows:

• This ProjectIThesis is the sole legal property of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNTMAS),

• The Cent.re for Academic lnformation Services has the lawful right to make copies for the purpose of academic and research only and not for other purpose.

• The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to digitalise the content l'Of the Local Content Database.

• The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right 10 make copies of the ProjectfThesis for academic exchange behN"een Higher Leaming Institute.

• No dispute or any claim shall arise from the sludent ilsei rneither third party on Lhis projcctn'hesis once it becomes the sale property ofUNlMAS.

• This Project/Thesis or any material, data and information related to it shall not be di stributed, published or disclosed to any party by the student except wilh LJNIMAS pennission.

Swdent signature: _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _

~

_ Supervisor signa[ure: _ _ __ __ _

(171712017) (Date)

Cun'ent Address:

43C, Lorong 2A3D. Muara Tabuan. 93350 Kuching

Notes: * If the Project/Thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach together as annexure a letter from the organization with the period and reasons of confidentiality and res(riction.

[The instrument is duly prepared by The Centre fOf Academic Information Service1

(4)

Final Year Project below:

Title : Thermal Comfort Control in Smart Home Environment Based on Cyber- Physical System

Student Name : Wilson Lim Wei Chien

Matric No : 44623

Has been read and approved by:

________________________ ________________________

Dr. Kho Lee Chin Date (Supervisor)

(5)

THERMAL COMFORT CONTROL IN SMART HOME ENVIRONMENT BASED ON CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM

WILSON LIM WEI CHIEN

A research submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

In Electronic (Computer)

Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

2017

(6)

To my beloved family and friends

(7)

(8)

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Kho Lee Chin for sharing the pearls of wisdom with me along the course of this research. I appreciate her guidance all this while. Moreover, I would like to express my appreciation to my classmates and friends who constantly support me in completing my research. Besides, I would like to thank my family members for the unconditional physical and mental support throughout my study. Last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Almighty Heavenly Father for without His grace and blessings, this study would not have been possible. All Glory to the Lord!

(9)

ABSTRACT

CPS is an integration of physical dynamics and computational systems, so they commonly combine both discrete and continuous dynamics. Therefore, modelling of cyber and physical processes is also known as hybridsystem modelling.CPS-based hybrid temperature control system (HTC) in smart home is concerned with sensing and timely control the multiple actuators to maintain a desired temperature with the optimized cost through the communication network. The indoor temperature ﬂuctuated by internal and external heat loads are always sensed by the sensors.

With the closed-loop interactions, the indoor temperature is feedback to the controller. Then, the controller with the decision-making algorithm decides the control actions which is send to actuators or device controller via the communication network to change the state of the physical world and to satisfy the speciﬁed goal. In this project, we will be designing and implementing a thermal comfort control CPS by using MATLAB/Simulink. We will then optimize it as the CPS is built with multi actuators to achieve the lowest energy consumption at any given condition while maintain the building in the desired temperature.

(10)

ABSTRAK

Kawalan suhu untuk bilik diperlukan untuk menjaga kualiti and kepuasan keselesaan persekitaran. Terdapat beberapa sistem kawalan direka untuk kawalan suhu seperti sistem automasi rumah dan Pemanasan, Pengudaraan dan sistem pendingin hawa (HVAC) untuk mencapai matlamat ini. Namun begitu,sistem automasi rumah kebanyakannya menggunkan teknik Rangkaian Sensor Tanpa Wayar (WSN) yang hanya sensor dan pemantauan. Sistem ini tidak dapat menjejaskan alam sekitar fizikal dan keselesaan haba bilik tidak boleh dicapai secara dinamik.

Oleh itu, tujuan projek ini adalah untuk mewujudkan satu model dengan Sistem Fizikal Cyber (CPS) untuk kawalan suhu alam sekitar bilik. Cyber Sistem Fizikal adalah proses fizikal dan sistem kejuruteraan canggih yang operasi pemantauan, kawalan dan / atau diselaraskan entiti dalam dunia fizikal, bersepadu dengan teras pengkomputeran dan komunikasi. CPS mempunyai kedua-dua ciri- ciri keadaan dinamik dan diskret secara berterusan. Projek ini meggunakan Matlab dan Simulink sebagai model untuk mereka bentuk sistem model. Persamaan matematik kawalan suhu untuk bilik dikenalpasti dan perubahan haba telah dianalisisi. Sistem model yang direka telah digunakan untuk memandu simulasi dengan data masa sebenar dan parameter untuk mengesahkan sistem untuk mencapai ciri-ciri CPS.

(11)

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Overview

This project aim is to develop an optimized model for thermal comfort model for the Cyber- Physical Systems (CPS), to ensure that the monitored environment always remains in the comfort temperature. Multi actuator in Smart Home Environment such as air conditioning, fans, windows, curtain, and house ventilation will be considered in this study.

The temperature of the building will be different and it is rendering to a building’s residence designs, thermal process, the pollution and climatic changes in the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is very important to control the building temperature is to make sure and sustain indoor air quality and comfort necessities. This is important to ensure people would have a more comfortable as well as healthy environment for the residences. Moreover, people nowadays are looking for a better and smarter buildings and home for the occupant to manage and control the buildings more eﬃciently, reducing cost, and providing a better indoor environment in an easier way. In that case, scheming the smart control of heating and air-conditioning system operation is essential to reduce the building energy consumption. In addition, the system needs to prize an adequate cooperation in between the level of comfort inside the residence and the costs that are needed to achieve the comfort.

(15)

A set of controllers monitoring and controlling physical environment via a set of actuators, sensors and communication devices called Cyber-physical system (CPS) also known as the integrated control system is becoming more and more popular and getting more attention in a number of diﬀerent areas especially in home. Therefore, developing the smart homes with CPS is now becoming an important trend of future development of quality of life and at the same time creating the energy-aware building with comfortable living.

This proposed research is to develop a CPS applications in smart home environment and gives better resolution for people who are seeking the comfort and satisfaction in their home with a very low cost.

1.2 Problem Statements

There are a lot of research eﬀorts have been made to develop a number of monitoring and controlling applications in smart home environment such as lighting control, environmental monitoring, energy management, devices control, security control, etc. In this research, temperature control is our main focus of the research problems of the smart home environment applications.

The temperature of the building and environment may will be different and it is rendering to a building’s residence designs, thermal process, the pollution and climatic changes in the surrounding environment. Moreover, today’s people are seeking better and smarter buildings to achieve a comfortable living with less energy. Therefore, taking control of the building’s temperature is essential to sustain the indoor air quality and to maximize the comfort level to deliver a healthy and comfortable environment.

The problem statements for the research are:

i. Thermal pollution

ii. Increasing of electricity consumption

(16)

This research is motivated with two main parts:

i. design and implementation of the CPS model ii. evaluation

1.3 Objectives

The main purpose of this research is to design the application of CPS technology in smart home environment, which supports the plummeting of energy consumption for cooling operation while driving a system to a desired temperature with the optimized control.

The research objectives are summarized as below.

1. To develop and enhance the application of CPS in smart home environment, that resolves the usage of electricity problem and cooling in home by allowing the users to:

• improve the thermal comfort of the habitants

• reduce the monthly payment of electricity bills

• live in better and smarter life-style and this leads to the increasing the quality of life.

1.4 Scope of Work

The scope of the project is focus on designing and implementing a system which is adapted to the characteristic of CPS. Then, the evaluation of the designed system to ensure the system is able to run without error. Lastly, optimization, which is the most important to make sure the system runs in a smart way where it will reduce the energy consumption while ensure the temperature in the building is optimum and healthy for human.

1.5 Project Outline

There are five chapters included in this project. The chapter included introduction, literature review, methodology, result and discussion and conclusion. The chapters are arranged respectively from chapter 1 to chapter 5.

(17)

Chapter 1 describes an overview of this project in details which included a brief review of the project, problem statement, objective, and expected outcome.

Chapter 2 discusses the reviews based on the related works and existing researches to give a clear understanding of the project. It gives a brief idea about what a Smart Home is. Moreover, it also discussed the existence of PID controller and CPS. It also shows the difference between CPS and PID controller, and the reason why CPS is chosen in this project.

Chapter 3 explains brief about the methodology used through the project including the mathematical approaches. Furthermore, it is also an overall outline for optimization algorithms and the terminology of the software used.

Chapter 4 investigates the performance of the project designing the system and optimizing the system. Other than that, this project demonstrates the result obtained from the approach.

Chapter 5 describes the summary of the overall achievement done during the development and outline of the future work. It also included recommendations for further improvement in the future.

(18)

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Since the importance for comfort control of home is broadly documented nowadays, from the perspective of comfort, healthcare reasons and satisfaction, the smart control of thermal environment is very much needed. The level of comfort satisfaction can be enhanced by vigorously monitoring the parameters such as temperature, light, and wind speed at home. At the same time, it is important to decrease the energy consumption in air-conditioning system in the intelligent buildings on the condition of satisfying the requirement of comfortable indoor environment and indoor air quality. Therefore, it is critical to monitor and manage the air-conditioning system and to ensure the system operate in best condition.

HTC system in modern buildings can represent a prototypical cyber-physical system with deeply coupled embedded sensing and networked information processing and interaction with physical environment. Modelling a building as a cyber-physical system (CPS) will play a vital role in achieving and operating zero net energy buildings [11].

CPS-based hybrid temperature control system (HTC) in smart home is concerned with sensing and timely control with the multiple actuators to maintain a desired temperature with the low cost through the communication network. The indoor temperature ﬂuctuated by internal and external heat loads are always sensed by the sensors. With the closed-loop interactions, the indoor temperature is feedback to the controller. Then, the controller with the decision-making algorithm

(19)

decides the control actions which is send to actuators or device controller via the communication network to change the state of the physical world and to satisfy the speciﬁed goal.

In this chapter, some background knowledge related to this research are conveyed to help the readers to get an overview on what is the smart houses, traditional temperature control system versus CPS-based temperature control system and optimization problems in temperature control system.

Figure 2.1: HTC system 2.2 Overview of Cyber-physical Systems (CPSs)

CPS combines components of the cyber world and the physical world to obtain a common goal and, through embedded computers systems, monitor and control the physical processes, usually using a network core and feedback loops, where the physical world aﬀects the cyber system and vice-versa [1]. The main tools of CPS methodologies are computing, communications and controlling.

CPS is an integration of physical dynamics and computational systems, so they commonly combine both discrete and continuous dynamics. Therefore, modelling of cyber and physical

(20)

processes is also known as hybridsystem modelling.The superior physiognomies of CPS in are:

CPS model must stand for physical world, sensors and actuators, hardware platform, software, network and control system [2]. Obviously, CPS is different from desktop computing, traditional embedded/real-time systems, and WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks). However, they have some different characteristics as defined in [3] [4] [5]:

• The capability of Cyber in every physical component:

Embed the software in each of the embedded system or physical component, and the system resources such as computing and network bandwidth are usually limited.

• Closely integrated:

CPS is deeply integrating computation with physical processes.

• Networked at multiple and extreme scales:

In CPS, the networks of which include wired/wireless network, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and GSM, among others, are distributed systems. Moreover, the system scales and device categories appear to be highly varied.

• Complex multiple temporal and spatial scale:

In CPS, the diﬀerent components likely have inadequate granularity of time and spatiality.

CPS is strictly controlled by spatiality and real-time capacity.

• Dynamically recognizing/reconﬁguring:

CPS is a very complex and large scale systems, it also processes adaptive capabilities.

• Computerization closed-loop control and high degrees:

Convenient man-machine interaction, and advanced feedback control technologies are widely applied to these systems as it is favoured in CPS.

• Dependable and certiﬁed operation in some cases:

Consistency and security are required for CPS because of its extreme scales and complications.

• Control and Hybrid Systems:

(21)

A new calculus must merge time-based systems with event-based systems for feedback control. And it must apply to hierarchies involving asynchronous subtleties at diﬀerent time scales and geographic scope.

• Architecture:

CPS architecture must be consistent at a meta-level and capture a variety of physical information. New network protocols must be designed for large-scale CPS. And with the concept of being “globally virtual, locally physical”, and innovation model can be constructed.

• Model-based Development of CPS:

To generate and test software implementations of control logic. We have to develop, modify and integrate then concept that of the entire CPS design space. Communications, computing and physical dynamics must be preoccupied and modelled at diﬀerent levels of scale, locality and time granularity.

The integrated control system using computing, communication and controlling for active interaction between physical and cyber elements have gradually attract more and more courtesy in the variety of different area in recent years. It is also well known as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS).

HTC system nowadays can be represented as prototypical CPS with deeply coupled embedded sensing, networked information processing and interaction with physical environment [1]. But in the Malaysia, We will be only focusing on ventilation and air conditioning.

There are many researches efforts have been made to develop a variety of monitoring and controlling applications in smart home environment such as lighting control, environmental monitoring, energy management, devices control, security control and etc. In very research, the focus is on the thermal control in the smart home environment applications.

The building’s occupancy patterns, thermal process, the pollution and climate changes in the surrounding environment might be the reason that the temperature of a building would change.

Therefore, controlling the building temperature is necessary to maintain the indoor air quality and comfort temperature requirement to provide a healthy and comfortable environment.

On the other hand, the smart control of heating, ventilation and air conditioning system and the optimal control of the system are critical to achieve low energy consumption without violating

(22)

thermal comfort. And the problem we are facing is how to reduce the energy consumption while maintaining the temperature of the building in desired temperature to provide comfortable environment for habitants. However, the current solutions for the energy consumption in smart home are remotely controlling and programming the thermostat [2], room to room fan [2], program the shades to close during the brightest hours of the day [3], and ECO NAVI ventilation system and air conditioning [4].

Nowadays, there is an integrated control system that composed with a set of controller monitoring and controlling physical environment via a set of actuators, sensors and communication devices called cyber-physical system (CPS). CPS is efficient enough to create a smart home with temperature control system for future development of quality life and achieve the energy-aware temperature control system. The application of CPS in temperature control system is regarded with embedding sensors and actuators into electronic devices. Temperature control-based CPS is seamless and complex interaction among computing units and physical world.

Figure 2.2.1: Cyber Physical System

(23)

2.2.1 CPS versus Traditional Embedded System

The characteristics of CPS compared to embedded system are summarized as follows:

1. CPS is a constricted combination of and coordination in between the systems computational and physical elements. In embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements and it is less on an penetrating link between the computational and physical elements. CPS is typically designed as a network of interacting elements with physical input and output instead of as separate devices unlike the traditional embedded systems. The idea is closely tied to concepts of robotics and sensor networks [6].

2. Embedded system is defined as engineered systems that combine physical processes with computing [7]. However, most of those embedded systems are closed boxes that do not involve with the computing capability to the outside. Moreover, embedded software is software on small computers. One of the problem is the optimization. In contrast, CPS is computation and networking integrated with physical processes. The problem is managing time and concurrency in schmoozed computational systems.

Cyber-physical system by nature will be concurrent. Physical processes are essentially concurrent, and their joint with computing requires, at a minimum, concurrent composition of the computing processes with the physical ones. The embedded systems must react to multiple real-time streams of sensors stimuli and control multiple actuators concurrently.

But the mechanisms of interaction with sensor and actuator hardware, built for example on the concept of interrupts, are not well presented in programming language.

3. In embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements, and less on the connection between the computational and physical elements.

(24)

2.3 Smart Home

A smart home is a home assembled with home computerization system. In smart home, the computerized home electronic devices can be controlled and programmed by the resident remotely by entering a signal command [8].

A home computerization system integrates electrical devices in a house with each other.

Devices and hardware may be connected through a computer network to allow control by a personal computer, and may allow remote access by using the internet. The home environment, systems and appliances are able to communicate in an integrated manner through the integration of information technology which make it able to send to receive data which results in convenience, energy eﬃciency and safety beneﬁts.

Computerization in a smart environment can be viewed as a cycle of observing the situation of the environment, studying about the state together with task goals and outcomes of possible actions, and acting upon the environment to change the situation. Sensors will monitor the environment using physical components and make information available through the communication layer. New information is presented to the decision-making algorithm upon requestor by prior arrangement. The decision action is communicated to the service layers (information and communication) which record the action and communicate it to the physical components. The physical layer performs the action with the help of actuators or device controllers, thus changing the situation of the environment of the world and generating a new perception [9].

Home computerization is becoming more and more popular in recent years due to the convenience through the portable devices such as smartphone and tablet connectivity. The notion of the “Internet of Things” is closely devoted with the popularization of home computerization.

Other computerized tasks may include setting the HTC to an energy saving setting when the house is unoccupied and it is able to return the normal setting when the occupant is about to return.

HTC solutions can include temperature and more commonly fresh air and natural cooling.

Nowadays, home computerization is also known as an internet-controlled by allowing the user to control the building’s air conditioning systems remotely, or it could be connected to windows to allow computerized opening and closing to allow hot air out and cool air in to allow for cooling of