International Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR) eISSN: 2710-6276 | Vol. 4 No. 1 [March 2022]
Journal website: http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijssr
REVIEW OF ISLAMIC TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY
Maisarah Abd Hamid1*, Noralisa Ismail2, Zatul Iffah Mohd Fuza3, Norain Othman4, and Zaharah Mohamed Rani5
1 2 3 Faculty Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Terengganu, MALAYSIA
4 Faculty Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Selangor, MALAYSIA
5 Faculty Hotel and Tourism Management, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Penang, MALAYSIA
*Corresponding author: maisa179@uitm.edu.my
Article Information:
Article history:
Received date : 9 March 2022 Revised date : 27 March 2022 Accepted date : 29 March 2022 Published date : 31 March 2022
To cite this document:
Abd Hamid, M., Ismail, N., Mohd Fuza, Z. I., Othman, N., & Mohamed Rani, Z. (2022). REVIEW OF ISLAMIC TOURISM AND SUSTAINABILITY. International Journal of Social Science Research, 4(1), 447-456.
Abstract: The goal of this study is to introduce Islamic tourism criteria as well as tourism destination sustainability. The combination of Islamic tourism and environmental sustainability will boost the potential of tourist locations. This research examines a) Islamic tourism criteria, b) sustainable tourism criteria, c) Islamic tourism and sustainability and d) proposes a framework for integrating Islamic tourism with sustainability. The Islamic tourism criteria, according to the literature analysis, are divided into two categories:
Muslim-friendly destinations and halal applications.
The content of Islamic tourism is linked to the destination's tangible and intangible values. Meanwhile, sustainable tourism emphasises the economic, social, and environmental aspects of tourism, with an emphasis on community development and destination benefits. The combination of Islamic tourism and sustainability is centred on Islamic principles (tangible and intangible), economic and social benefits to the local population, and destination management (environment impacts). The integration of Islamic tourism and sustainability standards for touristic destinations is highlighted in this study, which is significant for destination design and tourism product marketing. The finding also suggests a framework for additional investigation of the contents, with a focus on future research involving stakeholders' perspectives, case studies of specific destinations, and tourist perceptions of the proposed criteria's adoption.
This research aids tourism destinations in developing the tourism business, with a focus on Islamic tourism, in a sustainable manner. It will also have a positive impact
1. Introduction
Recently, the tourism industry has been shifting toward sustainable tourism, and at the same time, Islamic tourism has begun to gain traction among travelers, whether they are from Islamic or non-Islamic countries. The concept of Sustainable Tourism Destinations has highlighted the need for destinations to focus on tourism development, which can be classified into three main criteria: economy, social, and environment. Fundamentally, many countries have begun to demonstrate their commitment to this type of development. Furthermore, as more emphasis is placed on Islamic countries and Muslim travelers, demand for Islamic tourism has increased.
The combination of Islamic tourism and sustainable tourism elements may result in tourism industry innovation, which is expected to improve and add to the competitive advantage of destinations.
Sustainability is viewed as critical, particularly in relation to sustainable development goals (2030). A review of the literature on sustainable tourism (Zolfanie et al., 2015) identified thirteen major areas: 1) paradigm; 2) sustainable tourism development; 3) market research and economics; 4) policy-making; 5) infrastructure; 6) modelling and planning; 7) rural tourism; 8) environment and crisis management; 9) ecosystem and eco-tourism; 10) climate change; 11) ecology; 12) culture and heritage; 13) human resource management. Each of these elements is significant in the subject of sustainable tourism, but as the authors point out, there are still other options to explore with this notion. Additionally, research on sustainable tourism frequently use the phrases ecotourism, responsible tourism, green tourism, and ethical tourism interchangeably (Srinivas, n.d.), which typically emphasize the methods for achieving sustainability in tourism development (Liu, 2003). Additionally, other criteria have been devised to execute the concept of sustainable tourism, including the Global Sustainable Tourism Council's Destination Standards (GSTC, 2013) and the UNWTO's destination guidelines (World Tourism Organization, 2004). These areas of study appear to be active research fields, as numerous efforts have been made to create criteria for sustainable tourism destinations, particularly from the standpoint of local destinations.
Additionally, studies on Islamic tourism is growing (Battour & Ismail, 2014; Bhuiyan, Siwar, Ismail, & Islam, 2011; Che Musa; Mohammad Serazul, Noormuthaah, 2013; Laderlah, Rahman, Awang, & Man, 2011; Lina Munirah & Hairul, 2013; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010) and these studies are related and keep interchanging between other areas including halal tourism, Muslim friendly tourism, and shariah-compliant tourism, which highlight the means towards two main stream sources of Islam; the Quran and the Sunnah. Several guidelines and practices have been introduced by the researchers, such as Islamic attributes destinations (Battour & Ismail, 2014), shariah-compliance hotels (Henderson, 2010; Samori & Sabtu, 2014), and halal concept in tourism (Battour & Ismail, 2016; Henderson, 2016; Marzuki, Hall,
& Ballantine, 2013; Sabidin, 2016). Additionally, several criteria have also been introduced by several organizations, such as the Islamic Tourism Standards by the Malaysia Islamic Tourism Centre and the MasterCard Crescent Rating Global Muslim Travel Index (GMTI). These two on the tourism destination's business, social life, and ecology.
Keywords: Islamic tourism, sustainable, tourism destination.
organizations have highlighted various criteria of Islamic tourism and, thus, create many opportunities to explore the attributes of Islamic tourism with the concept of sustainable tourism.
This study has focused on the new innovation of Islamic Sustainable Tourism Destinations, which is very limited and scarcely found in literature. Realizing the importance of sustainable tourism towards destinations as well as demands towards Islamic tourism is gaining its momentum, the criteria of Islamic sustainable tourism destinations need to be explored as they could provide the insights of the components of this tourism innovation as they are deemed beneficial to tour operators, destination marketers, and tourism authorities in promoting and planning these tourism destinations. Furthermore, it may further provide benefits to both Muslim and non-Muslim travelers when choosing their travel destinations. Due to the fact that this concept is relatively new, this study reviews the criteria of sustainable tourism for destinations, criteria of Islamic tourism, and its innovation towards Islamic sustainable tourism destinations. However, the study merely presents a conceptual idea of the Islamic and sustainable tourisms. Further studies involving local tourism stakeholders are also required to identify the actual components needed for developing these Islamic sustainable tourism destinations especially in Malaysia.
2. Literature Review
This paper will review three important criteria of sustainable tourism, Islamic tourism and Islamic tourism and sustainability. The integration of this concepts will bring to the proposed model for Islamic tourism and sustainability.
2.1 Reviews of Sustainable Tourism for Tourism Products
Sustainable tourism, as defined by the United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nation World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) (2005), is the development of tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and the host communities. This highlights the components of sustainable tourism, which are economy, social, environment, local communities, and future generations. Additionally, both of these organisations have introduced twelve aims towards sustainable tourism to simplify the concept, namely a) Economic Visibility; b) Local Prosperity; c) Employment Quality; d) Social Equity;
e) Visitor Fulfillment; f) Local Control; g) Community Well-being; h) Cultural Richness; i) Physical Integrity; j) Biological Diversity; k) Resource Efficiency; l) and Environmental Purity.
There are many studies conducted to identify sustainable tourism practices at different locations by looking at different geographic perspectives, such as mountains, beach, islands, urban areas, and many other prospective areas. Additionally, the studies on these particular areas have also had a tendency to focus on sustainable tourism practices exercised by different countries. Hence, it can be concluded that this highlights the need to scrutinize the sustainable tourism practices from both the local and global perspectives.
In the interim, this study also reviews the standard guidelines of the Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria for Destinations that have been developed by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) (2013). In these guidelines, the GSTC Criteria for Destinations have focused on four main objectives, which are i) to demonstrate sustainable destination management; ii)
to maximize social and economic benefits for the host community and minimize negative impacts; iii) to maximize benefits to communities, visitors, and cultural heritage and minimize negative impacts; and iv) to maximize benefits to the environment and minimize negative impacts.
Studies on sustainable tourism tend to focus on three dimensions of economic, social, and environmental viewpoints, with local communities, tourist satisfaction and destination management being the most important considerations. This notion must be implemented with a strategy to strengthen the community, local culture, and tradition, as well as destination management planning.
2.2 Reviews of Islamic Tourism Criteria for Destination
The second part of this review highlights the Islamic criteria for tourism destinations. There are several studies that identify several Islamic attributes for the destinations. The earliest study by Battour & Ismail, (2010) has proposed several general criteria consisting of tangible aspects, such as 1) worship facilities; and 2) halal food, and intangible aspects, such as 1) Islamic entertainment; 2) Islamic dress code; 3) general Islamic morality; and 4) Islamic calls (Azan) to prayers. Later, Battour and Ismail (2014) have also categorised their findings into four criteria consisting of 1) worship facilities; 2) halalness availability; 3) general Islamic morality;
and 4) premises that are free from alcohol and gambling activities.
Meanwhile, a study conducted by MasterCard Crescent Rating Global Muslim Travel Index (2015) has found four criteria involving 1) suitability as holiday destinations, family friendliness, and safety; 2) Muslim friendly services and facilities available at the destinations and halal awareness; and 3) reach out to Muslims by the destinations. Additionally, in 2016, the Global Muslim Travel Index suggested three criteria of Islamic destinations incorporating 1) family friendly holidays and safe travel destinations; 2) Muslim friendly services and facilities at the destinations; and 3) halal awareness and destination marketing. The details of the criteria are illustrated in Table 1:
Table 1: Summary Review of Islamic Tourism Criteria for Destination
Author Criteria
Battour & Ismail (2014)
Factor 1: Worship Facilities
• Availability of Mosque (Masjid
• Availability of prayer facilities at tourism sites, airport, shopping malls, hotels, conference halls, parks, etc
• Presence of loud public pronouncement of Azan to indicate prayer time.
• Placement of Qibla direction (Qibla stickers/direction point towards Makkah city) in your hotel room
• Provision of a copy of the Holy Qur’an in each hotel room
• Availability of water supply in toilets at tourism sites, airport, shopping mall, hotel, parks, etc.
Factor 2: Halalness
• Availability of Halal food at tourism sites, airport, shopping malls, hotels, parks, etc.
• Availability of segregated Halal kitchen in hotels and restaurants
• Availability of segregated areas for women at beaches
• Availability of hotels with segregated swimming pools and gymnasium for men and women
• Banning of sex channels in hotel entertainment system Factor 3: General Islamic morality
• Observation of Islamic dress code by hotel and restaurant staff
• Prevalence of Islamic dress code (e.g., Hijab) at public places
• Banning by the authority of prostitution
• Banning by the authority of indecent display of affection between sexes at public places
• Censorship by the authority of adult scenes in movies shown on TV Factor 4: alcohol drinks and gambling free
• Banning of alcoholic drinks by the authority at public places (such as tourism sites, hotels, parks, etc.)
• Banning of gambling activities by the authority at public places (such as tourism sites, hotels, parks, etc.).
Master Card- Crescent Rating Global Muslim Travel Index (2015)
Area 1 Suitability as a holiday destination, family friendliness and safety
• Criteria 1: Muslim visitor arrivals
• Criteria 2: Family friendly holiday destination
• Criteria 3: Safe travel environment
Area 2 Muslim friendly services and facilities available at the destination
• Criteria 4: Dining options and Halal assurance
• Criteria 5: Ease of access to prayer places
• Criteria 6: Airport services and facilities
• Criteria 7: Accommodation options
Area 3 Halal awareness and reach out to Muslims by e destination
• Criteria 8: Muslim travel market awareness and
• reach out
• Criteria 9: Ease of communication Global Muslim
travel index (2016)
Theme 1: family – friendly holiday and safe travel destination
• Family – friendly destination
• Muslim traveler and general safety
• Muslim visitor arrivals
Theme 2: Muslim – friendly services and facilities at destination
• Dining options and halal assurances
• Access to prayer places
• Airport facilities
• Accommodation options
Theme 3: halal awareness and destination marketing
• Ease of communication
• Muslim travel needs awareness and outreach
• Air connectivity
• Visa requirement Battour, Ismail
and Battor (2010)
• Tangible aspects
o worship facilities o halal food
• intangible aspects
o Islamic entertainment o Islamic dress code o General Islamic morality o Islamic call(azan) for prayer Sources: Author compilation
The number of studies on Islamic tourism is increasing, and numerous components connected to this tourism segment have been introduced. According to Battour and Ismail (2014), the tangible and intangible aspects of Islamic tourism are important components. The focus on Islamic ideas, as well as links to Halal tourism and Muslim-friendly tourism, tends to tighten these Islamic tourism segments.
2.3 Reviews of Islamic Tourism and Sustainability
The application of the three pillars of sustainability can be applied in Islamic tourism whereby in terms of economic impacts, various job opportunities are provided for locals especially those practicing the Islamic lifestyle (Kamarudin & Ismail, 2013). For instance, workers who wear hijabs are allowed to work in the hotel industry and as stated by Zamani and Henderson (2010), the relationship between hosts and guests is conceived primarily for the blessing of God and other aspects are secondary.
As for social impacts, Islamic tourism seems to act as a factor or medium to boost the relationship between Muslims worldwide as well as a way to preserve and conserve the Islamic civilizations and their monuments. For instance, the visitation to mosques and other Islamic- based theme development such as Islamic Civilization Park (TTI) will help to enhance the gratitude of the Islamic architecture while preserving the civilization and history of Islam in Malaysia. In addition, according to Romanelli et al., (2021), religious tourism and pilgrimages progressively contribute to advancing the social and economic expansion of local economies and communities over time. Several authors highlighted the significance of social sustainability in the reviewed articles,
As for the environmental impacts, Islamic tourism provides less environmental impacts since the products offered are usually controlled and comply with sharia law. For example, the visitation to mosques and the emphasis on cleanliness in Islam will help preserve the environment (Kamarudin & Ismail, 2013). of economic inputs and as a sink for waste (Goodland & Daly, 1996).
The economic, social, and environmental sustainability parameters for Islamic tourism research are summarised in Table 2. Various authors have examined various aspects of economic, social, and environmental viewpoints on this sustainability issue. Furthermore, there has been an increase in the number of studies undertaken on Islamic tourism and sustainability.
Table 2: Summary Review of Islamic Tourism and Sustainability
Dimension Subtheme Author
Economic Local community development, Business opportunity, create job opportunity, Financial and Tax Incentives, reduce poverty, Stakeholder’s support, Ethic and Values – Decent operation, Reasonable price, provide safe and good quality product, Joint tourism packages, Economic wellbeing of human communities, Value for money, Effective marketing strategies, Economic stability, Positioning the destination, Government incentives
(Azam et al., 2019; Battour et al., 2021; Bhuiyan et al., 2011; Eid &
El-Gohary, 2015; Elhadary, 2021;
Idris & Rahman, 2018; Kamarudin
& Ismail, 2016; Kawsar & Rashid, 2018; Noor & Shah, 2017; S. A.
Rahman & Laderlah, 2018).
Social Relationship between people, Positive values and behavior – Charitable, well mannered, Sincerity of intention, goodliness, Preservation and conservation Islamic civilizations and monuments, Islamic CSR, Preservation and conservation Islamic customs and traditions, Preservation and conservation Islamic identity, Islamic Values education, Preservation and conservation heritage experiences, Promoting local traditions, Community wellbeing and social welfare, Preservation and conservation of cultural identity, Preservation and
(Azam et al., 2019; Battour et al., 2021; Bhuiyan et al., 2011;
Elhadary, 2021; Hasanah & Harun, 2020; Hassib & Ibtissem, 2020;
Idris & Rahman, 2018; Kamarudin
& Ismail, 2013; Kawsar & Rashid, 2018; Mohd Noor et al., 2020; G.
Musa et al., 2016; S. A. Rahman &
Laderlah, 2018; Suid et al., 2018).
conservation of Islamic values, Appreciation of god creation, Relationship with others, Islamic education Intention for travelling, Preserving Islamic customs and tradition, Gender equality, preserve human dignity and pride, Preserving Islamic identity and image, accentuate immoral social life, Support social function, Safety Lifestyle, Social civility.
Environment Appreciation of God creation, Cleanliness, Waste, Protect the environment, Restraint of natural resources, sharing of resources, Preserving the environment, creating harmonious environment, Policy for support the development, Education for environment, Environmental renewal, Tree planting
(Azam et al., 2019; Elhadary, 2021; Hassib & Ibtissem, 2020;
Idris & Rahman, 2018; Jais &
Marzuki, 2019; Kamarudin &
Ismail, 2013; Mohd Noor et al., 2020; S. A. Rahman & Laderlah, 2018).
3. Discussion
Based on the criteria of both sustainable tourism and Islamic tourism, this study proposes the concept of Islamic sustainable tourism for tourism destinations. The proposed model highlighted the three pillars of sustainability including economy, social and environment sustainability. Each key area is taken from previous literature that review in this study.
The economic sustainability highlights 6 key areas namely:
1) Increase job opportunity (Battour et al., 2021; Bhuiyan et al., 2011; Idris & Rahman, 2018;
Kamarudin & Ismail, 2013)
2) Increase business opportunity (Azam et al., 2019; Battour et al., 2021; Idris & Rahman, 2018)
3) Reduce poverty (Idris & Rahman, 2018)
4) Product quality (halal.) (Kawsar & Rashid, 2018) 5) Effective marketing (Kamarudin & Ismail, 2016) 6) Stakeholder support (Rahman & Laderlah, 2018)
The social and cultural sustainability highlight on eight areas of:
1) Relationship with people (Biancone & Secinaro, 2018; Hassib & Ibtissem, 2020; Idris &
Rahman, 2018; Kamarudin & Ismail, 2013; Kawsar & Rashid, 2018; Mohd Noor et al., 2020;
Rahman & Laderlah, 2018; Suid et al., 2018) 2) Relationship with God (Suid et al., 2018)
3) CSR Responsibility (Azam et al., 2019; Battour et al., 2021)
4) Positive Value & Behavior (Charity) (Azam et al., 2019; Battour et al., 2021; Hassib &
Ibtissem, 2020; Kamarudin & Ismail, 2013; Kawsar & Rashid, 2018; Mohd Noor et al., 2020;
Shafaei & Mohamed, 2015; Suid et al., 2018)
5) Preserve & Conserve Islamic product, customs, Identity and Heritage (Azam et al., 2019)
6) Community wellbeing (Azam et al., 2019; Battour et al., 2021; Hassib & Ibtissem, 2020) 7) Promoting local (Battour et al., 2021; Mohd Noor et al., 2020)
8) Islamic value education (Idris & Rahman, 2018; Suid et al., 2018)
The environment sustainability highlights 6 key areas of:
1) Appreciation of God creation (Almuhrzi & Alsawafi, 2017; Kamarudin & Ismail, 2013;
Rahman & Laderlah, 2018)
2) Protect the environment (Hassib & Ibtissem, 2020; Idris & Rahman, 2018; Kamarudin &
Ismail, 2013; Mohd Noor et al., 2020)
3) Sharing and restraining the resources (Hassib & Ibtissem, 2020) 4) Create a harmonies environment (Mohd Noor et al., 2020) 5) Waste management (Azam et al., 2019; Hassib & Ibtissem, 2020) 6) State government policy (Jais & Marzuki, 2019)
Figure 1: Proposed Criteria for Islamic Tourism and Sustainability
4. Conclusion
Islamic tourism, sustainable tourism, and Islamic tourism and sustainability are all investigated in this study. Sustainable tourism is concerned with economic, social, and environmental factors, with a focus on destination planning, development, and management, whereas Islamic tourism is concerned with Halal and Muslim-friendly practises, with a focus on destination marketing. As a result, from an economic, social, and environmental standpoint, this study offered twenty components of Islamic tourism and sustainability. Because this research focuses on the early identification of Islamic tourism and sustainability components, future research can focus on studying this component through a case study of an Islamic tourism location and examining stakeholder perceptions. Future research will need to identify indicators for each of the criteria presented in this study. Furthermore, as an addition to the existing competitive advantage of tourism destinations around the world, the highlighted themes could serve as a resource for policymakers and stakeholders.
5. Acknowledgement
Thank you for Islamic Tourism Centre (ITC) for the grants to review the Islamic tourism and sustainability.
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